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Zhang JJ, Qin FY, Cheng YX. Insights into Ganoderma fungi meroterpenoids opening a new era of racemic natural products in mushrooms. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1221-1266. [PMID: 38204140 DOI: 10.1002/med.22006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Ganoderma meroterpenoids (GMs) containing 688 structures to date were discovered to have multiple remarkable biological activities. 65.6% of meroterpenoids featuring stereogenic centers from Ganoderma species are racemates. Further, GMs from different Ganoderma species seem to have their own characteristics. In this review, a comprehensive summarization of GMs since 2000 is presented, including GM structures, structure corrections, biological activities, physicochemical properties, total synthesis, and proposed biosynthetic pathways. Additionally, we especially discuss the racemic nature, species-related structural distribution, and structure-activity relationship of GMs, which will provide a likely in-house database and shed light on future studies on GMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Zhang
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fu-Ying Qin
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong-Xian Cheng
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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2
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Wang ZZ, Li H, Maskey AR, Srivastava K, Liu C, Yang N, Xie T, Fu Z, Li J, Liu X, Sampson HA, Li XM. The Efficacy & Molecular Mechanisms of a Terpenoid Compound Ganoderic Acid C1 on Corticosteroid-Resistant Neutrophilic Airway Inflammation: In vivo and in vitro Validation. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:2547-2561. [PMID: 38686360 PMCID: PMC11057679 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s433430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neutrophil predominant airway inflammation is associated with severe and steroid-resistant asthma clusters. Previously, we reported efficacy of ASHMI, a three-herb TCM asthma formula in a steroid-resistant neutrophil-dominant murine asthma model and further identified Ganoderic Acid C1 (GAC1) as a key ASHMI active compound in vitro. The objective of this study is to investigate GAC1 effect on neutrophil-dominant, steroid-resistant asthma in a murine model. Methods In this study, Balb/c mice were systematically sensitized with ragweed (RW) and alum and intranasally challenged with ragweed. Unsensitized/PBS challenged mice served as normal controls. Post sensitization, mice were given 4 weeks of oral treatment with GAC1 or acute dexamethasone (Dex) treatment at 48 hours prior to challenge. Pulmonary cytokines were measured by ELISA, and lung sections were processed for histology by H&E staining. Furthermore, GAC1 effect on MUC5AC expression and on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human lung epithelial cell line (NCI-H292) was determined by qRT-PCR and ROS assay kit, respectively. Computational analysis was applied to select potential targets of GAC1 in steroid-resistant neutrophil-dominant asthma. Molecular docking was performed to predict binding modes between GAC1 and Dex with TNF-α. Results The result of the study showed that chronic GAC1 treatment, significantly reduced pulmonary inflammation (P < 0.01-0.001 vs Sham) and airway neutrophilia (P < 0.01 vs Sham), inhibited TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-5 levels (P < 0.05-0.001 vs Sham). Acute Dex treatment reduced eosinophilic inflammation and IL-4, IL-5 levels, but had no effect on neutrophilia and TNF-α production. GAC1 treated H292 cells showed decreased MUC5AC gene expression and production of ROS (P < 0.001 vs stimulated/untreated cells). Molecular docking results showed binding energy of complex GAC1-TNF was -10.8 kcal/mol. Discussion GAC1 may be a promising anti-asthma botanical drug for treatment of steroid-resistant asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Wang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hang Li
- Central Lab, Shenzhen Bao’an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anish R Maskey
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Kamal Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
- General Nutraceutical Technology, Elmsford, NY, USA
| | - Changda Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
- General Nutraceutical Technology, Elmsford, NY, USA
| | - Taoyun Xie
- The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyi Fu
- The First Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junxiong Li
- Guangdong Province Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hugh A Sampson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiu-Min Li
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Westchester Medical Center New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Nguyen TTT, Nguyen TTT, Nguyen HD, Nguyen TK, Pham PTV, Tran LTT, Pham HKT, Truong PCH, Tran LT, Tran MH. Anti- Staphylococcus aureus potential of compounds from Ganoderma sp.: A comprehensive molecular docking and simulation approaches. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28118. [PMID: 38596094 PMCID: PMC11002548 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a series of secondary metabolites from Ganoderma sp. were screened against Staphylococcus aureus protein targets, including as phosphotransacetylase, clumping factor A, and dihydrofolate reductase, using molecular docking simulations. The chemicals that showed the strongest binding energy with the targeted proteins were ganodermanontriol, lucidumol B, ganoderic acid J, ergosterol, ergosterol peroxide, 7-oxoganoderic acid Z, ganoderic acid AM1, ganosinoside A, ganoderic acid D, and 24R-ergosta-7,2E-diene-3β,5α,6β-triol. Interestingly, ganosinoside A showed the greatest affinity for the protein clumping factor A, a result validated by molecular dynamic simulation. Additionally, three natural Ganoderma sp. Strains as Ganoderma lingzhi VNKKK1903, Ganoderma lingzhi VNKK1905A2, and Amauroderma subresinosum VNKKK1904 were collected from Kon Ka Kinh National Park in central land of Vietnam and evaluated for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus using an agar well diffusion technique. These results suggest that the fungal extracts and secondary metabolites may serve as valuable sources of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus. These findings provided an important scientific groundwork for further exploration of the antibacterial mechanisms of compounds derived from Ganoderma sp. in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Thi Thu Nguyen
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, 227 Nguyen Van Cu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University, Linh Trung, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Trinh Thi Tuyet Nguyen
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, 227 Nguyen Van Cu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University, Linh Trung, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Hoang Duc Nguyen
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, 227 Nguyen Van Cu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University, Linh Trung, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Tan Khanh Nguyen
- Scientific Management Department, Dong A University, 33 Xo Viet Nghe Tinh, Hai Chau District, Da Nang City, 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Phu Tran Vinh Pham
- VN-UK Institute for Research and Executive Education, The University of Danang, 158A Le Loi, Hai Chau District, Danang City, 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Linh Thuy Thi Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, 530000, Viet Nam
| | - Hong Khuyen Thi Pham
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, The University of Danang, Hoa Quy, Ngu Hanh Son District, Da Nang City, 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Phu Chi Hieu Truong
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, The University of Danang, Hoa Quy, Ngu Hanh Son District, Da Nang City, 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Linh Thuoc Tran
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, 227 Nguyen Van Cu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University, Linh Trung, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Manh Hung Tran
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, The University of Danang, Hoa Quy, Ngu Hanh Son District, Da Nang City, 550000, Viet Nam
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Ali Syed I, Alvi IA, Fiaz M, Ahmad J, Butt S, Ullah A, Ahmed I, Niaz Z, Khan S, Hayat S, Ashique S, Zengin G, Farid A. Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Ganoderma Species and Their Activity against Multi Drug Resistant Pathogens. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301304. [PMID: 37926683 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The widespread and indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics leads to microbial resistance, which causes major problems in the treatment of infectious diseases. However, advances in nanotechnology using mushrooms have opened up new domains for the synthesis and use of nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant pathogens. Mushooms have recently attracted attention and are exploited for food and medicinal purposes. The current study focuses on the molecular identification, characterization of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and antibacterial analysis of extract and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesis from Ganoderma resinaceum against multidrug resistant microbes. Accurate identification of mushrooms is key in utilizing them for the benefit of humans. However, morphological identification of mushrooms is time consuming, tedious and may be prone to error. Molecular techniques are quick and reliable tools that are useful in mushroom taxonomy. Blast results showed that G. resinaceum (GU451247) obtained from Pakistan was 97 % same to the recognized G. resinaceum (GU451247) obtained from China as well as G. resinaceum (GU451247) obtained from India. The antimicrobial potential of mushroom composite and AgNPs showed high efficacy against pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus (ZOI 23 mm) K. pneumonia (ZOI 20 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ZOI 24 mm) and E. fecalis and A. baumannii (ZOI 10 mm), and multidrug resistant (MDR) A. baumannii (ZOI 24 mm). XRD evaluation revealed the crystalline composition of synthesized NPs with diameter of 45 nm. UV-Vis spectroscopy obsorption peaked of 589 nm confirmed the presence of AgNPs. SEM results showed the cubic morphology of AgNPs. The FTIR analysis of NPs obtained from G. resinaceum containing C=O as well as (O=C-H) stretching revealed presence of hydrogen, carbonyl and amide groups. The synthesized extract and AgNPs showed promising minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 2 mg concentration against the MDR strains. AgNPs are observed to be efficient as they need less quantities to prevent bacterial growth. In the view of challenges for developing antimicrobial NPs of variable shape and size by various other methods, tuning nanoparticles synthesized via mushrooms can be a wonderful approach to resolve existing hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muhammad Fiaz
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Junaid Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University Mansehra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Sadia Butt
- Department of microbiology, shaheed benazir butto women university Peshawar Pakistan
| | - Amin Ullah
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, 25000, Khyber, Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Ahmed
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D.I.K, 29050, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Niaz
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University Mansehra
| | - Sayab Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University Mansehra
| | - Shubana Hayat
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University Mansehra
| | - Sumel Ashique
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pandaveswar School of Pharmacy, Pandaveswar, West Bengal, 713378, India
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42130, Konya, Turkey
| | - Arshad Farid
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D.I.K, 29050, Pakistan
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Wei-Ye L, Hong-Bo G, Rui-Heng Y, Ai-Guo X, Jia-Chen Z, Zhao-Qian Y, Wen-Jun H, Xiao-Dan Y. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS-based widely targeted metabolomics reveals differences in metabolite composition among four Ganoderma species. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1335538. [PMID: 38562486 PMCID: PMC10982346 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1335538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The Chinese name "Lingzhi" refers to Ganoderma genus, which are increasingly used in the food and medical industries. Ganoderma species are often used interchangeably since the differences in their composition are not known. To find compositional metabolite differences among Ganoderma species, we conducted a widely targeted metabolomics analysis of four commonly used edible and medicinal Ganoderma species based on ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Through pairwise comparisons, we identified 575-764 significant differential metabolites among the species, most of which exhibited large fold differences. We screened and analyzed the composition and functionality of the advantageous metabolites in each species. Ganoderma lingzhi advantageous metabolites were mostly related to amino acids and derivatives, as well as terpenes, G. sinense to terpenes, and G. leucocontextum and G. tsugae to nucleotides and derivatives, alkaloids, and lipids. Network pharmacological analysis showed that SRC, GAPDH, TNF, and AKT1 were the key targets of high-degree advantage metabolites among the four Ganoderma species. Analysis of Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes demonstrated that the advantage metabolites in the four Ganoderma species may regulate and participate in signaling pathways associated with diverse cancers, Alzheimer's disease, and diabetes. Our findings contribute to more targeted development of Ganoderma products in the food and medical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wei-Ye
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guo Hong-Bo
- College of Life Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Technology, Fushun, China
| | - Yang Rui-Heng
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Ai-Guo
- Alpine Fungarium, Tibet Plateau Institute of Biology, Lasa, China
| | - Zhao Jia-Chen
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Zhao-Qian
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Han Wen-Jun
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Xiao-Dan
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Sun L, Li SD, Li Y, Wang L, Pu XM, Ge YP, Na Q, Li WH, Cheng XH. Population genetics provides insights into the important agronomic traits of Ganoderma cultivation varieties in China. Gene 2024; 893:147938. [PMID: 38381508 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the species diversity and genetic differentiation of the genome of the main cultivated strains of Ganoderma in China. Population genomics analysis was conducted based on 150 cultivated strains of Ganoderma collected nationwide. The results indicated that the main species currently cultivated in China were Ganoderma sichuanense and Ganoderma lucidum, with a minor proportion of Ganoderma sessile, Ganoderma weberianum, Ganoderma sinense, Ganoderma gibbosum and Ganoderma australe. A total of 336,506 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were obtained through population evolution analysis. The Fst values were calculated using a 5-kb sliding window, which ranged from 0.11 to 0.74. This suggests varying degrees of genetic differentiation between populations and genetic exchange among varieties. On this basis, the genes related to the stipe length, cap color and branch phenotypes of Ganoderma were excavated, and the region with the top 1% ZFst value region was used as a candidate region. A total of 137, 270 and 222 candidate genes were identified in the aforementioned 3 phenotypes, respectively. Gene annotation revealed that genes associated with stipe length were mainly related to cell division and differentiation, including proteins such as Nse4 protein and DIM1 protein. The genes related to Ganoderma red color were mainly related to the metabolism of tryptophan and flavonoids. The genes related to the branch were mainly related to cytokinin synthesis, ABC transporter and cytochrome P450. This study provided 150 valuable genome resequencing data in assessing the diversity and genetic differentiation of Ganoderma and laid a foundation for agronomic trait analysis and the development of new varieties of Ganoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Shi-da Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Yin Li
- Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai 264013, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Xiu-Min Pu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Yu-Peng Ge
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Qin Na
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Wei-Huan Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Xian-Hao Cheng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
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Kozarski M, Klaus A, Špirović-Trifunović B, Miletić S, Lazić V, Žižak Ž, Vunduk J. Bioprospecting of Selected Species of Polypore Fungi from the Western Balkans. Molecules 2024; 29:314. [PMID: 38257227 PMCID: PMC10819588 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Growing mushrooms means meeting challenges while aiming for sustainability and circularity. Wherever the producer is located, commercial strains are the same originating from several producers. Customized strains adapted to local conditions are urgently needed. Before introducing new species to the strain development pipeline, the chemical characterization and biological activity of wild ones need to be assessed. Accordingly, the mycoceutical potential of five polypore mushroom species from Serbia was evaluated including: secondary metabolite composition, oxidative damage prevention, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). The phenolic pattern was comparable in all samples, but the amounts of specific chemicals varied. Hydroxybenzoic acids were the primary components. All samples had varying quantities of ascorbic acid, carotene, and lycopene, and showed a pronounced inhibition of lipid peroxidation (LPx) and ability to scavenge HO•. Extracts were more potent tyrosinase inhibitors but unsuccessful when faced with ACE. Fomitopsis pinicola had the strongest anti-tumor efficacy while Ganoderma lucidum demonstrated strong selectivity in anti-tumor effect in comparison to normal cells. The evaluated species provided a solid foundation for commercial development while keeping local ecology in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kozarski
- Institute for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.K.); (A.K.); (V.L.)
