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Kuddus M, Roohi, Bano N, Sheik GB, Joseph B, Hamid B, Sindhu R, Madhavan A. Cold-active microbial enzymes and their biotechnological applications. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14467. [PMID: 38656876 PMCID: PMC11042537 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms known as psychrophiles/psychrotrophs, which survive in cold climates, constitute majority of the biosphere on Earth. Their capability to produce cold-active enzymes along with other distinguishing characteristics allows them to survive in the cold environments. Due to the relative ease of large-scale production compared to enzymes from plants and animals, commercial uses of microbial enzyme are alluring. The ocean depths, polar, and alpine regions, which make up over 85% of the planet, are inhabited to cold ecosystems. Microbes living in these regions are important for their metabolic contribution to the ecosphere as well as for their enzymes, which may have potential industrial applications. Cold-adapted microorganisms are a possible source of cold-active enzymes that have high catalytic efficacy at low and moderate temperatures at which homologous mesophilic enzymes are not active. Cold-active enzymes can be used in a variety of biotechnological processes, including food processing, additives in the detergent and food industries, textile industry, waste-water treatment, biopulping, environmental bioremediation in cold climates, biotransformation, and molecular biology applications with great potential for energy savings. Genetically manipulated strains that are suitable for producing a particular cold-active enzyme would be crucial in a variety of industrial and biotechnological applications. The potential advantage of cold-adapted enzymes will probably lead to a greater annual market than for thermo-stable enzymes in the near future. This review includes latest updates on various microbial source of cold-active enzymes and their biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Kuddus
- Department of Biochemistry, College of MedicineUniversity of HailHailSaudi Arabia
| | - Roohi
- Protein Research Laboratory, Department of BioengineeringIntegral UniversityLucknowIndia
| | - Naushin Bano
- Protein Research Laboratory, Department of BioengineeringIntegral UniversityLucknowIndia
| | | | - Babu Joseph
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical SciencesShaqra UniversityShaqraSaudi Arabia
| | - Burhan Hamid
- Center of Research for DevelopmentUniversity of KashmirSrinagarIndia
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Department of Food TechnologyTKM Institute of TechnologyKollamKeralaIndia
| | - Aravind Madhavan
- School of BiotechnologyAmrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AmritapuriKollamKeralaIndia
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Akram F, Fatima T, Ibrar R, Shabbir I, Shah FI, Haq IU. Trends in the development and current perspective of thermostable bacterial hemicellulases with their industrial endeavors: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130993. [PMID: 38508567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Hemicellulases are enzymes that hydrolyze hemicelluloses, common polysaccharides in nature. Thermophilic hemicellulases, derived from microbial strains, are extensively studied as natural biofuel sources due to the complex structure of hemicelluloses. Recent research aims to elucidate the catalytic principles, mechanisms and specificity of hemicellulases through investigations into their high-temperature stability and structural features, which have applications in biotechnology and industry. This review article targets to serve as a comprehensive resource, highlighting the significant progress in the field and emphasizing the vital role of thermophilic hemicellulases in eco-friendly catalysis. The primary goal is to improve the reliability of hemicellulase enzymes obtained from thermophilic bacterial strains. Additionally, with their ability to break down lignocellulosic materials, hemicellulases hold immense potential for biofuel production. Despite their potential, the commercial viability is hindered by their high enzyme costs, necessitating the development of efficient bioprocesses involving waste pretreatment with microbial consortia to overcome this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Taseer Fatima
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ramesha Ibrar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ifrah Shabbir
