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Yu S, Wang Y, Wu Y, Bao D, Bing W, Li Y, Chen H. Characterization, Recombinant Production, and Bioactivity of a Novel Immunomodulatory Protein from Hypsizygus marmoreus. Molecules 2023; 28:4796. [PMID: 37375351 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP), identified as FIP-hma, was discovered in the genome of an edible mushroom Hypsizygus marmoreus. Bioinformatics analysis suggested FIP-hma contained the cerato-platanin (CP) conserved domain and was categorized into Cerato-type FIP. In phylogenetic analysis, FIP-hma was clustered into a new branch of the FIP family, displaying large system divergence from most of the other FIPs. The higher gene expression of FIP-hma was observed during the vegetative growth stages than that during the reproductive growth stages. In addition, the cDNA sequence of FIP-hma was cloned and successfully expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21(DE3). The recombinant protein of FIP-hma (rFIP-hma) was neatly purified and isolated by Ni-NTA and SUMO-Protease. The iNOS, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels of RAW 264.7 macrophages were upregulated by rFIP-hma, indicating its activation of an immune response by regulating central cytokines. No cytotoxic effects were observed in an MTT test. The findings of this work discovered a novel immunoregulatory protein from H. marmoreus, provided a systematic bioinformatic profile, suggested an effective approach for its heterologous recombinant production, and reported its potent immunoregulatory activity in macrophages. This study sheds light on the physiological function research of FIPs and their further industrial utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Yu
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institution of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Ying Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institution of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institution of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Dapeng Bao
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institution of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Wei Bing
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yan Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institution of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institution of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
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Guo ZJ, Liu Y, Yang JY, Jin MY, Mao PW, Zhou XW. Evaluating the Application Potential of a Recombinant Ganoderma Protein as Bioactive Ingredients in Cosmetics. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073272. [PMID: 37050035 PMCID: PMC10096787 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the application potential of a recombinant fungal immunomodulatory protein from Ganoderma lucidum (rFIP-glu). First, a recombinant plasmid pPIC9K::FIP-glu-His was transferred into Pichia pastoris for the production of protein. The protein was then to assess its free radical scavenging abilities and the effect on the viability of both human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) and mouse B16-F10 melanoma cells (B16 cells) in vitro, followed by the effect on the melanin synthesis of B16 cells. The results of SDS-PAGE and western blot showed that rFIP-glu was successfully expressed. Furtherly, a bioactivity assay in vitro indicated that the scavenging rate of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals reached 84.5% at 6.0 mg/mL (p ≤ 0.0001) of rFIP-glu, showing strong antioxidant activity. Subsequently, a safety evaluation demonstrated that rFIP-glu promoted the proliferation of HaCaT cells, with the cell viability reaching 124.3% at 48 μg/mL (p ≤ 0.01), regarding the cell viability of B16 cells after exposure to rFIP-glu (48 μg/mL) significantly inhibited, to 80.7% (p ≤ 0.01). Besides, rFIP-glu inhibited the melanin synthesis of B16 cells in a dose-dependent manner from 100–1000 μg/mL, and rFIP-glu at 500 μg/mL (p ≤ 0.01) exhibited the highest intracellular melanin amount reduction of 16.8%. Furthermore, a mechanism analysis showed that rFIP-glu inhibited tyrosinase (TYR) activity by up-regulating the expression of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and down-regulating the gene expression of TYR and tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TYRP-1), thus inhibiting melanin synthesis. The data implied that rFIP-glu had significant antioxidant activity and whitening potency. It should be used as raw materials for cosmeceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jian Guo
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jia-Yi Yang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Jin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Pei-Wen Mao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xuan-Wei Zhou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Lin J, Chen H, Bai Y, Li S, Liang G, Fan T, Gao N, Wu X, Li H, Chen G, Gao Y, Fan J. Ganoderma immunomodulatory proteins: mushrooming functional FIPs. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2367-2380. [PMID: 35348851 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP) is a novel functional protein family with specific immunomodulatory activity identified from several macro-fungi. A variety of biological activities of FIPs have been reported, such as anti-allergy, anti-tumor, mitogenic activity, and immunomodulation. Among all known FIPs, the firstly discovered FIP was isolated from Ganoderma lucidum, and most FIP members were from Ganoderma genus. Compared with other FIPs, Ganoderma FIPs possess some advantageous bioactivities, like stronger anti-tumor activity. Therein, gene sequences, protein structural features, biofunctions, and recombinant expression of Ganoderma FIPs were summarized and addressed, focusing on elucidating their anti-tumor activity and molecular mechanisms. Combined with current advances, development potential and application of Ganoderma FIPs were also prospected. KEY POINTS: • More than a dozen of reported FIPs are identified from Ganoderma species. • Ganoderma immunomodulatory proteins have superior anti-tumor activity with promising prospects and application. • Current review comprehensively addresses characterization, biofunctions, and anti-tumor mechanisms of Ganoderma FIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Lin