| | - Anita Klaus
- Institute for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.K.); (A.K.); (V.L.)
| | - Bojana Špirović-Trifunović
- Institute for Phytomedicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Srdjan Miletić
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Vesna Lazić
- Institute for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.K.); (A.K.); (V.L.)
| | - Željko Žižak
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Paterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Jovana Vunduk
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12/V, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
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Wang M, Meng G, Yang Y, Wang X, Xie R, Dong C. Telomere-to-Telomere Genome Assembly of Tibetan Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma leucocontextum and the First Copia Centromeric Retrotransposon in Macro-Fungi Genome. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 10:15. [PMID: 38248925 PMCID: PMC10817607 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A complete telomere-to-telomere (T2T) genome has been a longstanding goal in the field of genomic research. By integrating high-coverage and precise long-read sequencing data using multiple assembly strategies, we present here the first T2T gap-free genome assembly of Ganoderma leucocontextum strain GL72, a Tibetan medicinal mushroom. The T2T genome, with a size of 46.69 Mb, consists 13 complete nuclear chromosomes and typical telomeric repeats (CCCTAA)n were detected at both ends of 13 chromosomes. The high mapping rate, uniform genome coverage, a complete BUSCOs of 99.7%, and base accuracy exceeding 99.999% indicate that this assembly represents the highest level of completeness and quality. Regions characterized by distinct structural attributes, including highest Hi-C interaction intensity, high repeat content, decreased gene density, low GC content, and minimal or no transcription levels across all chromosomes may represent potential centromeres. Sequence analysis revealed the first Copia centromeric retrotransposon in macro-fungi genome. Phylogenomic analysis identified that G. leucocontextum and G. tsugae diverged from the other Ganoderma species approximately 9.8-17.9 MYA. The prediction of secondary metabolic clusters confirmed the capability of this fungus to produce a substantial quantity of metabolites. This T2T gap-free genome will contribute to the genomic 'dark matter' elucidation and server as a great reference for genetics, genomics, and evolutionary studies of G. leucocontextum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (M.W.); (G.M.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guoliang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (M.W.); (G.M.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (M.W.); (G.M.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (M.W.); (G.M.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Rong Xie
- Institute of Vegetable Sciences, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850000, China;
| | - Caihong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (M.W.); (G.M.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
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Demircan E, Aydar EF, Mertdinc Mertdinç Z, Kasapoglu Kasapoğlu KN, Ozcelik Özçelik B. 3D printable vegan plant-based meat analogue: Fortification with three different mushrooms, investigation of printability, and characterization. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113259. [PMID: 37803572 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a meat analogue formulation prepared using different protein sources as a printable ink for 3D printers and fortified with three different mushroom cultivars (reishi, Ganoderma lucidum (GL); saffron milk-cap, Lactarius deliciosus (LD); and oyster, Pleurotus ostreatus (PO)). 3D printing performance of the prepared inks was evaluated by factorial design in terms of nozzle height, printing speed, and flow compensation. New methods of maximum layer height and reprintability of plant-based meat analogues were conducted for the first time. Inks were characterized by analyzing rheological properties, microstructure, color characteristics, texture profile, cooking loss, amino acid content, and sensory evaluation. Results showed that the nozzle height and printing speed were found to be most effective on accuracy of prints and smoothness of layers. All inks (C, GL, LD and PO) represented shear-thinning and gel-like viscoelastic behavior (G' > G″) with predominant elasticity (tan δ < 1). Therefore they were suited for 3D printing and possessed supporting the following layers for additive manufacturing as well as meeting the criteria for a stable structure. Meat analogue was printed successfully without perceived defects in all formulations, except the GL was looking linty. LD and PO inks brought the advantage of recycling as a result of their re-printability whereas GL could not. Moreover, mushroom fortification reduced hardness, stiffness, springiness, and chewiness properties of the meat analogues whereas it increased the juiciness with reasonable overall acceptance. Mushroom fortification also enhanced the nutritional value and improved release of umami amino acids. The findings of the study demonstrated that mushrooms could be a functional and nutritious candidate for 3D printable plant-based meat analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evren Demircan
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak TR-34469, Istanbul, Turkiye.
| | - Elif Feyza Aydar
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak TR-34469, Istanbul, Turkiye.
| | - Zehra Mertdinc Mertdinç
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak TR-34469, Istanbul, Turkiye.
| | - Kadriye Nur Kasapoglu Kasapoğlu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak TR-34469, Istanbul, Turkiye.
| | - Beraat Ozcelik Özçelik
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak TR-34469, Istanbul, Turkiye; Bioactive Research & Innovation Food Manufac. Indust. Trade Ltd., Katar Street, Teknokent ARI-3, B110, Sarıyer 34467, Istanbul, Turkiye.
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10
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Pristas P, Beck T, Nosalova L, Gaperova S, Gaper J. How Different Molecular Markers Estimate the Diversity of European Species of the Ganoderma Genus. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1023. [PMID: 37888279 PMCID: PMC10608015 DOI: 10.3390/jof9101023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on published anatomical-morphological and ecological characteristics and phylogenetic evidence, six species of the Ganoderma genus are known to occur in Europe, namely, G. applanatum (Pers.) Pat., G. adspersum (Schulzer) Donk, G. pfeifferi Bres., G. resinaceum Boud., G. carnosum Pat., and G. lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. Molecular markers (DNA sequences of selected genes or intergenic spacers) revolutionized our view of fungal variability. Every one of the four most frequently used molecular markers (ITS (internal transcribed spacer) and partial sequences of LSU (rRNA large subunit), tef1-α (translation elongation factor 1-alpha), and Rpb2 (RNA polymerase II second largest subunit)) provides a different view on the variability of European species of the Ganoderma genus. Both the lowest intraspecies variability and the best species differentiation (interspecies divergence) were observed for the LSU marker, and based on our data, this marker could be recommended for identification and species delineation in European Ganoderma spp. The sequences of the most frequently used ITS marker were unable to discriminate between G. lucidum and G. carnosum, and in general, this species pair showed the lowest interspecies divergence using all markers tested. Surprisingly, up to now, hidden variability has been detected in several Ganoderma spp., indicating the existence of possible cryptic taxa within the European Ganoderma morphospecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Pristas
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Srobarova 2, 04154 Kosice, Slovakia;
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4–6, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Terezia Beck
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovskeho 40, 97401 Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; (T.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Lea Nosalova
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Srobarova 2, 04154 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Svetlana Gaperova
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovskeho 40, 97401 Banska Bystrica, Slovakia; (T.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Jan Gaper
- Department of Biology and General Ecology, Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University, T. G. Masaryka 24, 96053 Zvolen, Slovakia;
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11
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Rothmann C, Rothmann L, Viljoen B, Cason ED. Application of solid-state fermentation using mushrooms for the production of animal feed. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:1153-1164. [PMID: 37452386 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The increasing growth of agroindustrial activity resulting in excessive amounts of agriwaste has led to the accumulation of a large quantity of lignocellulosic residues all over the world, in particular in deforestation initiatives for the removal of invasive trees in South Africa. These lignocellulosic residues are rich in energy resources and consist of a mixture of natural polymers based on lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The use of lignolytic fungi such as mushrooms in solid-state fermentation could sufficiently degrade the indigestible lignocellulosic components and add medicinal and nutritional value to otherwise unusable, high-energy waste material, which in turn could yield a new method of producing energy-rich fodder for ruminant animals. The digestive type of animal for which the potential feed is developed must be identified and considered before deciding on the bioconversion method and process, as the outcomes for obtaining potentially high-quality feeds for nonruminant and ruminant animals are different. The current study presents data on the bioconversion of lignocellulosic substrate using solid-state fermentation with edible and medicinal mushrooms, Ganoderma lucidumand Pleurotus ostreatus, and a possible new species, to increase digestibility and nutritional value to be applied as ruminant animal feed. The solid-state fermentation process was optimized and the resulting product was analyzed for the degradation of the lignocellulosic components. Results indicated that the solid-state fermentation duration and mushroom species were key components in achieving significant degradation. Data obtained after 18 weeks of degradation indicated a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, and neutral detergent fiber fractions of the biomass, with up to a 20% reduction in indigestible components. This increase in digestibility could contribute to increased energy availability for ruminant animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Rothmann
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Lisa Rothmann
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Bennie Viljoen
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Errol Duncan Cason
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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12
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Zhang H, Zhang J, Liu Y, Tang C. Recent Advances in the Preparation, Structure, and Biological Activities of β-Glucan from Ganoderma Species: A Review. Foods 2023; 12:2975. [PMID: 37569244 PMCID: PMC10419088 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma has served as a valuable food supplement and medicinal ingredient with outstanding active compounds that are essential for human protection against chronic diseases. Modern pharmacology studies have proven that Ganoderma β-d-glucan exhibits versatile biological activities, such as immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and antiviral properties, as well as gut microbiota regulation. As a promising polysaccharide, β-d-glucan is widely used in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. In recent years, the extraction, purification, structural characterization, and pharmacological activities of polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies, mycelia, spores, and fermentation broth of Ganoderma species have received wide attention from scholars globally. Unfortunately, comprehensive studies on the preparation, structure and bioactivity, toxicology, and utilization of β-d-glucans from Ganoderma species still need to be further explored, which may result in limitations in future sustainable industrial applications of β-d-glucans. Thus, this review summarizes the research progress in recent years on the physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, and bioactivity mechanisms of Ganoderma β-d-glucan, as well as its toxicological assessment and applications. This review is intended to provide a theoretical basis and reference for the development and application of β-d-glucan in the fields of pharmaceuticals, functional foods, and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chuanhong Tang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201403, China; (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.)