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Ikram Ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Rai R, Samanta D, Goh KM, Chadha BS, Sani RK. Biochemical unravelling of the endoxylanase activity in a bifunctional GH39 enzyme cloned and expressed from thermophilic Geobacillus sp. WSUCF1. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128679. [PMID: 38072346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The glycoside hydrolase family 39 (GH39) proteins are renowned for their extremophilic and multifunctional enzymatic properties, yet the molecular mechanisms underpinning these unique characteristics continue to be an active subject of research. In this study, we introduce WsuXyn, a GH39 protein with a molecular weight of 58 kDa, originating from the thermophilic Geobacillus sp. WSUCF1. Previously reported for its exceptional thermostable β-xylosidase activity, WsuXyn has recently demonstrated a significant endoxylanase activity (3752 U·mg-1) against beechwood xylan, indicating towards its bifunctional nature. Physicochemical characterization revealed that WsuXyn exhibits optimal endoxylanase activity at 70 °C and pH 7.0. Thermal stability assessments revealed that the enzyme is resilient to elevated temperatures, with a half-life of 168 h. Key kinetic parameters highlight the exceptional catalytic efficiency and strong affinity of the protein for xylan substrate. Moreover, WsuXyn-mediated hydrolysis of beechwood xylan has achieved 77 % xylan conversion, with xylose as the primary product. Structural analysis, amalgamated with docking simulations, has revealed strong binding forces between xylotetraose and the protein, with key amino acid residues, including Glu278, Tyr230, Glu160, Gly202, Cys201, Glu324, and Tyr283, playing pivotal roles in these interactions. Therefore, WsuXyn holds a strong promise for biodegradation and value-added product generation through lignocellulosic biomass conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Rai
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India.
| | - Dipayan Samanta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Kian Mau Goh
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor 81310, Malaysia
| | | | - Rajesh K Sani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA; BuG ReMeDEE consortium and Composite and Nanocomposite Advanced Manufacturing Centre/Biomaterials (CNAM/Bio), Rapid City, SD 57701, USA.
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Omisore SO, Fabunmi TB, Ayodeji AO, Olaniyi OO, Arotupin DJ. Production and biochemical characterization of partially purified cellulase-free, thermo-acidophilic endoxylanase from Lysinibacillus fusiformis strain TB7 using kolanut husk as feedstock. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11106. [PMID: 36281386 PMCID: PMC9586915 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanases have become very important enzymes in many industrial processes for the valorization of xylan-rich lignocellulosic wastes. Here, some physicochemical and kinetic properties of a purified endoxylanase produced on kolanut husk-based medium by Lysinibacillus fusiformis are presented. The crude enzyme solution was first subjected to precipitation with solid ammonium sulphate and further purified on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 anion-exchange and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration columns chromatography prior to biochemical characterization. The purified endoxylanase was 21 kDa as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and was thermostable, exhibiting optimum activity at 60 °C and pH 5.0. The K m and V max were respectively estimated to be 29.5 mg/ml and 125 μmol/min/ml using Birchwood xylan as substrate. Activity of the enzyme was enhanced by Na+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Mg2+ and K+ at concentration of 5 mM but inhibited by Hg2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Fe3+, EDTA, SDS and Urea. The purified endoxylanase showed high hydrolytic activity on Birchwood xylan and kolanut husk but extremely poor or no activity on carboxymethyl cellulose, starch or pectin. This L. fusiformis strain TB7 endoxylanase has desirable properties useful for biotechnological applications in laundry, fuels, feeds, paper and pulp industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliat Olatidayo Omisore
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria,Corresponding author.
| | - Temitope Bukola Fabunmi
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria,Department of Biological Sciences, Achievers University, P.M.B. 001, Owo, Nigeria
| | - Adeyemi Oluwadare Ayodeji
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria,Department of Chemical Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji-Arakeji, P.M.B. 5006, Ilesha, Nigeria
| | | | - Daniel Juwon Arotupin
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria
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Joshi JB, Priyadharshini R, Uthandi S. Glycosyl hydrolase 11 (xynA) gene with xylanase activity from thermophilic bacteria isolated from thermal springs. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:62. [PMID: 35428308 PMCID: PMC9013152 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Hemicellulose is one of the copious polymer in lignocellulosic biomass (LCB). It is primarily composed of xylan linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Xylanase preferentially cleaves the β-1,4-glycosidic bonds in the xylan backbone resulting in complete hydrolysis of the biomass. Thermostable variants of glycoside hydrolases act as robust catalysts, not only in degradation but also during processing, to obtain specific carbohydrate-containing chemicals and materials (Ramasamy et al. in Madras Agric J 107(special):1. 10.29321/MAJ.2020.000382, 2020).