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110032, China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China.,Liaoning Province Academy of Forest Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Huan Chen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110032, China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yudong Bai
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110032, China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Shoukun Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110032, China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Gengyuan Liang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110032, China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Tianning Fan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110032, China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ningyuan Gao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110032, China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xiupeng Wu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110032, China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110032, China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Liaoning Province Academy of Forest Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yingxu Gao
- Liaoning Province Academy of Forest Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Jungang Fan
- Liaoning Province Academy of Forest Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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Wu Q, Zhang R, Jin M, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Zhou X. Screening of engineered Pichia pastoris mutant with enhanced production of a functional rFIP-glu protein and investigating its potential bioactivities. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 73:770-778. [PMID: 34597432 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
An engineered Pichia pastoris GS115 with a FIP-glu gene was mutated using ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and a high-throughput screening method was established for screening of high-yield strains. Meanwhile, a preliminary study was conducted to determine the bioactivity of the rFIP-glu. Based on OD600 value and the mortality of engineered P. pastoris GS115, the best UV irradiation time was determined. Bradford method and SDS-PAGE method were employed to analyze the concentration and yield of rFIP-glu. Melanoma B16 cells were employed to evaluate the biological activities of rFIP-glu in vitro. Results showed that the protein yield of the best mutant #4-336 screened from 3680 mutant strains increased from 242 to 469 μg ml-1 . In vitro assays of biological activity indicated that rFIP-glu had significant toxicity and possessed the ability to affect melanin content and enhance tyrosinase activity in B16 cells. In conclusion, an effective high-throughput screening approach was established for screening mutant strains. The screened mutant possesses a good ability to enhance the production of rFIP-glu, and recombinant proteins display a better biological activity on melanoma B16 cells. The engineered P. pastoris mutant seems promising as a potential source for industrial production of rFIP-glu and should be a candidate industrial strain for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Wu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - R Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - M Jin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Jiang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - X Zhou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Narrative Review: Bioactive Potential of Various Mushrooms as the Treasure of Versatile Therapeutic Natural Product. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090728. [PMID: 34575766 PMCID: PMC8466349 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms have remained an eternal part of traditional cuisines due to their beneficial health potential and have long been recognized as a folk medicine for their broad spectrum of nutraceuticals, as well as therapeutic and prophylactic uses. Nowadays, they have been extensively investigated to explain the chemical nature and mechanisms of action of their biomedicine and nutraceuticals capacity. Mushrooms belong to the astounding dominion of Fungi and are known as a macrofungus. Significant health benefits of mushrooms, including antiviral, antibacterial, anti-parasitic, antifungal, wound healing, anticancer, immunomodulating, antioxidant, radical scavenging, detoxification, hepatoprotective cardiovascular, anti-hypercholesterolemia, and anti-diabetic effects, etc., have been reported around the globe and have attracted significant interests of its further exploration in commercial sectors. They can function as functional foods, help in the treatment and therapeutic interventions of sub-optimal health states, and prevent some consequences of life-threatening diseases. Mushrooms mainly contained low and high molecular weight polysaccharides, fatty acids, lectins, and glucans responsible for their therapeutic action. Due to the large varieties of mushrooms present, it becomes challenging to identify chemical components present in them and their beneficial action. This article highlights such therapeutic activities with their active ingredients for mushrooms.