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13
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Chen W, Deng YY, Yu JW, Leung YT, Bai JX, Chen YJ, Wu Y, Wang L, Fan XY, Wang XQ, Hu J, Chen WH, Dou X, Leung KSY, Fu XQ, Yu ZL. A tri-herb formulation protects against ethanol-induced mouse liver injury and downregulates mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1. Phytomedicine 2023; 114:154802. [PMID: 37054486 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A tri-herb formulation comprising Ganoderma (the dried fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum), Puerariae Thomsonii Radix (the dried root of Pueraria thomsonii) and Hoveniae Semen (the dried mature seed of Hovenia acerba) -GPH for short- has been using for treating liver injury; however, the pharmacological basis of this application of GPH is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the liver protective effects and mechanisms of action of an ethanolic extract of GPH (GPHE) in mice. METHODS To control the quality of GPHE, the contents of ganodermanontriol, puerarin and kaempferol in the extract were quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography. An ethanol (6 ml/kg, i.g.)-induced liver injury ICR mouse model was employed to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of GPHE. RNA-sequencing analysis and bioassays were performed to reveal the mechanisms of action of GPHE. RESULTS The contents of ganodermanontriol, puerarin and kaempferol in GPHE were 0.0632%, 3.627% and 0.0149%, respectively. Daily i.g. administration of 0.25, 0.5 or 1 g/kg of GPHE for 15 consecutive days suppressed ethanol (6 ml/kg, i.g., at day 15)-induced upregulation of serum AST and ALT levels and improved histological conditions in mouse livers, indicating that GPHE protects mice from ethanol-induced liver injury. Mechanistically, GPHE downregulated the mRNA level of Dusp1 (encoding MKP1 protein, an inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinases JNK, p38 and ERK), and upregulated expression and phosphorylation of JNK, p38 and ERK, which are involved in cell survival in mouse liver tissues. Also, GPHE increased PCNA (a cell proliferation marker) expression and reduced TUNEL-positive (apoptotic) cells in mouse livers. CONCLUSION GPHE protects against ethanol-induced liver injury, and this effect of GPHE is associated with regulation of the MKP1/MAPK pathway. This study provides pharmacological justifications for the use of GPH in treating liver injury, and suggests that GPHE has potential to be developed into a modern medication for managing liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Yi Deng
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun-Wen Yu
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuk-Tung Leung
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing-Xuan Bai
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying-Jie Chen
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Wang
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Fan
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Wang
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinhui Hu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Wen-Hua Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Xiaobing Dou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiu-Qiong Fu
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China.
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Yangchum A, Rachtawee P, Srichomthong K, Choeyklin R, Boonpratuang T, Thongpanchang C, Isaka M. Lanostane triterpenoids from artificially cultivated fruiting bodies of Ganoderma cf. mastoporum. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37039449 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2196723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
In the quest for bioactive compounds from Ganoderma, artificially cultivated fruiting bodies of Ganoderma cf. mastoporum, strain TBRC-BCC 47851 were chemically investigated. The study led to the isolation of three undescribed lanostane triterpenoids (1-3) together with twelve known compounds. The structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometry data. The new compounds were inactive in the antimalarial and antitubercular activity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunrat Yangchum
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Pranee Rachtawee
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Kitlada Srichomthong
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | | | | | - Chawanee Thongpanchang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Masahiko Isaka
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
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Hong Y, Tan JY, Xue H, Chow ML, Ali M, Ng A, Leong A, Yeo J, Koh SM, Tang MSY, Lee YY, Choong AMF, Lee SML, Delli Ponti R, Chan PM, Lee D, Wong JY, Mutwil M, Fong YK. A Metagenomic Survey of Wood Decay Fungi in the Urban Trees of Singapore. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040460. [PMID: 37108914 PMCID: PMC10145048 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature tropical urban trees are susceptible to root and trunk rot caused by pathogenic fungi. A metagenomic survey of such fungi was carried out on 210 soil and tissue samples collected from 134 trees of 14 common species in Singapore. Furthermore, 121 fruiting bodies were collected and barcoded. Out of the 22,067 OTUs (operational taxonomic units) identified, 10,646 OTUs had annotation information, and most were either ascomycetes (63.4%) or basidiomycetes (22.5%). Based on their detection in the diseased tissues and surrounding soils and/or the presence of fruiting bodies, fourteen basidiomycetes (nine Polyporales, four Hymenochaetales, one Boletales) and three ascomycetes (three species of Scytalidium) were strongly associated with the diseased trees. Fulvifomes siamensis affected the largest number of tree species surveyed. The association of three fungi was further supported by in vitro wood decay studies. Genetic heterogeneity was common in the diseased tissues and fruiting bodies (Ganoderma species especially). This survey identified the common pathogenic fungi of tropical urban trees and laid the foundation for early diagnosis and targeted mitigation efforts. It also illustrated the complexity of fungal ecology and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jhing Yein Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Huiyu Xue
- National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore 259569, Singapore
| | - Mei Lun Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Mohamed Ali
- National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore 259569, Singapore
| | - Arthur Ng
- National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore 259569, Singapore
| | - Abigail Leong
- National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore 259569, Singapore
| | - Jeb Yeo
- National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore 259569, Singapore
| | - Shao Ming Koh
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Megan Shi Ying Tang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Yan Yi Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Amy Mei Fun Choong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14, Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | | | - Riccardo Delli Ponti
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Perry M Chan
- School of Applied Science, Nanyang Polytechnic, 180 Ang Mo Kio Avenue 8, Singapore 569830, Singapore
| | - Daryl Lee
- National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore 259569, Singapore
| | - Jia Yih Wong
- National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore 259569, Singapore
| | - Marek Mutwil
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Yok King Fong
- National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore 259569, Singapore
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Blundell R, Camilleri E, Baral B, Karpiński TM, Neza E, Atrooz OM. The Phytochemistry of Ganoderma Species and their Medicinal Potentials. Am J Chin Med 2023:1-24. [PMID: 36999543 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x23500404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The Ganoderma genus is known for its diverse use as a functional food and therapeutic agent. This fungus has over 428 species, with Ganoderma lucidum being the most studied. The Ganoderma species produce several secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds like polysaccharides, phenols, and triterpenes, which are largely responsible for their therapeutic properties. Throughout this review, several extracts obtained from Ganoderma species have been studied to delve into their therapeutic characteristics and mechanisms. Such properties like immunomodulation, antiaging, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities have been demonstrated by several Ganoderma species and are supported by a large body of evidence. Although its phytochemicals play a vital role in its therapeutic properties, identifying the therapeutic potentials of fungal-secreted metabolites for human health-promoting benefits is a challenging task. Identification of novel compounds with distinct chemical scaffolds and their mechanism of action could help suppress the spread of rising pathogens. Thus, this review provides an updated and comprehensive overview of the bioactive components in different Ganoderma species and the underlying physiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renald Blundell
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD2080 Imsida, Malta
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, MSD2080 Imsida, Malta
| | - Emma Camilleri
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD2080 Imsida, Malta
| | - Bikash Baral
- Institute of Biological Resources (Ibr), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Tomasz M Karpiński
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 10, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Edlira Neza
- Western Balkans University, Autostrada Tirane-Durres km 7, Albania
| | - Omar M Atrooz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mutah University, P. O. Box (7), Mutah, Jordan
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Peng X, Luo R, Ran X, Guo Y, Yao YG, Qiu M. Ganoapplins A and B with an unprecedented 6/6/6/5/6-fused pentacyclic skeleton from Ganoderma inhibit Tau pathology through activating autophagy. Bioorg Chem 2023; 132:106375. [PMID: 36682148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ganoapplins A and B (1 and 2) with a 6/6/6/5/6-fused pentacyclic skeleton containing an aromatic E ring, were obtained from Ganoderma applanatum. Their structures were established through extensive spectroscopic analyses, quantum chemical calculations, including calculated chemical shifts with DP4 + analysis and electronic circular dichroism (ECD). A plausible biosynthetic pathway for 1 and 2 was proposed. Furthermore, their roles in activating autophagy were investigated and the cellular assays showed that 1 and 2 can inhibit tau pathology by inducing autophagy, suggesting their potential against Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingrong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Rongcan Luo
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, and KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ran
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, and KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Yarong Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, and KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Minghua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China.
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18
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Fang DS, Cheng CR, Qiu MH, Peng XR. Diverse meroterpenoids with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from Ganoderma cochlear. Fitoterapia 2023; 165:105420. [PMID: 36586625 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Three new meroterpenoids, cochlearins J-L (1-3) and three known meroterpenoids (4-6) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma cochlear. NMR (1H and 13C NMR, 1H - 1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC and ROESY), and HRESIMS were employed for the structure elucidation of new compounds. The stereostructures of 1-3 were confirmed by calculated ECD and optical rotation methods. Furthermore, compounds (+)-1, (-)-1, (+)-2, (-)-2, (+)-3, (-)-3, and 4-6 were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The results showed that compounds (+)-1, (-)-1 and (+)-2 exhibited stronger inhibition against α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 24.18 ± 1.98, 26.49 ± 3.20 and 29.68 ± 2.73 μM, respectively, compared to the positive control ursolic acid (49.65 ± 2.21 μM). The molecular docking experiments reveal that (+)-2 and (-)-2 had different binding mode with α-glucosidase, leading to their different inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Shuang Fang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry of Sichuan Institutes of Higher Education, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, Sichuan, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Chun-Ru Cheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry of Sichuan Institutes of Higher Education, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Ming-Hua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China.
| | - Xing-Rong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China.