Results
The xylanase production by two thermophilic bacteria isolated from thermal springs was evaluated. In addition, the gene encoding this industrially vital enzyme was isolated and characterized, and its protein structure was analyzed. The thermophilic bacteria producing xylanases were isolated from augmented sawdust and banana fiber biomass from hot springs of Himachal Pradesh and identified as Bacillus subtilis VSDB5 and Bacillus licheniformis KBFB4 using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The persistent xylanase activity revealed that the enzyme is secreted extracellularly with the maximum activity of 0.76 IU mL−1 and 1.0 IU mL−1 at 6 h and 12 h of growth by KBFB4 and VSDB5, respectively, under submerged fermentation. Both the strains exhibited the maximum activity at pH 6 and a temperature of 50 °C. The xylanases of KBFB4 and VSDB5 were thermostable and retained 40% of their activity at 60 °C after incubation for 30 min. Xylanase of VSDB5 had wide thermotolerance and retained 20% of its activity from 60 to 80 °C, whereas xylanase of KBFB4 showed wide alkali tolerance and retained 80% of its activity until pH 10. The xylanase (xynA)-encoding gene (650 bp) cloned from both the strains using specific primers showed 98 to 99% homology to β-1,4-endoxylanase gene. Further in silico analysis predicted that the xylanase protein, with a molecular weight of 23 kDa, had a high pI (9.44–9.65), which explained the alkaline nature of the enzyme and greater aliphatic index (56.29). This finding suggested that the protein is thermostable. Multiple sequence alignment and homology modeling of the protein sequence revealed that the gene product belonged to the GH11 family, indicating its possible application in bioconversion.
Conclusion
The strains B. subtilis VSDB5 and B. licheniformis KBFB4 obtained from hot springs of Himachal Pradesh produced potent and alkali-tolerant thermostable xylanases, which belong to the GH11 family. The enzyme can be supplemented in industrial applications for biomass conversion at high temperatures and pH (or in processes involving alkali treatment).
Graphical Abstract
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Rahimian Gavaseraei H, Hasanzadeh R, Afsharnezhad M, Foroutan Kalurazi A, Shahangian SS, Aghamaali MR, Aminzadeh S. Identification, heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of a novel cellulase-free xylanase B from the thermophilic bacterium Cohnella sp.A01. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Badejo OA, Olaniyi OO, Ayodeji AO, Lawal OT. Biochemical properties of partially purified surfactant-tolerant alkalophilic endo beta-1,4 xylanase and acidophilic beta-mannanase from bacteria resident in ruminants’ guts. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.101982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Liu Z, Shao T, Li Y, Wu B, Jia H, Hao N. Expression, Characterization and Its Deinking Potential of a Thermostable Xylanase From Planomicrobium glaciei CHR43. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:618979. [PMID: 33681158 PMCID: PMC7928332 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.618979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome mining is more and more widely used in identifying new enzymes from database. In the present study, we reported a putative xylanase, Pg-Xyn (WP_053166147.1), which originated from a psychrotolerant strain Planomicrobium glaciei CHR 43, and was identified from Genbank by genome mining. Sequence analysis and homology modeling showed that Pg-Xyn belongs to glycosyl hydrolase family 10. On the basis of heterologous expression in E. coli and biochemical characterization, we found Pg-Xyn was most active at pH 9.0 and 80°C and exhibited good stability from pH 5.0 to 12.0 and below 90°C. Pg-Xyn was slightly activated in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+, while it was strongly inhibited by Mn2+. The analysis of hydrolysis products showed that Pg-Xyn was an endo-β-1,4-xylanase. In addition, Pg-Xyn performed good deinking ability in a paper deinking test. In consideration of its unique properties, Pg-Xyn might be a promising candidate for application in the paper and pulp industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxing Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Shao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honghua Jia
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Hao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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Rashid R, Sohail M. Xylanolytic Bacillus species for xylooligosaccharides production: a critical review. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:16. [PMID: 38650226 PMCID: PMC10991489 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity of different Bacillus species to produce large amounts of extracellular enzymes and ability to ferment various substrates at a wide range of pH and temperature has placed them among the most promising hosts for the industrial production of many improved and novel products. The global interest in prebiotics, for example, xylooligosaccharides (XOs) is ever increasing, rousing the quest for various forms with expanded productivity. This article provides an overview of xylanase producing bacilli, with more emphasis on their capacity to be used in the production of the XOs, followed by the purification strategies, characteristics and application of XOs from bacilli. The large-scale production of XOs is carried out from a number of xylan-rich lignocellulosic materials by chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis followed by purification through chromatography, vacuum evaporation, solvent extraction or membrane separation methods. Utilization of XOs in the production of functional products as food ingredients brings well-being to individuals by improving defense system and eliminating pathogens. In addition to the effects related to health, a variety of other biological impacts have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozina Rashid