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Ejike UC, Chan CJ, Lim CSY, Lim RLH. Functional evaluation of a recombinant fungal immunomodulatory protein from L. rhinocerus produced in P. pastoris and E. coli host expression systems. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2799-2813. [PMID: 33763709 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) are bioactive proteins with immunomodulatory properties. We previously reported the heterologous production in Escherichia coli of FIP-Lrh from Tiger milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerus) with potent cytotoxic effect on cancer cell lines. However, protein produced in E. coli lacks post-translational modifications and may be contaminated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin. Therefore, in this study, yFIP-Lrh produced in Pichia pastoris was functionally compared with eFIP-Lrh produced in E. coli. Expression construct of FIP-Lrh cDNA in pPICZα was generated, transformed into P. pastoris X-33 and Mut+ transformants were verified by colony PCR. Induction with 0.5% or 1% methanol resulted in a secreted 13.6 kDa yFIP-Lrh which was subsequently purified and verified using LCMS/MS analysis. Size exclusion chromatography confirmed eFIP-Lrh as a homodimer whereas the larger size of yFIP-Lrh may indicate post-translational modification despite negative for glycoproteins staining. At lower concentration (4-8 μg/mL), yFIP-Lrh induced significantly higher Th1 (IFN-γ, TNF-α) and Th2 (IL-6, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) cytokines production in mice splenocytes, whereas 16 μg/mL eFIP-Lrh induced significantly higher pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10), possibly due to higher residual LPS endotoxin (0.082 EU/mL) in eFIP-Lrh compared to negligible level in yFIP-Lrh (0.001 EU/mL). Furthermore, yFIP-Lrh showed higher cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 and HeLa cancer cells. Since both recombinant proteins of FIP-Lrh have the same peptide sequence, besides glycosylation, other post-translational modifications in yFIP-Lrh may account for its enhanced immunomodulatory and anti-proliferative activities. In conclusion, P. pastoris is preferred over E. coli for production of a functionally active yFIP-Lrh devoid of endotoxin contamination. KEY POINTS: • FIP-Lrh can induced production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines by mouse splenocytes. • Higher cytotoxic effect on cancer cells observed for yeast compared to E. coli produced FIP-Lrh. • P. pastoris allows production of an endotoxin-free and functionally active recombinant FIP-Lrh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udochukwu Camillius Ejike
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No.1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, 56000, Cheras, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chong Joo Chan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No.1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, 56000, Cheras, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Crystale Siew Ying Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No.1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, 56000, Cheras, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Renee Lay Hong Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No.1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, 56000, Cheras, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Zhao S, Gao Q, Rong C, Wang S, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Xu J. Immunomodulatory Effects of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms and Their Bioactive Immunoregulatory Products. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E269. [PMID: 33171663 PMCID: PMC7712035 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms have been valued as food and health supplements by humans for centuries. They are rich in dietary fiber, essential amino acids, minerals, and many bioactive compounds, especially those related to human immune system functions. Mushrooms contain diverse immunoregulatory compounds such as terpenes and terpenoids, lectins, fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) and polysaccharides. The distributions of these compounds differ among mushroom species and their potent immune modulation activities vary depending on their core structures and fraction composition chemical modifications. Here we review the current status of clinical studies on immunomodulatory activities of mushrooms and mushroom products. The potential mechanisms for their activities both in vitro and in vivo were summarized. We describe the approaches that have been used in the development and application of bioactive compounds extracted from mushrooms. These developments have led to the commercialization of a large number of mushroom products. Finally, we discuss the problems in pharmacological applications of mushrooms and mushroom products and highlight a few areas that should be improved before immunomodulatory compounds from mushrooms can be widely used as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (S.Z.); (Q.G.); (C.R.); (S.W.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qi Gao
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (S.Z.); (Q.G.); (C.R.); (S.W.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chengbo Rong
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (S.Z.); (Q.G.); (C.R.); (S.W.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shouxian Wang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (S.Z.); (Q.G.); (C.R.); (S.W.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhekun Zhao
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (S.Z.); (Q.G.); (C.R.); (S.W.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.)
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (S.Z.); (Q.G.); (C.R.); (S.W.); (Z.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of a polysaccharide from Eurotium cristatum. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:609-617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ejike UC, Chan CJ, Okechukwu PN, Lim RLH. New advances and potentials of fungal immunomodulatory proteins for therapeutic purposes. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:1172-1190. [PMID: 32854547 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1808581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) are fascinating small and heat-stable bioactive proteins in a distinct protein family due to similarities in their structures and sequences. They are found in fungi, including the fruiting bodies producing fungi comprised of culinary and medicinal mushrooms. Structurally, most FIPs exist as homodimers; each subunit consisting of an N-terminal α-helix dimerization and a C-terminal fibronectin III domain. Increasing numbers of identified FIPs from either different or same fungal species clearly indicates the growing research interests into its medicinal properties which include immunomodulatory, anti-inflammation, anti-allergy, and anticancer. Most FIPs increased IFN-γ production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, potentially exerting immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting overproduction of T helper-2 (Th2) cytokines common in an allergy reaction. Recently, FIP from Ganoderma microsporum (FIP-gmi) was shown to promote neurite outgrowth for potential therapeutic applications in neuro-disorders. This review discussed FIPs' structural and protein characteristics, their recombinant protein production for functional studies, and the recent advances in their development and applications as pharmaceutics and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chong Joo Chan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Renee Lay Hong Lim