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19
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Hattori K, Takagi H, Ogata Y, Yamada T, Horiba H, Fukata K, Sakaida T, Yashiro Y, Hasegawa S, Tanaka H. Immunostimulatory effects of a subcritical water extract of Ganoderma. Biomed Rep 2022; 18:1. [PMID: 36544853 PMCID: PMC9756285 DOI: 10.3892/br.2022.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma, a medicinal mushroom with various physiological activities, has been extensively investigated regarding its effectiveness. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a subcritical water extract of Ganoderma (SWEG) on the immune system. The use of subcritical water with a higher temperature and pressure than hot water allows efficient elution of components from natural products. As an evaluation of the effectiveness of SWEG, a cell proliferation and a cell differentiation test were carried out using A-6 cells, a model of hematopoietic stem cells. Furthermore, an oral administration test in mice was conducted to examine the effects of SWEG on the number and function of immune cells. As a result, SWEG was revealed to promote both self-renewal and differentiation into immune cells such as T cells and natural killer (NK) cells in experiments with A-6 cells. These results were not obtained in experiments using hot water extract of Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma sinense. The oral administration test in mice demonstrated that SWEG increased hematopoietic precursor cells, immature B cells, and NK cells in the bone marrow, and T cells in the thymus. In addition, SWEG enhanced the immune functions in the spleen by promoting granzyme B expression and NK cell activity. SWEG was demonstrated to be a food material that acts on HSCs and regulates immunity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Hattori
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya-shi, Aichi 451-0071, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya-shi, Aichi 451-0071, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ogata
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya-shi, Aichi 451-0071, Japan
| | - Takaaki Yamada
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya-shi, Aichi 451-0071, Japan
| | - Hiroki Horiba
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya-shi, Aichi 451-0071, Japan
| | - Kousuke Fukata
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya-shi, Aichi 451-0071, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sakaida
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya-shi, Aichi 451-0071, Japan
| | - Youichi Yashiro
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya-shi, Aichi 451-0071, Japan
| | - Seiji Hasegawa
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya-shi, Aichi 451-0071, Japan,Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 466-8550, Japan,Correspondence to: Dr Seiji Hasegawa, Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., 2-7 Torimi-cho, Nishi-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 451-0071, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Biofunctional Analysis, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
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20
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Zhao LN, Cao YB, Luo Q, Xu YL, Li N, Wang CX, Xu JW. Overexpression of phosphomannomutase increases the production and bioactivities of Ganoderma exopolysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 294:119828. [PMID: 35868775 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we explored a novel approach to enhancing the production and bioactivities of Ganoderma exopolysaccharides. The homologous phosphomannomutase gene (PMM1) was cloned and overexpressed in Ganoderma for the first time. As a result, the maximum production of exopolysaccharides by the PMM1 transformant was 1.53 g/L, which was 1.41-fold higher than of a wild-type (WT) strain in a 5-L bioreactor. The transcription levels of PMM1 and PMM2 increased 40.5- and 2.4-fold, respectively, whereas the value of the GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase gene did not change significantly in this transgenic strain. Furthermore, the major exopolysaccharide fractions from PMM1 transformants contained higher amounts of mannose (56.5 % and 21.1 %) than those from a WT strain (26.7 % and 9.3 %). Moreover, the major fractions from PMM1 transformants exhibited stronger regulation effects on macrophage. In conclusion, this study is helpful for the efficient production and application of Ganoderma exopolysaccharides and facilitates an understanding of polysaccharide biosynthesis regulation.
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21
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Li Q, Zhang T, Li L, Bao Z, Tu W, Xiang P, Wu Q, Li P, Cao M, Huang W. Comparative Mitogenomic Analysis Reveals Intraspecific, Interspecific Variations and Genetic Diversity of Medical Fungus Ganoderma. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080781. [PMID: 35893149 PMCID: PMC9394262 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma species are widely distributed in the world with high diversity. Some species are considered to be pathogenic fungi while others are used as traditional medicine in Asia. In this study, we sequenced and assembled four Ganoderma complete mitogenomes, including G. subamboinense s118, G. lucidum s37, G. lingzhi s62, and G. lingzhi s74. The sizes of the four mitogenomes ranged from 50,603 to 73,416 bp. All Ganoderma specimens had a full set of core protein-coding genes (PCGs), and the rps3 gene of Ganoderma species was detected to be under positive or relaxed selection. We found that the non-conserved PCGs, which encode RNA polymerases, DNA polymerases, homing endonucleases, and unknown functional proteins, are dynamic within and between Ganoderma species. Introns were thought to be the main contributing factor in Ganoderma mitogenome size variation (p < 0.01). Frequent intron loss/gain events were detected within and between Ganoderma species. The mitogenome of G. lucidum s26 gained intron P637 in the cox3 gene compared with the other two G. lucidum mitogenomes. In addition, some rare introns in Ganoderma were detected in distinct Basidiomycetes, indicating potential gene transfer events. Comparative mitogenomic analysis revealed that gene arrangements also varied within and between Ganoderma mitogenomes. Using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods with a combined mitochondrial gene dataset, phylogenetic analyses generated identical, well-supported tree topologies for 71 Agaricomycetes species. This study reveals intraspecific and interspecific variations of the Ganoderma mitogenomes, which promotes the understanding of the origin, evolution, and genetic diversity of Ganoderma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (Q.L.); (T.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.B.); (W.T.); (P.X.); (Q.W.)
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (Q.L.); (T.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.B.); (W.T.); (P.X.); (Q.W.)
| | - Lijiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (Q.L.); (T.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.B.); (W.T.); (P.X.); (Q.W.)
| | - Zhijie Bao
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (Q.L.); (T.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.B.); (W.T.); (P.X.); (Q.W.)
| | - Wenying Tu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (Q.L.); (T.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.B.); (W.T.); (P.X.); (Q.W.)
| | - Peng Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (Q.L.); (T.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.B.); (W.T.); (P.X.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (Q.L.); (T.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.B.); (W.T.); (P.X.); (Q.W.)
| | - Ping Li
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 106 # Shizishan Rd., Chengdu 610061, China;
| | - Mei Cao
- Core Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (W.H.); Tel.: +86-028-84592187 (W.H.)
| | - Wenli Huang
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 106 # Shizishan Rd., Chengdu 610061, China;
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (W.H.); Tel.: +86-028-84592187 (W.H.)
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22
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Yang HD, Ding Y, Wen TC, Hapuarachchi KK, Wei DP. Ganodermaovisporum sp. nov. (Polyporales, Polyporaceae) from Southwest China. Biodivers Data J 2022; 10:e80034. [PMID: 36761562 PMCID: PMC9848459 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.10.e80034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ganoderma is a white-rot fungus with a cosmopolitan distribution and includes several economically important species. This genus has been extensively researched due to its beneficial medicinal properties and chemical constituents with potential nutritional and therapeutic values. Traditionally, species of Ganoderma were identified solely based on morphology; however, recent molecular studies revealed that many morphology-based species are conspecific. Furthermore, some type species are in poor condition, which hinders us from re-examining their taxonomic characteristics and obtaining their molecular data. Therefore, new species and fresh collections with multigene sequences are needed to fill the loopholes and to understand the biological classification system of Ganoderma. New information In a survey of Ganoderma in Guizhou Province, southwest China, we found a new species growing on soil and, herein, it was identified by both morphology and phylogenetic evidence. Hence, we propose a new species, Ganodermaovisporum sp. nov. This species is characterised by an annual, stipitate, laccate basidiome, with a red-brown to brownish-black pileus surface and pale white pores, duplex context, clavate pileipellis terminal cells, trimitic hyphal system, ellipsoid basidiospores with dark brown eusporium bearing coarse echinulae and an obtuse turgid appendix. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that the novel species sisters to G.sandunense with high bootstrap support. Furthermore, the RPB2 sequence of G.sandunense is supplied for the first time. Notably, we re-examined the type specimen of G.sandunense and provide a more precise description of the duplex context, pileipellis terminal cells and basidia. All species collected are described and illustrated with coloured photographs. Moreover, we present an updated phylogeny for Ganoderma, based on nLSU, ITS, RPB2 and TEF1-α DNA sequence data and species relationships and classification are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-De Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Biotechnology in Yunnan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, ChinaKey Laboratory of Forest Biotechnology in Yunnan, Southwest Forestry UniversityKunmingChina,The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio–Pharmaceutical Resources Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, ChinaThe Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio–Pharmaceutical Resources Ministry of Education, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina,Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, ThailandCenter of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang RaiThailand
| | - Yong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Forest Biotechnology in Yunnan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, ChinaKey Laboratory of Forest Biotechnology in Yunnan, Southwest Forestry UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Ting-Chi Wen
- The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio–Pharmaceutical Resources Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, ChinaThe Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio–Pharmaceutical Resources Ministry of Education, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Guiyang, ChinaState Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringGuiyangChina,The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang, ChinaThe Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Kalani Kanchana Hapuarachchi
- The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio–Pharmaceutical Resources Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, ChinaThe Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio–Pharmaceutical Resources Ministry of Education, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina,Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, ThailandCenter of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang RaiThailand,The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang, ChinaThe Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, ChinaState Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - De-Ping Wei
- The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio–Pharmaceutical Resources Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, ChinaThe Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio–Pharmaceutical Resources Ministry of Education, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina,Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, ThailandCenter of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang RaiThailand,The Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang, ChinaThe Mushroom Research Centre, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, ChinaState Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina,Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandDepartment of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai UniversityChiang MaiThailand
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23
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Biswal RP, Dandamudi RB, Patnana DP, Pandey M, Vutukuri VNRK. Metabolic fingerprinting of Ganoderma spp. using UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and its chemometric analysis. Phytochemistry 2022; 199:113169. [PMID: 35331732 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A UHPLC-QTOF-MS method was developed to separate and identify 70 triterpenes present in each of the 18 strains of Ganoderma spp. Collected from various parts of India. A PCDL MS library was used to retrieve and identify these 70 triterpenes by meticulous analysis of MS/MS fragments. The MS data from these 18 strains were further statistically analysed to arrive at meaningful conclusions. Heatmap analysis suggested that Ganoderma spp. G44, G25 and G36 were the top three strains of Ganoderma mushrooms based on their metabolic concentration in Indian biota. From the PCA loading plot, it was observed that the triterpenes Ganoderic acid A, Ganoderic acid D, Ganoderic acid F, Ganoderic acid J, Ganoderic acid M, Ganoderic acid N, Ganoderenic acid B, Ganoderiol H, 3β,7β-Dihydroxy-11,15,23-trioxo-lanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid, 3β,7β,15β-trihydroxy-11,23-dioxo-lanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid and 20 - hydroxy ganoderic acid AM1 were identified as the principal contributors for the discrimination of a particular strain of the mushroom. We have also identified the samples obtained from different regions of India with the highest concentration of metabolites with potent biological activity. The results presented here could be very helpful for both scientific and industrial applications such as quality control of various medicines and food additives containing triterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranendra Pratap Biswal
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam Campus, Puttaparthi, 515134, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Babu Dandamudi
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam Campus, Puttaparthi, 515134, Andhra Pradesh, India; Phenomenex India, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500084, India.