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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Saleem A, Waris S, Ahmed T, Tabassum R. Biochemical characterization and molecular docking of cloned xylanase gene from Bacillus subtilis RTS expressed in E. coli. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 168:310-321. [PMID: 33309670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study employed mesophilic Bacillus subtilis RTS strain isolated from soil with high xylanolytic activity. A 642 bp (xyn) xylanase gene (GenBank accession number MT677937) was extracted from Bacillus subtilis RTS and cloned in Escherichia coli BL21 cells using pET21c expression system. The cloned gene belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 11 with protein size of approximately 23 KDa. The recombinant xylanase showed optimal enzyme activity at 60 °C and at pH 6.5. Thermostability of recombinant xylanase was observed between the temperature range of 30-60 °C. Xylanase also remained stable in different concentration of various organic solvents (ethanol, butanol). This might be due to the formation of protein/organic solvent interface which prevents stripping of essential water molecules from enzyme, thus enzyme conformation and activity remained stable. Finally, the molecular docking analysis through AutoDock Vina showed the involvement of Tyr 108, Arg140 and Pro144 in protein-ligand interaction, which stabilizes this complex. The observed stability of recombinant xylanase at higher temperature and in the presence of organic solvent (ethanol, butanol) suggested possible application of this enzyme in biofuel and other industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen Saleem
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Science (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saboora Waris
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Quaid- e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Dept of Molecular Biology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Toheed Ahmed
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Romana Tabassum
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Science (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Bajaj P, Mahajan R. Cellulase and xylanase synergism in industrial biotechnology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8711-8724. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mamo G. Alkaline Active Hemicellulases. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 172:245-291. [PMID: 31372682 DOI: 10.1007/10_2019_101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Xylan and mannan are the two most abundant hemicelluloses, and enzymes that modify these polysaccharides are prominent hemicellulases with immense biotechnological importance. Among these enzymes, xylanases and mannanases which play the vital role in the hydrolysis of xylan and mannan, respectively, attracted a great deal of interest. These hemicellulases have got applications in food, feed, bioethanol, pulp and paper, chemical, and beverage producing industries as well as in biorefineries and environmental biotechnology. The great majority of the enzymes used in these applications are optimally active in mildly acidic to neutral range. However, in recent years, alkaline active enzymes have also become increasingly important. This is mainly due to some benefits of utilizing alkaline active hemicellulases over that of neutral or acid active enzymes. One of the advantages is that the alkaline active enzymes are most suitable to applications that require high pH such as Kraft pulp delignification, detergent formulation, and cotton bioscouring. The other benefit is related to the better solubility of hemicelluloses at high pH. Since the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis is often positively correlated to substrate solubility, the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses can be more efficient if performed at high pH. High pH hydrolysis requires the use of alkaline active enzymes. Moreover, alkaline extraction is the most common hemicellulose extraction method, and direct hydrolysis of the alkali-extracted hemicellulose could be of great interest in the valorization of hemicellulose. Direct hydrolysis avoids the time-consuming extensive washing, and neutralization processes required if non-alkaline active enzymes are opted to be used. Furthermore, most alkaline active enzymes are relatively active in a wide range of pH, and at least some of them are significantly or even optimally active in slightly acidic to neutral pH range. Such enzymes can be eligible for non-alkaline applications such as in feed, food, and beverage industries.This chapter largely focuses on the most important alkaline active hemicellulases, endo-β-1,4-xylanases and β-mannanases. It summarizes the relevant catalytic properties, structural features, as well as the real and potential applications of these remarkable hemicellulases in textile, paper and pulp, detergent, feed, food, and prebiotic producing industries. In addition, the chapter depicts the role of these extremozymes in valorization of hemicelluloses to platform chemicals and alike in biorefineries. It also reviews hemicelluloses and discusses their biotechnological importance.