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Liu Y, Bastiaan-Net S, Wichers HJ. Current Understanding of the Structure and Function of Fungal Immunomodulatory Proteins. Front Nutr 2020; 7:132. [PMID: 33015115 PMCID: PMC7461872 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) are a group of proteins found in fungi, which are extensively studied for their immunomodulatory activity. Currently, more than 38 types of FIPs have been described. Based on their conserved structure and protein identity, FIPs can be classified into five subgroups: Fve-type FIPs (Pfam PF09259), Cerato-type FIPs (Pfam PF07249), PCP-like FIPs, TFP-like FIPs, and unclassified FIPs. Among the five subgroups, Fve-type FIPs are the most studied for their hemagglutinating, immunomodulating, and anti-cancer properties. In general, these small proteins consist of 110–125 amino acids, with a molecular weight of ~13 kDa. The other four subgroups are relatively less studied, but also show a noticeable influence on immune cells. In this review, we summarized the protein modifications, 3-dimensional structures and bioactivities of all types of FIPs. Moreover, structure-function relationship of FIPs has been discussed, including relationship between carbohydrate binding module and hemagglutination, correlation of oligomerization and cytokine induction, relevance of glycosylation and lymphocyte activation. This summary and discussion may help gain comprehensive understanding of FIPs' working mechanisms and scope future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Liu
- Laboratory of Food Enzyme Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China.,Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Shanna Bastiaan-Net
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Harry J Wichers
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Yang D, Zhou Z, Zhang L. An overview of fungal glycan-based therapeutics. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 163:135-163. [PMID: 31030746 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Edible medicinal mushrooms have been traditionally used for health promotion and longevity in China and other East Asian countries for centuries. Structural and pharmacological studies revealed that fungal glycans show multiple physiological and healthy promoting effects including immunomodulation, anti-tumor, anti-aging, anti-oxidation, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anti-radiation, and other effects. Fungal glycans isolated from different kinds of medicinal mushrooms are partially purified and clinically tested. Without serious safety concerns of mostly glycans from edible mushrooms and/or the cultured mycelium, eight of them are approved by Chinese Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) and used clinically in China since 1980s. In this chapter, 185 independent studies involving in biochemical, pharmacological and clinical studies of fungal glycans during the past four decades (1977-2019) from PubMed, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) and Wanfang databases are summarized. In future, understanding the fungal glycan-based drugs at molecular biological level would be needed to comprehend the clinical efficacy of glycan-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Yang
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Zijing Zhou
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Zhou R, Liu ZK, Zhang YN, Wong JH, Ng TB, Liu F. Research Progress of Bioactive Proteins from the Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:196-219. [DOI: 10.2174/1389203719666180613090710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, mushrooms have been widely used as traditional Chinese medicine in Asia.
Apart from polysaccharides and some small-molecule components, such as flavones, polyphenols and
terpenes, mushrooms produce a large number of pharmaceutically active proteins, which have become
popular sources of natural antitumor, antimicrobial, immunoenhancing agents. These bioactive proteins
include lectins, laccases, Ribosome Inactivating Proteins (RIPs), nucleases, and Fungal Immunomodulatory
Proteins (FIPs). The review is to summarize the characterstics of structure and bioactivities involved
in antitumor, antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial and immunoenhancing activities of proteins from
edible mushrooms, to better understand their mechanisms, and to direct research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Zhao Kun Liu
- Department of History, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Ye Ni Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Qu ZW, Zhou SY, Guan SX, Gao R, Duan ZW, Zhang X, Sun WY, Fan WL, Chen SS, Chen LJ, Lin JW, Ruan YY. Recombinant Expression and Bioactivity Comparison of Four Typical Fungal Immunomodulatory Proteins from Three Main Ganoderma Species. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:80. [PMID: 30547780 PMCID: PMC6295072 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background More than a dozen of fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) have been identified to date, most of which are from Ganoderma species. However, little is known about the similarities and differences between different Ganoderma FIPs’ bioactivities. In the current study, two FIP genes termed FIP-gap1 and FIP-gap2 from G. applanatum, along with LZ-8 and FIP-gsi, another two representative Ganoderma FIP genes from G. lucidum and G. sinense were functionally expressed in Pichia. Subsequently, bioactivities of four recombinant Ganoderma FIPs were demonstrated and compared. Results All the four Ganoderma FIP genes could be effectively expressed in P. pastoris GS115 at expression levels ranging from 197.5 to 264.3 mg L− 1 and simply purified by one step chromatography using HisTrap™ FF prepack columns. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that they all possessed the FIP conserved fragments. The homologies of different Ganoderma FIPs were from 72.6 to 86.4%. In vitro haemagglutination exhibited that FIP-gap1, FIP-gsi and LZ-8 could agglutinate human, sheep and mouse red blood cells but FIP-gap2 agglutinated none. Besides, the immunomodulation activities of these Ganoderma FIPs were as: rFIP-gap2 > rFIP-gap1 > rLZ-8 and rFIP-gsi in terms of proliferation stimulation and cytokine induction on murine splenocytes. Additionally, the cytotoxic activity of different FIPs was: rFIP-gap1 > rLZ-8 > rFIP-gsi > rFIP-gap2, examined by their inhibition of three human carcinomas A549, Hela and MCF-7. Conclusions Taken together, four typical Ganoderma FIP genes could be functionally expressed in P. pastoris, which might supply as feasible efficient resources for further study and application. Both similarities and differences were indeed observed between Ganoderma FIPs in their amino acid sequences and bioactivities. Comprehensively, rFIP-gaps from G. applanatum proved to be more effective in immunomodulation and cytotoxic assays in vitro than rLZ-8 (G. lucidum) and rFIP-gsi (G. sinense). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-018-0488-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wei Qu
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Si-Ya Zhou
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Shi-Xin Guan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Zuo-Wen Duan
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Wei-Yan Sun
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Wen-Li Fan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Shui-Sen Chen
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Li-Jing Chen
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jing-Wei Lin
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Yan-Ye Ruan
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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Molecular cloning, codon-optimized gene expression, and bioactivity assessment of two novel fungal immunomodulatory proteins from Ganoderma applanatum in Pichia. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5483-5494. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Xu H, Guo MY, Gao YH, Bai XH, Zhou XW. Expression and characteristics of manganese peroxidase from Ganoderma lucidum in Pichia pastoris and its application in the degradation of four dyes and phenol. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:19. [PMID: 28231778 PMCID: PMC5324234 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Manganese peroxidase (MnP) of white rot basidiomycetes, an extracellular heme enzyme, is part of a peroxidase superfamily that is capable of degrading the different phenolic compounds. Ganoderma, a white rot basidiomycete widely distributed worldwide, could secrete lignin-modifying enzymes (LME), including laccase (Lac), lignin peroxidases (LiP) and MnP. Results After the selection of a G. lucidum strain from five Ganoderma strains, the 1092 bp full-length cDNA of the MnP gene, designated as G. lucidum MnP (GluMnP1), was cloned from the selected strain. We subsequently constructed an eukaryotic expression vector, pAO815:: GlMnP, and transferred it into Pichia pastoris SMD116. Recombinant GluMnP1 (rGluMnP1) was with a yield of 126 mg/L and a molecular weight of approximately 37.72 kDa and a specific enzyme activity of 524.61 U/L. The rGluMnP1 could be capable of the decolorization of four types of dyes and the degradation of phenol. Phenol and its principal degradation products including hydroquinone, pyrocatechol, resorcinol, benzoquinone, were detected successfully in the experiments. Conclusions The rGluMnP1 could be effectively expressed in Pichia pastoris and with a higher oxidation activity. We infer that, in the initial stages of the reaction, the catechol-mediated cycle should be the principal route of enzymatic degradation of phenol and its oxidation products. This study highlights the potential industrial applications associated with the production of MnP by genetic engineering methods, and the application of industrial wastewater treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-017-0338-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hui Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuan-Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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Xu H, Kong YY, Chen X, Guo MY, Bai XH, Lu YJ, Li W, Zhou XW. Recombinant FIP-gat, a Fungal Immunomodulatory Protein from Ganoderma atrum, Induces Growth Inhibition and Cell Death in Breast Cancer Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2690-2698. [PMID: 26996414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
FIP-gat, an immunomodulatory protein isolated from Ganoderma atrum, is a new member of the FIP family. Little is known, however, about its expressional properties and antitumor activities. It was availably expressed in Escherichia coli with a total yield of 29.75 mg/L. The migration of recombinant FIP-gat (rFIP-gat) on SDS-PAGE corresponded to the predicted molecular mass, and the band was correctly detected by a specific antibody. To characterize the direct effects of rFIP-gat on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with different concentrations of rFIP-gat in vitro; the results showed that this protein could reduce cell viability dose-dependently with a median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 9.96 μg/mL and agglutinate the MDA-MB-231 cells at a concentration as low as 5 μg/mL. Furthermore, FIP-gat at a concentration of 10 μg/mL can induce significant growth inhibition and cell death in MDA-MB-231 cells. Notably, FIP-gat treatment triggers significant cell cycle arrest at the G1/S transition and pronounced increase in apoptotic cell population. Molecular assays based on microarray and real-time PCR further revealed the potential mechanisms encompassing growth arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy underlying the phenotypic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Yu Kong
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington, Connecticut 06032, United States
| | - Meng-Yuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hui Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jia Lu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan-Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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González Muñoz A, Botero Orozco KJ, López Gartner GA. Finding of a novel fungal immunomodulatory protein coding sequence in Ganoderma australe. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA 2014. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v16n2.38747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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18