| | - Durga Prasad Patnana
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam Campus, Puttaparthi, 515134, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Meera Pandey
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - V N Ravi Kishore Vutukuri
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam Campus, Puttaparthi, 515134, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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24
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Lin J, Chen H, Bai Y, Li S, Liang G, Fan T, Gao N, Wu X, Li H, Chen G, Gao Y, Fan J. Ganoderma immunomodulatory proteins: mushrooming functional FIPs. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2367-2380. [PMID: 35348851 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP) is a novel functional protein family with specific immunomodulatory activity identified from several macro-fungi. A variety of biological activities of FIPs have been reported, such as anti-allergy, anti-tumor, mitogenic activity, and immunomodulation. Among all known FIPs, the firstly discovered FIP was isolated from Ganoderma lucidum, and most FIP members were from Ganoderma genus. Compared with other FIPs, Ganoderma FIPs possess some advantageous bioactivities, like stronger anti-tumor activity. Therein, gene sequences, protein structural features, biofunctions, and recombinant expression of Ganoderma FIPs were summarized and addressed, focusing on elucidating their anti-tumor activity and molecular mechanisms. Combined with current advances, development potential and application of Ganoderma FIPs were also prospected. KEY POINTS: • More than a dozen of reported FIPs are identified from Ganoderma species. • Ganoderma immunomodulatory proteins have superior anti-tumor activity with promising prospects and application. • Current review comprehensively addresses characterization, biofunctions, and anti-tumor mechanisms of Ganoderma FIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Lin
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110032, China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China.,Liaoning Province Academy of Forest Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Huan Chen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110032, China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yudong Bai
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110032, China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Shoukun Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110032, China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Gengyuan Liang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110032, China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Tianning Fan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110032, China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ningyuan Gao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110032, China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xiupeng Wu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110032, China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110032, China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Technology, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Liaoning Province Academy of Forest Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yingxu Gao
- Liaoning Province Academy of Forest Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Jungang Fan
- Liaoning Province Academy of Forest Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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25
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Li Y, Li M, Wang R, Wang B, Athari SS, Wang J. Ganoderma Modulates Allergic Asthma Pathologic Features via Anti-inflammatory Effects. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2022; 299:103843. [PMID: 35026480 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma, a fungal genus, is a traditional medicine with immuno-modulating effects. Asthma is an inflammatory disease of airways, and the main trigger of asthma is allergic inflammation. In this study, the effects of Ganoderma (an anti-inflammatory agent) given via oral administration (G/O) or intraperitoneal injection (G/IP) on asthma was evaluated. Forty BALB/c mice were divided into four groups, including the control, OVA-challenge, OVA-challenge + G/O, and OVA-challenge + G/IP. To determine AHR, the MCh challenge test was done. The levels of IL-1β, -4, -5, -6, -8, -10, -12, -13, -17, -25, -33, -38, Cys-LT, LTB4, and hydroxyproline were measured. Finally, lung histopathology was evaluated to determine eosinophilic inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and mucus hyper-secretion. Treatment with G/O and G/IP could significantly reduce the levels of IL-1β, -5, -6, -8, -17, -25, -33, and -38; the levels of IL-4 and IL-13 had no significant changes, but the levels of IL-10 and IL-12 were enhanced. The mice treated with G/O and G/IP showed decreased levels of Cys-LT, LTB4, peribronchial and perivascular inflammation, but no significant changes were observed in AHR, hydroxyproline level, goblet cell hyperplasia, and mucus hyper-secretion. Ganoderma can be applied as an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent for managing asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xidian Group Hospital, Xi'an city, 710077, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xidian Group Hospital, Xi'an city, 710077, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xidian Group Hospital, Xi'an city, 710077, People's Republic of China
| | - Biyu Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xidian Group Hospital, Xi'an city, 710077, People's Republic of China
| | - Seyyed Shamsadin Athari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Jinli Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xidian Group Hospital, Xi'an city, 710077, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Zhong JY, Chen HB, Ye DZ, Deng ZJ, Shao JJ, Han JW, Yuan JH, Deng NY. [Molecular mechanism of Ganoderma against gastric cancer based on network pharmacology and experimental test]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2022; 47:203-223. [PMID: 35178927 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20210902.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the molecular mechanism of Ganoderma against gastric cancer based on network pharmacology, molecular docking, and cell experiment. The active components and targets of Ganoderma were retrieved from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP), and gastric cancer-related targets from GeneCards and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man(OMIM). The protein-protein interaction(PPI) network of the common targets was constructed with STRING, followed by Gene Ontology(GO) term enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of the common genes based on Bioconductor and R language. The medicinal-disease-component-target network and medicinal-disease-component-target-pathway network were established by Cytoscape. Molecular docking was performed between β-sitosterol(the key component in Ganoderma) and the top 15 targets in the PPI network. Cell experiment was performed to verify the findings. A total of 14 active components and 28 targets of Ganoderma were retrieved, and the medicinal and the disease shared 25 targets, including caspase-3(CASP3), caspase-8(CASP8), caspase-9(CASP9), and B-cell lymphoma-2(BCL2). The common targets involved 72 signaling pathways and apoptosis and p53 signaling pathway may play a crucial role in the effect of Ganoderma against gastric cancer. β-sitosterol had strong binding activity to the top 15 targets in the PPI network. The in vitro cell experiment demonstrated that β-sitosterol inhibited gastric cancer AGS cell proliferation by inducing cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the S phase, which might be related to the regulation of the p53 pathway. This study shows the multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway characteristics of Ganoderma against gastric cancer, which lays a scientific basis for further research on the molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenling Women's and Children's Hospital Taizhou 317500, China College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Hai-Bing Chen
- Department of Pediatric, Wenling Women's and Children's Hospital Taizhou 317500, China
| | - Da-Zeng Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenling Women's and Children's Hospital Taizhou 317500, China
| | - Zheng-Jun Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenling Women's and Children's Hospital Taizhou 317500, China
| | - Jia-Jia Shao
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenling Women's and Children's Hospital Taizhou 317500, China
| | - Jia-Wei Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenling Women's and Children's Hospital Taizhou 317500, China
| | - Jun-Hui Yuan
- Department of Pediatric, Wenling Women's and Children's Hospital Taizhou 317500, China
| | - Nian-Ying Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenling Women's and Children's Hospital Taizhou 317500, China
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Tu JL, Bai XY, Xu YL, Li N, Xu JW. Targeted Gene Insertion and Replacement in the Basidiomycete Ganoderma lucidum by Inactivation of Nonhomologous End Joining Using CRISPR/Cas9. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0151021. [PMID: 34524900 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01510-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted gene insertion or replacement is a promising genome-editing tool for molecular breeding and gene engineering. Although CRISPR/Cas9 works well for gene disruption and deletion in Ganoderma lucidum, targeted gene insertion and replacement remain a serious challenge due to the low efficiency of homologous recombination (HR) in this species. In this work, we demonstrate that the DNA double-strand breaks induced by Cas9 were mainly repaired via the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway, at a frequency of 96.7%. To establish an efficient target gene insertion and replacement tool in Ganoderma, we first inactivated the NHEJ pathway via disruption of the Ku70 gene (ku70) using a dual single guide RNA (sgRNA)-directed gene deletion method. Disruption of the ku70 gene significantly decreased NHEJ activity in G. lucidum. Moreover, ku70 disruption strains exhibited 96.3% and 93.1% frequencies of targeted gene insertion and replacement, respectively, when target DNA with the orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (ura3) gene and 1.5-kb homologous 5'- and 3'-flanking sequences was used as a donor template, compared to 3.3% and 0%, respectively, at these targeted sites for a control strain (Cas9 strain). Our results indicated that ku70 disruption strains were efficient recipients for targeted gene insertion and replacement. This tool will advance our understanding of functional genomics in G. lucidum. IMPORTANCE Functional genomic studies in Ganoderma have been hindered by the absence of adequate genome-engineering tools. Although CRISPR/Cas9 works well for gene disruption and deletion in G. lucidum, targeted gene insertion and replacement have remained a serious challenge due to the low efficiency of HR in these species, although such precise genome modifications, including site mutations, site-specific integrations, and allele or promoter replacements, would be incredibly valuable. In this work, we inactivated the NHEJ repair mechanism in G. lucidum by disrupting the ku70 gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Moreover, we established a target gene insertion and replacement method in ku70-disrupted G. lucidum that possessed high-efficiency gene targeting. This technology will advance our understanding of the functional genomics of G. lucidum.
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Qiu Y, Mao ZJ, Ruan YP, Zhang X. Exploration of the anti-insomnia mechanism of Ganoderma by central-peripheral multi-level interaction network analysis. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:296. [PMID: 34715778 PMCID: PMC8555286 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ganoderma (Lingzhi in Chinese) has shown good clinical outcomes in the treatment of insomnia, restlessness, and palpitation. However, the mechanism by which Ganoderma ameliorates insomnia is unclear. We explored the mechanism of the anti-insomnia effect of Ganoderma using systems pharmacology from the perspective of central-peripheral multi-level interaction network analysis. Methods The active components and central active components of Ganoderma were obtained from the TCMIP and TCMSP databases, then screened to determine their pharmacokinetic properties. The potential target genes of these components were identified using the Swiss Target Prediction and TCMSP databases. The results were matched with the insomnia target genes obtained from the GeneCards, OMIM, DisGeNET, and TCMIP databases. Overlapping targets were subjected to multi-level interaction network analysis and enrichment analysis using the STRING, Metascape, and BioGPS databases. The networks analysed were protein-protein interaction (PPI), drug-component-target gene, component-target gene-organ, and target gene-extended disease; we also performed gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. Results In total, 34 sedative-hypnotic components (including 5 central active components) were identified, corresponding to 51 target genes. Multi-level interaction network analysis and enrichment analysis demonstrated that Ganoderma exerted an anti-insomnia effect via multiple central-peripheral mechanisms simultaneously, mainly by regulating cell apoptosis/survival and cytokine expression through core target genes such as TNF, CASP3, JUN, and HSP90αA1; it also affected immune regulation and apoptosis. Therefore, Ganoderma has potential as an adjuvant therapy for insomnia-related complications. Conclusion Ganoderma exerts an anti-insomnia effect via complex central-peripheral multi-level interaction networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Binwen Road 548, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhu-Jun Mao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Binwen Road 548, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ye-Ping Ruan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Binwen Road 548, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Binwen Road 548, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Jiang N, Hu S, Peng B, Li Z, Yuan X, Xiao S, Fu Y. Genome of Ganoderma Species Provides Insights Into the Evolution, Conifers Substrate Utilization, and Terpene Synthesis for Ganoderma tsugae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:724451. [PMID: 34603250 PMCID: PMC8481371 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.724451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma tsugae is an endemic medicinal mushroom in Northeast China, providing important source of pharmaceutical product. Comparing with other Ganoderma species, wild G. tsugae can utilize coniferous wood. However, functional genes related to medicinal component synthesis and the genetic mechanism of conifer substrate utilization is still obscure. Here, we assembled a high-quality G. tsugae genome with 18 contigs and 98.5% BUSCO genes and performed the comparative genomics with other Ganoderma species. G. tsugae diverged from their common ancestor of G. lingzhi and G. sinense about 21 million years ago. Genes in G. tsugae-specific and G. tsugae-expanded gene families, such as salh, phea, cyp53a1, and cyp102a, and positively selected genes, such as glpk and amie, were functionally enriched in plant-pathogen interaction, benzoate degradation, and fanconi anemia pathway. Those functional genes might contribute to conifer substrate utilization of G. tsugae. Meanwhile, gene families in the terpene synthesis were identified and genome-wide SNP variants were detected in population. Finally, the study provided valuable genomic resources and offered useful hints for the functional gene mapping and investigation of key gene contributing to conifer cultivation substrate utilization and medicinal component biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuang Hu
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Bing Peng
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenhao Li
- Shouxiangu Botanical Drug Institute Co., Ltd., Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaohui Yuan
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jiaxing Key Laboratory for New Germplasm Breeding of Economic Mycology, Jiaxing, China
| | - Shijun Xiao
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongping Fu
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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You H, Sun B, Li N, Xu JW. Efficient expression of heterologous genes by the introduction of the endogenous glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene intron 1 in Ganoderma lucidum. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:164. [PMID: 34419069 PMCID: PMC8379801 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ganoderma lucidum, a well-known medicinal mushroom, has received wide attention as a promising cell factory for producing bioactive compounds. However, efficient expression of heterologous genes remains a major challenge in Ganoderma, hindering metabolic regulation research and molecular breeding of this species. Results We show that the presence of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (gpd) intron 1 at the 5′ end of, the 3′ end of, or within the heterologous phosphinothricin-resistant gene (bar) is efficient for its expression in G. lucidum. The enhanced expression of bar is exhibited by the higher accumulation of mRNA and increased amounts of protein. Moreover, the insertion of the gpd intron 1 in the β-glucuronidase gene (gus) elevates its mRNA accumulation and enzyme activity, which facilitates the use of this reporter gene in Ganoderma. Conclusions This study has demonstrated the importance of the introduction of gpd intron 1 for the efficient expression of bar and gus in G. lucidum. The presence of the gpd intron 1 in heterologous genes increases levels of mRNA accumulation and protein expression in basidiomycete Ganoderma. The developed method may be utilized in upregulating the expression of other heterologous genes in Ganoderma. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01654-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao You
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Na Li
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Wang ZX, Li N, Xu JW. Effects of Efficient Expression of Vitreoscilla Hemoglobin on Production, Monosaccharide Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Exopolysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081551. [PMID: 34442629 PMCID: PMC8401987 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) gene was efficiently expressed by the optimization of codons and intron addition in G. lucidum. Expression of the VHb gene was confirmed by genome PCR, quantitative real-time PCR and carbon monoxide (CO)-difference spectrum analysis in the transformant. The effects of the efficient expression of VHb gene on production, monosaccharide compostion, and antioxidant activity of G. lucidum exopolysaccharides were studied. The maximum production of exopolysaccharides in the VHb gene-bearing transformant was 1.63 g/L, which was 1.5-fold higher than expression in the wild-type strain. Efficient expression of the VHb gene did not change the monosaccharide composition or distribution of molecular weight, but it increased the mole percentage ratio of galactose and mannose in G. lucidum exopolysaccharide. Exopolysaccharides from the transformant had higher scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl (OH) radical capacity and reducing power than those from the wild-type strain. These results may be helpful for increasing production and application of exopolysaccharides produced by G. lucidum fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xu Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Na Li
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Correspondence: (N.L.); or (J.-W.X.); Tel./Fax: +86-871-65920676 (J.-W.X.)