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Wu S, Wang Y, Shen T, Wang J, Zhang G. Investigation on the underlying mechanism: How fusion xylanase-ELPs self-assembles into insoluble active aggregates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kumar V, Marín-Navarro J, Shukla P. Thermostable microbial xylanases for pulp and paper industries: trends, applications and further perspectives. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:34. [PMID: 26754672 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-2005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Xylanases are enzymes with biotechnological relevance in a number of fields, including food, feed, biofuel, and textile industries. Their most significant application is in the paper and pulp industry, where they are used as a biobleaching agent, showing clear economic and environmental advantages over chemical alternatives. Since this process requires high temperatures and alkali media, the identification of thermostable and alkali stable xylanases represents a major biotechnological goal in this field. Moreover, thermostability is a desirable property for many other applications of xylanases. The review makes an overview of xylanase producing microorganisms and their current implementation in paper biobleaching. Future perspectives are analyzed focusing in the efforts carried out to generate thermostable enzymes by means of modern biotechnological tools, including metagenomic analysis, enzyme molecular engineering and nanotechnology. Furthermore, structural and mutagenesis studies have revealed critical sites for stability of xylanases from glycoside hydrolase families GH10 and GH11, which constitute the main classes of these enzymes. The overall conclusions of these works are summarized here and provide relevant information about putative weak spots within xylanase structures to be targeted in future protein engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Kumar
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Julia Marín-Navarro
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, C.S.I.C., Av. Catedrático Agustín Escardino, 7, E6980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India.
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Investigation on lignocellulosic saccharification and characterization of haloalkaline solvent tolerant endo-1,4 β-d-xylanase from Halomonas meridiana APCMST-KS4. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Bhalla A, Bischoff KM, Sani RK. Highly Thermostable Xylanase Production from A Thermophilic Geobacillus sp. Strain WSUCF1 Utilizing Lignocellulosic Biomass. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:84. [PMID: 26137456 PMCID: PMC4468944 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose to fermentable sugars requires a complete repertoire of biomass deconstruction enzymes. Hemicellulases play an important role in hydrolyzing hemicellulose component of lignocellulose to xylooligosaccharides and xylose. Thermostable xylanases have been a focus of attention as industrially important enzymes due to their long shelf life at high temperatures. Geobacillus sp. strain WSUCF1 produced thermostable xylanase activity (crude xylanase cocktail) when grown on xylan or various inexpensive untreated and pretreated lignocellulosic biomasses such as prairie cord grass and corn stover. The optimum pH and temperature for the crude xylanase cocktail were 6.5 and 70°C, respectively. The WSUCF1 crude xylanase was found to be highly thermostable with half-lives of 18 and 12 days at 60 and 70°C, respectively. At 70°C, rates of xylan hydrolysis were also found to be better with the WSUCF1 secretome than those with commercial enzymes, i.e., for WSUCF1 crude xylanase, Cellic-HTec2, and AccelleraseXY, the percent xylan conversions were 68.9, 49.4, and 28.92, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, WSUCF1 crude xylanase cocktail is among the most thermostable xylanases produced by thermophilic Geobacillus spp. and other thermophilic microbes (optimum growth temperature ≤70°C). High thermostability, activity over wide range of temperatures, and better xylan hydrolysis than commercial enzymes make WSUCF1 crude xylanase suitable for thermophilic lignocellulose bioconversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhalla
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology , Rapid City, SD , USA
| | - Kenneth M Bischoff
- Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Peoria, IL , USA
| | - Rajesh Kumar Sani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology , Rapid City, SD , USA
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17
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Bai W, Xue Y, Zhou C, Ma Y. Cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel alkali-tolerant xylanase from alkaliphilicBacillussp. SN5. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 62:208-17. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqin Bai