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Li S, Nie Y, Ding Y, Shi L, Tang X. Recombinant expression of a novel fungal immunomodulatory protein with human tumor cell antiproliferative activity from Nectria haematococca. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:17751-64. [PMID: 25272229 PMCID: PMC4227187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151017751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To our best knowledge, all of the fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) have been successfully extracted and identified in Basidomycetes, with only the exception of FIP from ascomycete Nectria haematococca (FIP-nha) discovered through homology alignment most recently. In this work, a gene encoding FIP-nha was synthesized and recombinantly expressed in an Escherichia coli expression system. SDS-PAGE and MALDI-MS analyses of recombinant FIP-nha (rFIP-nha) indicated that the gene was successfully expressed. The yield of the bioactive FIP-nha protein was 42.7 mg/L. In vitro assays of biological activity indicated that the rFIP-nha caused hemagglutination of human and rabbit red blood cells, significantly stimulated mouse spleen lymphocyte proliferation, and enhanced expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) released from mouse splenocytes, revealing a strong antitumor effect against HL60, HepG2 and MGC823. Through this work, we constructed a rapid and efficient method of FIP production, and suggested that FIP-nha is a valuable candidate for use in future medical care and pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Li
- Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ying Nie
- Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yang Ding
- Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Lijun Shi
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, CAAS, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xuanming Tang
- Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
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Production and functional characterization of a novel fungal immunomodulatory protein FIP-SN15 shuffled from two genes of Ganoderma species. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:5967-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Yue GGL, Chan BCL, Han XQ, Cheng L, Wong ECW, Leung PC, Fung KP, Ng MCH, Fan K, Sze DMY, Lau CBS. Immunomodulatory activities of Ganoderma sinense polysaccharides in human immune cells. Nutr Cancer 2014; 65:765-74. [PMID: 23859044 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.788725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal mushrooms have been traditionally used as food nutrient supplements in China for thousands of years. The present study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory activities of Ganoderma sinense (GS), an allied species of G. lucidum, using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Our results showed that the polysaccharide-enriched fraction of GS hot water extract (400 μg/ml) exhibited significant stimulatory effects on PBMC proliferation. When the fruiting bodies of GS were divided into pileus and stipe parts and were separately extracted, the GS stipe polysaccharide-enriched fraction (50-400 μg/ml) showed concentration-dependent immunostimulating effects in PBMC. The productions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-10, and transforming growth factor -β were significantly enhanced by this fraction. In addition, the proportion of CD14(+) monocyte subpopulation within the PBMC was specifically increased. The IL-10 and IL-12 productions in monocyte-derived dendritic cells were significantly enhanced by GS stipe fraction. The composition of monosaccharides of this fraction was determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. Our study demonstrated for the first time the immunostimulatory effects of GS stipe polysaccharide-enriched fraction on PBMC and dendritic cells. The findings revealed the potential use of GS (especially including the stipes of fruiting bodies) as adjuvant nutrient supplements for patients, who are receiving immunosuppressive chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace G L Yue
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
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El Enshasy HA, Hatti-Kaul R. Mushroom immunomodulators: unique molecules with unlimited applications. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:668-77. [PMID: 24125745 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, mushrooms have been used as food and medicine in different cultures. More recently, many bioactive compounds have been isolated from different types of mushrooms. Among these, immunomodulators have gained much interest based on the increasing growth of the immunotherapy sector. Mushroom immunomodulators are classified under four categories based on their chemical nature as: lectins, terpenoids, proteins, and polysaccharides. These compounds are produced naturally in mushrooms cultivated in greenhouses. For effective industrial production, cultivation is carried out in submerged culture to increase the bioactive compound yield, decrease the production time, and reduce the cost of downstream processing. This review provides a comprehensive overview on mushroom immunomodulators in terms of chemistry, industrial production, and applications in medical and nonmedical sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham A El Enshasy
- Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81130 UTM, Skudai, Malaysia; City of Scientific Research and Technology Application, New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Kong X, Zhang J, Han X, Zhang P, Dai X, Liu J, Zhang X, Lee I, Liu S. High-Yield Production in Escherichia coli of Fungal Immunomodulatory Protein Isolated from Flammulina velutipes and Its Bioactivity Assay in Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:2230-41. [PMID: 23348923 PMCID: PMC3587985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14022230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A fungal immunomodulatory protein isolated from Flammulina velutipes (FIP-fve) has structural similarity to the variable region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain. In the present study, the recombinant bioactive FIP-fve protein with a His-tag in N-terminal of recombinant protein was expressed in transetta (DE3) at a high level under the optimized culturing conditions of 0.2 mM IPTG and 28 °C. The efficiency of the purification was improved with additional ultrasonication to the process of lysozyme lysis. The yield of the bioactive FIP-fve protein with 97.1% purity reached 29.1 mg/L with a large quantity for industrial applications. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed a maximum increase in interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) for the mice serum group of 5 mg/kg body mass (p < 0.01) with three doses of His-FIP-fve. However, the production of IL-4 had no apparent difference compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Kong
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (X.K.); (X.H.); (X.Z.)