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China;
- Correspondence: (N.L.); or (J.-W.X.); Tel./Fax: +86-871-65920676 (J.-W.X.)
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Raman J, Jang KY, Oh YL, Oh M, Im JH, Lakshmanan H, Kong WS. Interspecific hybridization between Ganoderma lingzhi and G. applanatum through protoplast fusion. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:114. [PMID: 34115218 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Interspecific hybridization between Ganoderma lingzhi and G. applanatum was attempted through polyethylene glycol (PEG) induced fusion technique. The protoplast isolation procedure was simplified, and we obtained a significant number of protoplasts from both Ganoderma species. The number of protoplasts obtained was 5.27 ± 0.31 × 107/mL in G. lingzhi and 5.57 ± 0.49 × 106/mL in G. applanatum. Osmotic stabilizer NaCl (0.4 M) at pH 5.8 and enzymolysis time 3.5 h have supported high frequency of protoplast regeneration. G. lingzhi and G. applanatum regeneration frequency was 1.73 ± 0.04% and 0.23 ± 0.02%, respectively. 40% of PEG induced high number of protoplast fusion the regeneration frequency was 0.09% on a minimal medium. Two hundred fifty-two fusant colonies were isolated from the following four individual experiments. Among them, ten fusants showed the mycelial morphological difference compared to their parents and other fusant isolates. The fruiting body could be generated on oak sawdust and wheat bran substrate, and a few of them showed recombined morphology of the parental strains. The highest yield and biological efficacy (BE) were recorded in GF248, while least in GF244. The hybridity of the fusant was established based on mycelia, fruiting morphology, and PCR fingerprinting. ISSR and RAPD profile analysis of ten fusants and parents depicted that fusants contained polymorphic bands, which specified the rearrangement and deletion of DNA in the fusants. A Dendrogram was constructed based on the RAPD profile, and the clustering data exhibited two major clusters: cluster I included the G. lingzhi and Cluster II, including the G. applanatum and fusant lines. Total polysaccharide (α, β and total glucan) content was compared with fusants and parental strains. The present study highlighted the efficient methods for protoplast isolation from Ganoderma species. PEG-induced fusants showed high polymorphic frequency index, while the phenotypic characters showed high similarity to G. applanatum. A significant difference was observed in the mushroom yield and its total polysaccharide between the fusants and parental strains.
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Dhillon B, Hamelin RC, Rollins JA. Transcriptional profile of oil palm pathogen, Ganoderma boninense, reveals activation of lignin degradation machinery and possible evasion of host immune response. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:326. [PMID: 33952202 PMCID: PMC8097845 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The white-rot fungi in the genus Ganoderma interact with both living and dead angiosperm tree hosts. Two Ganoderma species, a North American taxon, G. zonatum and an Asian taxon, G. boninense, have primarily been found associated with live palm hosts. During the host plant colonization process, a massive transcriptional reorganization helps the fungus evade the host immune response and utilize plant cell wall polysaccharides. RESULTS A publicly available transcriptome of G. boninense - oil palm interaction was surveyed to profile transcripts that were differentially expressed in planta. Ten percent of the G. boninense transcript loci had altered expression as it colonized oil palm plants one-month post inoculation. Carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes), particularly those with a role in lignin degradation, and auxiliary enzymes that facilitate lignin modification, like cytochrome P450s and haloacid dehalogenases, were up-regulated in planta. Several lineage specific proteins and secreted proteins that lack known functional domains were also up-regulated in planta, but their role in the interaction could not be established. A slowdown in G. boninense respiration during the interaction can be inferred from the down-regulation of proteins involved in electron transport chain and mitochondrial biogenesis. Additionally, pathogenicity related genes and chitin degradation machinery were down-regulated during the interaction indicating G. boninense may be evading detection by the host immune system. CONCLUSIONS This analysis offers an overview of the dynamic processes at play in G. boninense - oil palm interaction and provides a framework to investigate biology of Ganoderma fungi across plantations and landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braham Dhillon
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL, 33314, USA.
| | - Richard C Hamelin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Rollins
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, 1453 Fifield Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0680, USA
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Bae B, Kim M, Kim S, Ro HS. Growth Characteristics of Polyporales Mushrooms for the Mycelial Mat Formation. Mycobiology 2021; 49:280-284. [PMID: 34290552 PMCID: PMC8259868 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2021.1911401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mushroom strains of Polyporales from the genera Coriolus, Trametes, Pycnoporus, Ganoderma, and Formitella were explored in terms of mycelial growth characteristics for the application of mushroom mycelia as alternative sources of materials replacing fossil fuel-based materials. Among the 64 strains of Polyporales, G. lucidum LBS5496GL was selected as the best candidate because it showed fast mycelial growth with high mycelial strength in both the sawdust-based solid medium and the potato dextrose liquid plate medium. Some of the Polyporales in this study have shown good mycelial growth, however, they mostly formed mycelial mat of weak physical strength. The higher physical strength of mycelial mat by G. lucidum LBS5496GL was attributed to its thick hyphae with the diameter of 13 µm as revealed by scanning electron microscopic analysis whereas the hyphae of others exhibited less than 2 µm. Glycerol and skim milk supported the best mycelial growth of LBS5496GL as a carbon and a nitrogen source, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Bae
- Department of Bio and Medical Big Data (BK4 program) and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseek Kim
- Department of Bio and Medical Big Data (BK4 program) and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sinil Kim
- Department of Bio and Medical Big Data (BK4 program) and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Su Ro
- Department of Bio and Medical Big Data (BK4 program) and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Dufossé L, Fouillaud M, Caro Y. Fungi and Fungal Metabolites for the Improvement of Human and Animal Nutrition and Health. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:274. [PMID: 33916573 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Yao S, Zhang JQ, Hou JJ, Hu XS, Wang L, DA J, Rao W, Wang DD, Huang Y, Wu WY, Guo DA. Simple and robust differentiation of Ganoderma species by high performance thin-layer chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometry QDa. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:295-304. [PMID: 33875169 DOI: 10.1016/S1875-5364(21)60030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a high performance thin-layer chromatography/single quadrupole mass spectrometry QDa (HPTLC-QDa) method for robust authentication of Ganoderma lucidum, a popular and valuable herbal medicine, has been developed. This method is simple and practical, which allows direct generation of characteristic mass spectra from the HPTLC plates automatically with the application of in situ solvent desorption interface. The HPTLC silica gel plates were developed with toluene-ethyl formate-formic acid (5 : 5 : 0.2, V/V) and all bands were transferred to QDa system directly in situ using 80% methanol with 0.1% formic acid as desorption solvent. The acquired HPTLC-QDa spectra showed that luminous yellow band b3, containing ganoderic acid B/G/H and ganodeneric acid B, the major active components of Ganoderma, could be found only in G. lucidum and G. lucidum (Antler-shaped), but not in G. sinense and G. applanatum. Moreover, bands b13 and b14 with m/z 475/477 and m/z 475/491/495, respectively, could be detected in G. lucidum (Antler-shaped), but not in G. lucidum, thus allowing simple and robust authentication of G. lucidum with confused species. This method is proved to be simple, practical and reproducible, which can be extended to analyze other herbal medicines.
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Reyes C, Poulin A, Nyström G, Schwarze FWMR, Ribera J. Enzyme Activities of Five White-Rot Fungi in the Presence of Nanocellulose. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7030222. [PMID: 33803754 PMCID: PMC8003285 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
White-rot fungi can degrade all lignocellulose components due to their potent lignin and cellulose-degrading enzymes. In this study, five white-rot fungi, Trametes versicolor, Trametes pubescens, Ganoderma adspersum, Ganoderma lipsiense, and Rigidoporus vitreus were tested for endoglucanase, laccase, urease, and glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) production when grown with malt extract and nanocellulose in the form of TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical) oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). Results show that temperature plays a key role in controlling the growth of all five fungi when cultured with malt extract alone. Endoglucanase activities were highest in cultures of G. adspersum and G. lipsiense and laccase activities were highest in cultures of T. versicolor and R. vitreus. Urease activities were highest in cultures of G. adspersum, G. lipsiense, and R. vitreus. Glucose-6-phosphate levels also indicate that cells were actively metabolizing glucose present in the cultures. These results show that TEMPO-oxidized CNF and CNC do not inhibit the production of specific lignocellulose enzymes by these white-rot fungi. The apparent lack of enzymatic inhibition makes TEMPO-oxidized CNF and CNC excellent candidates for future biotechnological applications in combination with the white-rot fungi studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Reyes
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; (A.P.); (G.N.)
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (J.R.)
| | - Alexandre Poulin
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; (A.P.); (G.N.)
| | - Gustav Nyström
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; (A.P.); (G.N.)
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Francis W. M. R. Schwarze
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland;
| | - Javier Ribera
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (J.R.)