- National Engineering Lab for Industrial Enzymes, Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Lab for Industrial Enzymes; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Tianjin People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science; Shanxi Normal University; Linfen People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfen Xue
- National Engineering Lab for Industrial Enzymes, Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- National Engineering Lab for Industrial Enzymes, Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhe Ma
- National Engineering Lab for Industrial Enzymes, Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
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18
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Poosarla VG, Chandra TS. Purification and Characterization of Novel Halo-Acid-Alkali-Thermo-stable Xylanase from Gracilibacillus sp. TSCPVG. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:1375-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Kumar V, Satyanarayana T. Production of endoxylanase with enhanced thermostability by a novel polyextremophilic Bacillus halodurans TSEV1 and its applicability in waste paper deinking. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Thermostable Hemicellulases of a Bacterium, Geobacillus sp. DC3, Isolated from the Former Homestake Gold Mine in Lead, South Dakota. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:3488-501. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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21
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Verma D, Satyanarayana T. Production of cellulase-free xylanase by the recombinant Bacillus subtilis and its applicability in paper pulp bleaching. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1441-7. [PMID: 24124029 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A metagenomic xylanase gene (Mxyl) was successfully cloned into shuttle vector pWH1520 and expressed in Bacillus subtilis extracellularly. On induction with xylose, recombinant xylanase secretion commenced after 6 h. Identifying critical variables for recombinant xylanase production by one-variable-at-time approach followed by optimization of the selected variables (xylose, inoculum density, incubation density) by response surface methodology (RSM) led to three-fold enhancement in extracellular xylanase production (119 U mL(-1) ). When the pulp was treated with recombinant xylanase at 80°C and pH 9.0, kappa number of the pulp was reduced with concomitant increase in brightness and 24% reduction in chlorine consumption. This is the first report on the expression of metagenomic xylanase gene in Bacillus subtilis extracellularly and its utility in developing an environment-friendly pulp bleaching process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digvijay Verma
- Dept. of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
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22
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Thermostable and Alkalistable Endoxylanase of the Extremely Thermophilic Bacterium Geobacillus thermodenitrificans TSAA1: Cloning, Expression, Characteristics and Its Applicability in Generating Xylooligosaccharides and Fermentable Sugars. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:119-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Bhalla A, Bansal N, Kumar S, Bischoff KM, Sani RK. Improved lignocellulose conversion to biofuels with thermophilic bacteria and thermostable enzymes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 128:751-9. [PMID: 23246299 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Second-generation feedstock, especially nonfood lignocellulosic biomass is a potential source for biofuel production. Cost-intensive physical, chemical, biological pretreatment operations and slow enzymatic hydrolysis make the overall process of lignocellulosic conversion into biofuels less economical than available fossil fuels. Lignocellulose conversions carried out at ≤ 50 °C have several limitations. Therefore, this review focuses on the importance of thermophilic bacteria and thermostable enzymes to overcome the limitations of existing lignocellulosic biomass conversion processes. The influence of high temperatures on various existing lignocellulose conversion processes and those that are under development, including separate hydrolysis and fermentation, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, and extremophilic consolidated bioprocess are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhalla
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
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24