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150010, China; E-Mails: (J.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiechi Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150010, China; E-Mails: (J.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Xue Han
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (X.K.); (X.H.); (X.Z.)
| | - Piqi Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150010, China; E-Mails: (J.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiaodong Dai
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150010, China; E-Mails: (J.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianing Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150010, China; E-Mails: (J.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (X.K.); (X.H.); (X.Z.)
| | - Imshik Lee
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (X.K.); (X.H.); (X.Z.)
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 130071, China; E-Mail:
| | - Shenkui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (X.K.); (X.H.); (X.Z.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +86-451-8219-1394
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Wang XF, Li QZ, Bao TW, Cong WR, Song WX, Zhou XW. In vitro rapid evolution of fungal immunomodulatory proteins by DNA family shuffling. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:2455-65. [PMID: 22615051 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4131-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) found in a wide variety of mushrooms hold significant therapeutic potential. Despite much research, the structural determinants for their immunomodulatory functions remain unknown. In this study, a DNA shuffling technique was used to create two shuffled FIP protein libraries: an intrageneric group containing products of shuffling between FIP-glu (FIP gene isolated from Ganoderma lucidum) and FIP-gsi (FIP gene isolated from Ganoderma sinense) genes and an intergeneric group containing the products of shuffling between FIP-glu, FIP-fve (FIP gene isolated from Flammulina velutipes), and FIP-vvo (FIP gene isolated from Volvariella volvacea) genes. The gene shuffling generated 426 and 412 recombinant clones, respectively. Using colony blot analysis, we selected clones that expressed relatively high levels of shuffled gene products recognized by specific polyclonal antibodies. We analyzed the DNA sequences of the selected shuffled genes, and testing of their protein products revealed that they maintained functional abilities to agglutinate blood cells and induce cytokine production by splenocytes from Kunming mice in vitro. Meanwhile, the relationships between protein structure and the hemagglutination activity and between the changed nucleotide sites and expression levels were explored by bioinformatic analysis. These combined analyses identified the nucleotide changes involved in regulating the expression levels and hemagglutination activities of the FIPs. Therefore, we were able to generate recombinant FIPs with improved biological activities and expression levels by using DNA shuffling, a powerful tool for the generation of novel therapeutic proteins and for their structural and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Fei Wang
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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Gene cloning and recombinant expression of a novel fungal immunomodulatory protein from Trametes versicolor. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 82:339-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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25
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Zhou XW, Su KQ, Zhang YM. Applied modern biotechnology for cultivation of Ganoderma and development of their products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 93:941-63. [PMID: 22170106 PMCID: PMC7080118 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A white-rot basidiomycete Ganoderma spp. has long been used as a medicinal mushroom in Asia, and it has an array of pharmacological properties for immunomodulatory activity. There have been many reports about the bioactive components and their pharmacological properties. In order to analyze the current status of Ganoderma products, the detailed process of cultivation of Ganoderma spp. and development of their products are restated in this review article. These include the breeding, cultivating, extracting bioactive component, and processing Ganoderma products, etc. This article will expand people's common knowledge on Ganoderma, and provide a beneficial reference for research and industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Wei Zhou
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234 People’s Republic of China
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Fudan–SJTU–Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai-Qi Su
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Fudan–SJTU–Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ming Zhang
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234 People’s Republic of China