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Sun B, You H, Xu JW. Enhancement of ganoderic acid production by promoting sporulation in a liquid static culture of Ganoderma species. J Biotechnol 2021; 328:72-77. [PMID: 33485862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderic acids (GAs) produced by Ganoderma are a type of lanostane-type triterpenoids with anticancer and antimetastatic activities; however, low production of GAs limits its wide application. In this study, a novel strategy by promoting sporulation of Ganoderma was developed to increase GA production. First, a high-spore producing Ganoderma strain G. 260125 was obtained from dikaryotic strain CGMCC 5.0026, and the sporulation-specific gene of this strain exhibits a higher transcription level than CGMCC 5.0026. Then, the effect of promoting sporulation on GA content was investigated. The maximum ganoderic acid (GA)-T, GA-Mk, and GA-Me contents in G. 260125 in shake flasks were 358.97, 78.32, and 12.75 μg/100 mg dry weight, respectively, which were 3.42, 2.91, and 1.73 times higher than those obtained in CGMCC 5.0026. Moreover, total and individual GA contents in spores were significantly higher than those in liquid static culture. Both concentrations of intermediates and transcription levels of GA biosynthetic genes also improved in G. 260125 during fermentation compared with those in CGMCC 5.0026. For scaling-up experiments, GA-T, GA-Me, and GA-Mk production in G. 260125 improved by 2.2-, 2.6-, and 2.1-fold compared with those in CGMCC 5.0026. In addition, the effectiveness of the developed strategy was also confirmed in three different Ganoderma strains. This work illustrated that promoting sporulation efficiently improves GA production in liquid static cultures of Ganoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hao You
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Wu MH, Wang W, Chao FC, Hsieh CM, Chen LC, Lin HL, Ho HO, Huang TJ, Sheu MT. One-pot fabrication of sacchachitin for production of TEMPO-oxidized sacchachitin nanofibers (TOSCNFs) utilized as scaffolds to enhance bone regeneration. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 254:117270. [PMID: 33357851 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
One-pot fabrication of sacchachitin (SC) for mass-production was developed and optimized by selecting KOH as alkaline agent in depigmentation step and utilizing NaClO2 as bleaching agent in subsequent step in the same pot. Overall yield of one-pot-fabricated SC was up to 35 %w/w of initial weight with a fibrous texture soft enough for mechanical disintegration into SC nanofibers (SCNFs) and better dispersion for producing TEMPO-oxidized SCNFs (T033SC). Both SCNFs and T033SC could form a 3D gelatinous scaffold into which MC3T3-E1 cells were attracted. Higher calcium-trapping ability of T033SC resulting from a greater extent of carboxylate groups provided an excellent bone regeneration environment that resulted in better outcomes of bone regeneration in a femur defect rat model compared to those with SCNFs possessed fewer carboxylate groups. In conclusion, biomaterial scaffolds based on TEMPO-oxidized SCNFs produced from one-pot fabricated SC showed great potential for bone regeneration due to unique physical and chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Huang Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Weu Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, ROC; Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Fang-Ching Chao
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chien-Ming Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Ling-Chun Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Hong-Liang Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Hsiu-O Ho
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Tsung-Jen Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Ming-Thau Sheu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, ROC.
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Lee HA, Cho JH, Afinanisa Q, An GH, Han JG, Kang HJ, Choi SH, Seong HA. Ganoderma lucidum Extract Reduces Insulin Resistance by Enhancing AMPK Activation in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113338. [PMID: 33142995 PMCID: PMC7693844 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is used widely in oriental medicine to treat obesity and metabolic diseases. Bioactive substances extracted from G. lucidum have been shown to ameliorate dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes in mice via multiple 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated mechanisms; however, further studies are required to elucidate the anti-obesity effects of G. lucidum in vivo. In this study, we demonstrated that 3% G. lucidum extract powder (GEP) can be used to prevent obesity and insulin resistance in a mouse model. C57BL/6 mice were provided with a normal diet (ND) or a high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with 1, 3, or 5% GEP for 12 weeks and the effect of GEP on body weight, liver, adipose tissue, adipokines, insulin and glucose tolerance (ITT and GTT), glucose uptake, glucose-metabolism related proteins, and lipogenesis related genes was examined. GEP administration was found to reduce weight gain in the liver and fat tissues of the mice. In addition, serum parameters were significantly lower in the 3% and 5% GEP mice groups than in those fed a HFD alone, whereas adiponectin levels were significantly higher. We also observed that GEP improved glucose metabolism, reduced lipid accumulation in the liver, and reduced adipocyte size. These effects may have been mediated by enhanced AMPK activation, which attenuated the transcription and translation of lipogenic genes such as fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP1c). Moreover, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation increased acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), insulin receptor (IR), IR substrate 1 (IRS1), and Akt protein expression and activation, as well as glucose transporter type 1/4 (GLUT1/4) protein production, thereby improving insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Together, these findings demonstrate that G. lucidum may effectively prevent obesity and suppress obesity-induced insulin resistance via AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon A Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (H.A.L.); (Q.A.)
| | - Jae-Han Cho
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA Eumseong, Chungbuk 27709, Korea; (J.-H.C.); (G.-H.A.); (J.-G.H.)
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Qonita Afinanisa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (H.A.L.); (Q.A.)
| | - Gi-Hong An
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA Eumseong, Chungbuk 27709, Korea; (J.-H.C.); (G.-H.A.); (J.-G.H.)
| | - Jae-Gu Han
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA Eumseong, Chungbuk 27709, Korea; (J.-H.C.); (G.-H.A.); (J.-G.H.)
| | - Hyo Jeung Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.J.K.); (S.H.C.); (H.-A.S.); Tel.: +82-43-261-2308 (H.-A.S.); Fax: +82-43-261-2306 (H.-A.S.)
| | - Seong Ho Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.J.K.); (S.H.C.); (H.-A.S.); Tel.: +82-43-261-2308 (H.-A.S.); Fax: +82-43-261-2306 (H.-A.S.)
| | - Hyun-A Seong
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (H.A.L.); (Q.A.)
- Correspondence: (H.J.K.); (S.H.C.); (H.-A.S.); Tel.: +82-43-261-2308 (H.-A.S.); Fax: +82-43-261-2306 (H.-A.S.)
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Ho PY, Namasivayam P, Sundram S, Ho CL. Expression of Genes Encoding Manganese Peroxidase and Laccase of Ganoderma boninense in Response to Nitrogen Sources, Hydrogen Peroxide and Phytohormones. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1263. [PMID: 33114747 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma produces lignolytic enzymes that can degrade the lignin component of plant cell walls, causing basal stem rot to oil palms. Nitrogen sources may affect plant tolerance to root pathogens while hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) play important roles in plant defense against pathogens. In this study, we examined the expression of genes encoding manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase (Lac) in Ganoderma boninense treated with different nitrogen sources (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate), JA, SA and H2O2. Transcripts encoding MnP and Lac were cloned from G. boninense. Of the three GbMnP genes, GbMnP_U6011 was up-regulated by all nitrogen sources examined and H2O2 but was down-regulated by JA. The expression of GbMnP_U87 was only up-regulated by JA while GbMnP_35959 was up-regulated by ammonium nitrate but suppressed by sodium nitrate and down-regulated by H2O2. Among the three GbLac genes examined, GbLac_U90667 was up-regulated by ammonium nitrate, JA, SA and H2O2; GbLac_U36023 was up-regulated by JA and H2O2 while GbLac_U30636 was up-regulated by SA but suppressed by ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate, JA and H2O2. Differential expression of these genes may be required by their different functional roles in G. boninense.
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Md Saad M, Ali NS, Meon S. Relationship between Ganoderma Ergosterol Concentration and Basal Stem Rot Disease Progress on Elaeis guineensis. Trop Life Sci Res 2020; 31:19-43. [PMID: 32963709 PMCID: PMC7485531 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2020.31.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal stem rot (BSR) is a devastating disease to Malaysian oil palm. Current techniques employed for BSR disease detection on oil palm are laborious, time consuming, costly, and subjected to accuracy limitations. An ergosterol detection method was developed, whereby it correlated well with the degree of infection in oil palm. This current study was designed to study the relationship between Ganoderma biomass, ergosterol concentration, BSR disease progress and to validate the efficiency of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) method for extraction of ergosterol compound. In addition, testing on the sensitivity of thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis for detection of ergosterol was also the aim of this study. The optimised procedure involved extracting a small amount of Ganoderma-infected oil palm root tissues suspended in low volumes of solvent followed by irradiation in a conventional microwave oven at 70°C and medium high power for 30 s, resulting in simultaneous extraction and saponification. Based on the results obtained, MAE method may be effective in extracting low to high yields of ergosterol from infected oil palm roots demonstrating disease scale 2, 3 and 4. Positive relationship was observed between ergosterol content and inoculation period starting day 3 in the inoculated oil palm seedlings and hour 6 in germinated seeds. TLC analysis demonstrated a good correlation with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) quantification. Therefore, a semi-quantitative TLC analysis may be applied for handling a large amount of samples during onset field survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muniroh Md Saad
- Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nusaibah Syd Ali
- Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sariah Meon
- Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Ren L, Zhang J, Zhang T. Immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides from Ganoderma on immune effector cells. Food Chem 2020; 340:127933. [PMID: 32882476 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are the most abundant bioactive compounds in Ganoderma and have been widely used as dietary supplements in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Polysaccharides from Ganoderma exhibit unique biological properties, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities. Herein, the sources and structures of polysaccharides from Ganoderma were presented. This work also reviews the immunomodulatory activities and possible mechanisms of polysaccharides from Ganoderma on different immune effector cells, including lymphocytes and myeloid cells. As an available adjunctive remedy, polysaccharides from Ganoderma can potentially be applied for the modulation of the host immune system, namely the innate immunity, the cellular immunity, and the humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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Oluba OM, Akpor OB, Adebiyi FD, Josiah SJ, Alabi OO, Shoyombo AO, Olusola AO. Effects of co-administration of Ganoderma terpenoid extract with chloroquine on inflammatory markers and antioxidant status in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. J Integr Med 2020; 18:522-529. [PMID: 32830075 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the protective effects of Ganoderma terpenoid extract (GTE) against Plasmodium berghei-malarial infection in mice, the present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of GTE in combination with chloroquine disulphate (CQ) on erythrocyte-selected inflammatory markers and antioxidant defense status in P. berghei-infected mice. METHODS P. berghei-infected mice were divided into six groups: infected control (IC) group, administered 1 mL Tween 20; GTE100 and GTE250 groups, administered 100 and 250 mg/kg GTE, respectively; GT100 + CQ and GT250 + CQ groups, co-administered 100 and 250 mg/kg GTE plus 30 mg/kg CQ, respectively; and CQ group, administered 30 mg/kg CQ. A separate group of non-infected mice were given 1 mL Tween 20, and served as a normal control group (NC). Extract and drug were dissolved in Tween 20 and administered orally once daily for 12 consecutive days. At the end of the treatment period, mice were anesthetized with chloroform and sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Plasma was prepared from blood obtained from each mouse. Parameters evaluated at the end of the treatment period include parasitemia, red blood cell count, hematocrit, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-10 (IL-10). RESULTS Infected mice treated with a combination of GTE and CQ (GT100 + CQ and GT250 + CQ groups) showed significantly reduced parasitemia levels (P < 0.05) compared to those administered GTE alone as well as IC. Significant improvement in body weight (P < 0.05) was also observed in infected mice treated with a combination of GTE and CQ (GT100 + CQ and GT250 + CQ groups), compared to mice receiving GTE alone (GTE100 and GTE250 groups). Plasma MDA and TNF-α concentrations were significantly lowered, and IL-10 concentration was significantly increased in GT100 + CQ and GT250 + CQ groups, relative to the IC group (P < 0.05). GSH concentration and SOD, CAT and GPx activities were significantly higher in GT100 + CQ and GT250 + CQ groups compared to the GTE100, GTE250, IC and NC groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Data generated in this study showed that GTE enhanced the anti-plasmodial action of CQ in mice through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olarewaju M Oluba
- Department of Biochemistry, Food Safety & Toxicology Research Unit, College of Pure & Applied Sciences, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State 251101, Nigeria.