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Zhang F, Chen JJ, Ren WZ, Lin LB, Zhou Y, Zhi XY, Tang SK, Li WJ. Cloning, expression, and characterization of an alkaline thermostable GH11 xylanase from Thermobifida halotolerans YIM 90462T. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 39:1109-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-012-1119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A xylanase gene (thxyn11A) from the Thermobifida halotolerans strain YIM 90462T was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The open reading frame (ORF) of thxyn11A has 1,008 bp encoding a mature xylanase with a high degree of similarity (80 %) to the xylanase from Nocardiopsis dassonvillei subsp. dassonvillei DSM 43111. This enzyme (Thxyn11A) also possesses a glycosyl hydrolases family 11 (GH11) domain and a high isoelectric point (pI = 9.1). However, Thxyn11A varies from most GH11 xylanases, due to its large molecular mass (34 kDa). Recombinant Thxyn11A demonstrated a strong pH and temperature tolerance with a maximum activity at pH 9.0 and 70 °C. Xylotriose, the end-product of xylan hydrolysis by Thxyn11A, serves as a catalyst for hemicellulose pretreatment in industrial applications and can also function as a food source or supplement for enterobacteria. Due to its attractive biochemical properties, Thxyn11A may have potential value in many commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- grid.440773.3 Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education and Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology Yunnan University 650091 Kunming People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiu-Jiu Chen
- grid.440773.3 Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education and Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology Yunnan University 650091 Kunming People’s Republic of China
- grid.218292.2 000000008571108X Biotechnology Research Center of Kunming University of Science and Technology 650224 Kunming People’s Republic of China
| | - Wan-Zeng Ren
- grid.440773.3 Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education and Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology Yunnan University 650091 Kunming People’s Republic of China
| | - Lian-Bing Lin
- grid.218292.2 000000008571108X Biotechnology Research Center of Kunming University of Science and Technology 650224 Kunming People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhou
- grid.410744.2 0000000098833553 Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences 310021 Hangzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yang Zhi
- grid.440773.3 Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education and Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology Yunnan University 650091 Kunming People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Kun Tang
- grid.440773.3 Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education and Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology Yunnan University 650091 Kunming People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- grid.440773.3 Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education and Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology Yunnan University 650091 Kunming People’s Republic of China
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences 830011 Ürűmqi People’s Republic of China
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25
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Production of xylanase by an alkaline-tolerant marine-derived Streptomyces viridochromogenes strain and improvement by ribosome engineering. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:4361-8. [PMID: 22821440 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4290-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Xylanase is the enzyme complex that is responsible for the degradation of xylan; however, novel xylanase producers remain to be explored in marine environment. In this study, a Streptomyces strain M11 which exhibited xylanase activity was isolated from marine sediment. The 16S rDNA sequence of M11 showed the highest identity (99 %) to that of Streptomyces viridochromogenes. The xylanase produced from M11 exhibited optimum activity at pH 6.0, and the optimum temperature was 70 °C. M11 xylanase activity was stable in the pH range of 6.0-9.0 and at 60 °C for 60 min. Xylanase activity was observed to be stable in the presence of up to 5 M NaCl. Antibiotic-resistant mutants of M11 were isolated, and among the various antibiotics tested, streptomycin showed the best effect on obtaining xylanase overproducer. Mutant M11-1(10) isolated from 10 μg/ml streptomycin-containing plate showed 14 % higher xylanase activities than that of the wild-type strain. An analysis of gene rpsL (encoding ribosomal protein S12) showed that rpsL from M11-1(10) contains a K88R mutation. This is the first report to show that marine-derived S. viridochromogenes strain can be used as a xylanase producer, and utilization of ribosome engineering for the improvement of xylanase production in Streptomyces was also first successfully demonstrated.