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Aranha I, Clement F, Venkatesh YP. Immunostimulatory properties of the major protein from the stem of the Ayurvedic medicinal herb, guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:366-72. [PMID: 22119223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), a widely used plant in folk and Ayurvedic systems of medicine is well known for its immunomodulatory activity; however, the presence of an immunomodulatory protein (ImP) in guduchi has not been investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Guduchi ImP was purified from dry stem powder extract by anion-exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose. Characterization of guduchi ImP was performed by SDS-PAGE, periodic acid-Schiff staining, HPLC, and immunochemical analyses. Immunostimulatory activity was assessed by lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage activation assays. Fresh guduchi stem/leaf, guduchi satwa and guduchi capsules were also analyzed for the presence of guduchi ImP. RESULTS Guduchi ImP was purified to homogeneity from dry stem powder extract (~150 mg protein per 100 g guduchi stem powder) as a single chain acidic protein (25 kDa) without glycans; it was noticeably absent in guduchi leaf. Guduchi satwa and guduchi capsule preparations also lacked this protein. Guduchi ImP showed ~3-fold mitogenic activity compared to untreated murine splenocytes in the 1-10 μg/mL concentration range; 5-7-fold increase in mitogenic activity was seen in the case of murine thymocytes vs. control. The purified protein also induced nitric oxide production from macrophages present in isolated murine peritoneal exudates cells. Guduchi ImP displays enhanced phagocytosis of yeast cells by macrophages. Guduchi ImP does not possess hemagglutination activity (towards rabbit and human erythrocytes of all blood groups) indicating that the immunomodulatory protein is not a lectin. CONCLUSIONS The confirmation of an immunomodulatory protein in guduchi stem showing lymphoproliferative and macrophage-activating properties reinforces the rationale of the use of guduchi preparations in several Ayurvedic medicines for immunomodulation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an immunomodulatory protein isolated from guduchi.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anion Exchange Resins
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromatography, Gel
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Chromatography, Ion Exchange
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Hemagglutination/drug effects
- Hemagglutination Tests
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/isolation & purification
- Immunologic Factors/pharmacology
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Macrophage Activation/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Medicine, Ayurvedic
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Plant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Plant Proteins/pharmacology
- Plant Stems
- Plants, Medicinal
- Tinospora/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Aranha
- Department of Biochemistry & Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI, a CSIR Laboratory), Mysore, Karnataka, India
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Medicinal mushrooms in supportive cancer therapies: an approach to anti-cancer effects and putative mechanisms of action. FUNGAL DIVERS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-012-0151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lin CC, Yu YL, Shih CC, Liu KJ, Ou KL, Hong LZ, Chen JDC, Chu CL. A novel adjuvant Ling Zhi-8 enhances the efficacy of DNA cancer vaccine by activating dendritic cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1019-27. [PMID: 21499904 PMCID: PMC11029078 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccine has been suggested to use in cancer therapy, but the efficacy remains to be improved. The immunostimulatory effect of a fungal immunomodulatory protein Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8) isolated from Ganoderma lucidum has been reported. In this study, we tested the adjuvanticity of LZ-8 for HER-2/neu DNA vaccine against p185(neu) expressing tumor MBT-2 in mice. We found that recombinant LZ-8 stimulated mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) via TLR4 and its stimulatory effect was not due to any microbe contaminant. In addition, LZ-8 enhanced the ability of DCs to induce antigen-specific T cell activation in vitro and in a subunit vaccine model in vivo. Surprisingly, LZ-8 cotreatment strongly improved the therapeutic effect of DNA vaccine against MBT-2 tumor in mice. This increase in antitumor activity was attributed to the enhancement of vaccine-induced Th1 and CTL responses. Consistent with the results from DCs, the promoting effect of LZ-8 on DNA vaccine was diminished when the MBT-2 tumor cells were grown in TLR4 mutant mice. Thus, we concluded that LZ-8 may be a promising adjuvant to enhance the efficacy of DNA vaccine by activating DCs via TLR4.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fungal Proteins/genetics
- Fungal Proteins/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transduction, Genetic
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/immunology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/therapy
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsin University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Li QZ, Wang XF, Zhou XW. Recent status and prospects of the fungal immunomodulatory protein family. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2011; 31:365-75. [PMID: 21651437 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2010.543967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
With the exception of polysaccharides and triterpenes/triterpenoids compounds, fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP), a small molecule protein, is also an important bioactive component with immune regulating activity. It plays a significant role in immunomodulating. The objective of this paper was to review the latest advances in various aspects of research on FIPs, including their basic components and structural character, characters of diversity, gene cloning and expression, and their biological function, etc. In addition, prospects of utilization value and the exploitation foreground of FIPs were also discussed. The review will provide a useful reference for further research, development, and utilizations of FIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Zhang Li
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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