| | - Oghenerobor B Akpor
- Department of Microbiology, College of Pure & Applied Sciences, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State 251101, Nigeria
| | - Feyikemi D Adebiyi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji-Arakeji, Osun State 233121, Nigeria
| | - Sunday J Josiah
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State 302110, Nigeria
| | - Olayinka O Alabi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State 251101, Nigeria
| | - Ayoola O Shoyombo
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State 251101, Nigeria
| | - Augustine O Olusola
- Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State 342111, Nigeria
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Wang L, Huang Q, Zhang L, Wang Q, Liang L, Liao B. Genome-Wide Characterization and Comparative Analysis of MYB Transcription Factors in Ganoderma Species. G3 (Bethesda) 2020; 10:2653-60. [PMID: 32471942 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies in plants have shown the vital roles of MYB transcription factors in signal transduction, developmental regulation, biotic/abiotic stress responses and secondary metabolism regulation. However, less is known about the functions of MYBs in Ganoderma. In this study, five medicinal macrofungi of genus Ganoderma were subjected to a genome-wide comparative analysis of MYB genes. A total of 75 MYB genes were identified and classified into four types: 1R-MYBs (52), 2R-MYBs (19), 3R-MYBs (2) and 4R-MYBs (2). Gene structure analysis revealed varying exon numbers (3-14) and intron lengths (7-1058 bp), and noncanonical GC-AG introns were detected in G. lucidum and G. sinense. In a phylogenetic analysis, 69 out of 75 MYB genes were clustered into 15 subgroups, and both single-copy orthologous genes and duplicated genes were identified. The promoters of the MYB genes harbored multiple cis-elements, and specific genes were co-expressed with the G. lucidum MYB genes, indicating the potential roles of these MYB genes in stress response, development and metabolism. This comprehensive and systematic study of MYB family members provides a reference and solid foundation for further functional analysis of MYB genes in Ganoderma species.
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Wang H, Peng X, Ge Y, Zhang S, Wang Z, Fan Y, Huang W, Qiu M, Ye RD. A Ganoderma-Derived Compound Exerts Inhibitory Effect Through Formyl Peptide Receptor 2. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:337. [PMID: 32265709 PMCID: PMC7105723 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) widely expressed in neutrophils and other phagocytes. FPRs play important roles in host defense, inflammation, and the pathogenesis of infectious and inflammatory diseases. Because of these functions, FPRs are potential targets for anti-inflammatory therapies. In order to search for potentially novel anti-inflammatory agents, we examined Ganoderma (Lingzhi), a Chinese medicinal herbs known for its anti-inflammatory effects, and found that compound 18 (C18) derived from Ganoderma cochlear could limit the inflammatory response through FPR-related signaling pathways. Further studies showed that C18 could bind to FPR2 and induce conformation change of the receptor that differed from the conformational change induced by the pan-agonist, WKYMVm. C18 inhibited at the receptor level and blocked WKYMVm signaling through FPR2, resulting in reduced superoxide production and compromised cell chemotaxis. These results identified for the first time that a Ganoderma-derived component with inhibitory effects that acts through a G protein-coupled receptor FPR2. Considering its less than optimal IC50 value, further optimization of C18 would be necessary for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau, Macau.,Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingrong Peng
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China
| | - Yunjun Ge
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau, Macau
| | - Shuo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyi Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau, Macau
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Minghua Qiu
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China
| | - Richard D Ye
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau, Macau.,Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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Lu SY, Shi QQ, Peng XR, Zhou L, Li XN, Qiu MH. Isolation of benzolactones, Ganodumones A-F from Ganoderma lucidum and their antibacterial activities. Bioorg Chem 2020; 98:103723. [PMID: 32171984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Six previously undescribed benzolactone constituents, ganodumones A-F (1-6), a new type of Ganoderma meroterpenoids (GMs) fused with 1,2,3,4,5-pentasubstituted phenyl and 1',2'-dioxy-3'-methyl-pentyl chain were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis, X-ray crystal diffraction, and ECD computational methods. Meanwhile, bioactive evaluation showed that compounds 3 and 5 have antibacterial activities against Microsporum gypseum with MIC90 56.86 ± 3.98 and 18.48 ± 0.47 μg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Yang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang-Qiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Rong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China.
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Zhou H, Peng X, Hou T, Zhao N, Qiu M, Zhang X, Liang X. Identification of novel phytocannabinoids from Ganoderma by label-free dynamic mass redistribution assay. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 246:112218. [PMID: 31494202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Located throughout the body, cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) are therapeutic targets for obesity/metabolic diseases, neurological/mental disorders, and immune modulation. Phytocannabinoids are greatly important for the development of new medicines with high efficacy and/or minor side effects. Plants and fungi are used in traditional medicine for beneficial effects to mental and immune system. The current research studied five fungi from the genus Ganoderma and five plants: Ganoderma hainanense J.D. Zhao, L.W. Hsu & X.Q. Zhang; Ganoderma capense (Lloyd) Teng, Zhong Guo De Zhen Jun; Ganoderma cochlear (Blume & T. Nees) Bres., Hedwigia; Ganoderma resinaceum Boud.; Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat.; Carthamus tinctorius L. (Compositae); Cynanchum otophyllum C. K. Schneid. (Asclepiadaceae); Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae); Prinsepia utilis Royle (Rosaceae); Lepidium meyenii Walp. (Brassicaceae). They show immunoregulation, promotion of longevity and maintenance of vitality, stimulant effects on the central nervous system, hormone balance and other beneficial effects. However, it remains unclear whether cannabinoid receptors are involved in these effects. AIM OF THE STUDY This work aimed to identify components working on CB1 and CB2 from the above plants and fungi, as novel phytocannabinoids, and to investigate mechanisms of how these compounds affected the cells. By analyzing the structure-activity relationship, we could identify the core structure for future development. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-two natural compounds were screened on stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, CHO-CB1 and CHO-CB2, with application of a label-free dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) technology that measured cellular responses to compounds. CP55,940 and WIN55,212-2 were agonist probe molecules, and SR141716A and SR144528 were antagonist probes. Pertussis toxin, cholera toxin, LY294002 and U73122 were signaling pathway inhibitors. The DMR data were acquired by Epic Imager software (Corning, NY), processed by Imager Beta 3.7 (Corning), and analyzed by GraphPad Prism 6 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). RESULTS Transfected CHO-CB1 and CHO-CB2 cell lines were established and characterized. Seven compounds induced responses/activities in the cells. Among the seven compounds, four were purified from two Ganoderma species with potencies between 20 and 35 μM. Three antagonists: Kfb68 antagonized both receptors with a better desensitizing effect on CB2 to WIN55,212-2 over CP55,940. Kga1 and Kfb28 were antagonists selective to CB1 and CB2, respectively. Kfb77 was a special agonist and it stimulated CB1 in a mechanism different from that of CP55,940. Another three active compounds, derived from the Lepidium meyenii Walp. (Brassicaceae), were also identified but their effects were mediated through mechanisms much related to the signaling transduction pathways, especially through the stimulatory Gs protein. CONCLUSIONS We identified four natural cannabinoids that exhibited structural and functional diversities. Our work confirms the presence of active ingredients in the Ganoderma species to CB1 and CB2, and this finding establishes connections between the fungi and the cannabinoid receptors, which will serve as a starting point to connect their beneficial effects to the endocannabinoid system. This research will also enrich the inventory of cannabinoids and phytocannabinoids from fungi. Yet due to some limitations, further structure-activity relationship studies and mechanism investigation are warranted in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhou
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Xingrong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Tao Hou
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Nan Zhao
- Pharmacology Department, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Minghua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Abstract
Although Ganoderma (Lingzhi in Chinese) has been used as an elixir for thousands of years, its anti-aging effects still need to be clarified. Aging is related to immunoregulation, oxidation stress, and free radical product. Till now, Ganoderma exert life span elongation activities by inhibiting ROS production, lipid peroxidation, and advanced oxidation protein products; increasing production of mitochondrial electron transport complexes, SOD, CAT, GSH and GSH-Px, DPPH, and ABTS radical scavenger activities; and having immunomodulatory and antioxidant activity by increasing radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Ganoderma's anti-aging effect on human remains a mystery, and its potential mechanisms underlying anti-aging effect for its clinical application still need to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibin Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Azuan NH, Khairunniza-Bejo S, Abdullah AF, Kassim MSM, Ahmad D. Analysis of Changes in Oil Palm Canopy Architecture From Basal Stem Rot Using Terrestrial Laser Scanner. Plant Dis 2019; 103:3218-3225. [PMID: 31596688 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-18-1721-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Basal stem rot (BSR), caused by the Ganoderma fungus, is an infectious disease that affects oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantations. BSR leads to a significant economic loss and reductions in yields of up to Malaysian Ringgit (RM) 1.5 billion (US$400 million) yearly. By 2020, the disease may affect ∼1.7 million tonnes of fresh fruit bunches. The plants appear symptomless in the early stages of infection, although most plants die after they are infected. Thus, early, accurate, and nondestructive disease detection is crucial to control the impact of the disease on yields. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is an active remote-sensing, noncontact, cost-effective, precise, and user-friendly method. Through high-resolution scanning of a tree's dimension and morphology, TLS offers an accurate indicator for health and development. This study proposes an efficient image processing technique using point clouds obtained from TLS ground input data. A total of 40 samples (10 samples for each severity level) of oil palm trees were collected from 9-year-old trees using a ground-based laser scanner. Each tree was scanned four times at a distance of 1.5 m. The recorded laser scans were synched and merged to create a cluster of point clouds. An overhead two-dimensional image of the oil palm tree canopy was used to analyze three canopy architectures in terms of the number of pixels inside the crown (crown pixel), the degree of angle between fronds (frond angle), and the number of fronds (frond number). The results show that the crown pixel, frond angle, and frond number are significantly related and that the BSR severity levels are highly correlated (R2 = 0.76, P < 0.0001; R2 = 0.96, P < 0.0001; and R2 = 0.97, P < 0.0001, respectively). Analysis of variance followed post hoc tests by Student-Newman-Keuls (Newman-Keuls) and Dunnett for frond number presented the best results and showed that all levels were significantly different at a 5% significance level. Therefore, the earliest stage that a Ganoderma infection could be detected was mildly infected (T1). For frond angle, all post hoc tests showed consistent results, and all levels were significantly separated except for T0 and T1. By using the crown pixel parameter, healthy trees (T0) were separated from unhealthy trees (moderate infection [T2] and severe infection [T3]), although there was still some overlap with T1. Thus, Ganoderma infection could be detected as early as the T2 level by using the crown pixel and the frond angle parameters. It is hard to differentiate between T0 and T1, because during mild infection, the symptoms are highly similar. Meanwhile, T2 and T3 were placed in the same group, because they showed the same trend. This study demonstrates that the TLS is useful for detecting low-level infection as early as T1 (mild severity). TLS proved beneficial in managing oil palm plantation disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Azuan
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S Khairunniza-Bejo
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Smart Farming Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Plantation Science and Technology, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A F Abdullah
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Smart Farming Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M S M Kassim
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Smart Farming Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - D Ahmad
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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