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26
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Gong X, Gruniniger RJ, Forster RJ, Teather RM, McAllister TA. Biochemical analysis of a highly specific, pH stable xylanase gene identified from a bovine rumen-derived metagenomic library. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:2423-31. [PMID: 22534823 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4088-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A metagenomic library was generated using microbial DNA extracted from the rumen contents of a grass hay-fed dairy cow using a bacterial artificial chromosome-based vector system. Functional screening of the library identified a gene encoding a potent glycoside hydrolase, xyn10N18, localised within a xylanolytic gene cluster consisting of four open-reading frames (ORFs). The ORF, xyn10N18, encodes an endo-β-1,4-xylanase with a glycosyl hydrolase family 10 (GH10) catalytic domain, adopts a canonical α8/ß8-fold and possesses conserved catalytic glutamate residues typical of GH10 xylanases. Xyn10N18 exhibits optimal catalytic activity at 35 °C and pH 6.5 and was highly stable to pH changes retaining at least 85 % relative catalytic activity over a broad pH range (4.0-12.0). It retained 25 % of its relative activity at both low (4 °C) and high (55 °C) temperatures, however the stability of the enzyme rapidly decreased at temperatures of >40 °C. The specific activity of Xyn10N18 is enhanced by the divalent cations Mn(2+) and Co(2+) and is dramatically reduced by Hg(2+) and Cu(2+). Interestingly, EDTA had little effect on specific activity indicating that divalent cations do not function mechanistically. The enzyme was highly specific for xylan containing substrates and showed no catalytic activity against cellulose. Analysis of the hydrolysis products indicated that Xyn10N18 was an endoxylanase. Through a combination of structural modelling and in vitro enzyme characterisation this study provides an understanding of the mechanism and the substrate specificity of this enzyme serving as a starting point for directed evolution of Xyn10N18 and subsequent downstream use in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Gong
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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27
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Cloning, purification and characterization of an alkali-stable endoxylanase from thermophilic Geobacillus sp. 71. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:1981-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-1000-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Xylanase Isozymes from the Newly Isolated Bacillus sp. CKBx1D and Optimization of Its Deinking Potentiality. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:1208-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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29
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Guo G, Liu Z, Xu J, Liu J, Dai X, Xie D, Peng K, Feng X, Duan S, Zheng K, Cheng L, Fu Y. Purification and characterization of a xylanase from Bacillus subtilis isolated from the degumming line. J Basic Microbiol 2011; 52:419-28. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Paës G, Berrin JG, Beaugrand J. GH11 xylanases: Structure/function/properties relationships and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:564-92. [PMID: 22067746 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
For technical, environmental and economical reasons, industrial demands for process-fitted enzymes have evolved drastically in the last decade. Therefore, continuous efforts are made in order to get insights into enzyme structure/function relationships to create improved biocatalysts. Xylanases are hemicellulolytic enzymes, which are responsible for the degradation of the heteroxylans constituting the lignocellulosic plant cell wall. Due to their variety, xylanases have been classified in glycoside hydrolase families GH5, GH8, GH10, GH11, GH30 and GH43 in the CAZy database. In this review, we focus on GH11 family, which is one of the best characterized GH families with bacterial and fungal members considered as true xylanases compared to the other families because of their high substrate specificity. Based on an exhaustive analysis of the sequences and 3D structures available so far, in relation with biochemical properties, we assess biochemical aspects of GH11 xylanases: structure, catalytic machinery, focus on their "thumb" loop of major importance in catalytic efficiency and substrate selectivity, inhibition, stability to pH and temperature. GH11 xylanases have for a long time been used as biotechnological tools in various industrial applications and represent in addition promising candidates for future other uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Paës
- INRA, UMR614 FARE, 2 esplanade Roland-Garros, F-51686 Reims, France.
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31
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Characterization of a thermostable and alkaline xylanase from Bacillus sp. and its bleaching impact on wheat straw pulp. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 28:513-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0842-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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