Propyl Gallate Synthesis Using Acidophilic Tannase and Simultaneous Production of Tannase and Gallic Acid by Marine Aspergillus awamori BTMFW032

Marine enzymes: Classification and application in various industries

Oceans are regarded as a plentiful and sustainable source of biological compounds. Enzymes are a group of marine biomaterials that have recently drawn more attention because they are produced in harsh environmental conditions such as high salinity, extensive pH, a wide temperature range, and high pressure. Hence, marine-derived enzymes are capable of exhibiting remarkable properties due to their unique composition. In this review, we overviewed and discussed characteristics of marine enzymes as well as the sources of marine enzymes, ranging from primitive organisms to vertebrates, and presented the importance, advantages, and challenges of using marine enzymes with a summary of their applications in a variety of industries. Current biotechnological advancements need the study of novel marine enzymes that could be applied in a variety of ways. Resources of marine enzyme can benefit greatly for biotechnological applications duo to their biocompatible, ecofriendly and high effectiveness. It is beneficial to use the unique characteristics offered by marine enzymes to either develop new processes and products or improve existing ones. As a result, marine-derived enzymes have promising potential and are an excellent candidate for a variety of biotechnology applications and a future rise in the use of marine enzymes is to be anticipated.

Computational Modelling and Molecular Docking of Industrial Leather Enzymes

Leather is one of the widely traded commodities globally. It is a strategically important sector for the economic and industrial development of the country. However, the leather industry is perceived as a highly polluting industry. It produces huge amounts of solid and liquid wastes, and if these wastes are not properly treated and disposed of, then it tends to deteriorate the quality of soil and water, as well as cause emanations of smell and noxious gases into the surrounding. The current paper provides information about industrial leather enzymes, primarily collagenase, tannase, and lecithinase. In this study, enzymes such as collagenase, tannase, and lecithinase had a pivotal role in leather industries and their action in the bioremediation of leather effluents was further analysed and docked with a diverse range of compounds (ligands), with an optimal binding affinity score was determined. All interactions between protein ligands were depicted, which will help us with future research. Furthermore, this method can be tested practically, and other parameters can be studied in the future. Further, applications of enzymes and their hydrolyse by-products have also been highlighted in a variety of industries, including the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural, medical, and food sectors. Subsequently, this finding provides an innovative and broader goal for various sectors in terms of sustainability, stabilisation, and identifying research gaps that can guide modern industries and research scientists.

The growth of marine fungi on seaweed polysaccharides produces cerato-platanin and hydrophobin self-assembling proteins

The marine fungi Paradendryphiela salina and Talaromyces pinophilus degrade and assimilate complex substrates from plants and seaweed. Additionally, these fungi secrete surface-active proteins, identified as cerato-platanins and hydrophobins. These hydrophobic proteins have the ability to self-assemble forming amyloid-like aggregates and play an essential role in the growth and development of the filamentous fungi. It is the first time that one cerato-platanin (CP) is identified and isolated from P. salina (PsCP) and two Class I hydrophobins (HFBs) from T. pinophilus (TpHYD1 and TpHYD2). Furthermore, it is possible to extract cerato-platanins and hydrophobins using marine fungi that can feed on seaweed biomass, and through a submerged liquid fermentation process. The propensity to aggregate of these proteins has been analyzed using different techniques such as Thioflavin T fluorescence assay, Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy. Here, we show that the formation of aggregates of PsCP and TpHYD, was influenced by the carbon source from seaweed. This study highlighted the potential of these self-assembling proteins generated from a fermentation process with marine fungi and with promising properties such as conformational plasticity with extensive applications in biotechnology, pharmacy, nanotechnology, and biomedicine.

Propyl Gallate

The title compound, propyl gallate (III), is an important substance popularly used in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Current chemical syntheses of this compound are based on the acylation supported by thionyl chloride, DIC/DMAP or Fischer esterification using a range of homogenous and heterogenous catalysts. In this paper, an efficient, green, straightforward, and economical method for synthesizing propyl gallate using potassium hydrogen sulfate, KHSO4, as the heterogenous acidic catalyst has been developed for the first time. In addition, this paper provides a comprehensive spectral dataset for the title compound, especially the new data on DEPT and 2D NMR (HSQC and HMBC) spectra which are not currently available in the literature.

Stabilization and application of spray-dried tannase from Aspergillus fumigatus CAS21 in the presence of different carriers

The Aspergillus fumigatus CAS21 tannase was spray dried with β-cyclodextrin, Capsul® starch, soybean meal, lactose, and maltodextrin as adjuvants. The moisture content and water activity of the products ranged from 5.6 to 11.5% and from 0.249 to 0.448, respectively. The maximal tannase activity was achieved at 40-60 ºC and pH 5.0-6.0 for the powders containing β-cyclodextrin and Capsul® starch, which was stable at 40 ºC and 40-60 ºC for 120 min, respectively. For all the dried products, tannase retained its activity of over 80% for 120 min at pH 5.0 and 6.0. Salts and solvents influenced the activity of the spray-dried tannase. The activity of the spray-dried tannase was maintained when preserved for 1 year at 4 ºC and 28 ºC. Spray-dried tannase reduced the content of tannins and polyphenolic compounds of leather effluent and sorghum flour and catalyzed the transesterification reaction. The spray drying process stabilized the tannase activity, highlighting the potential of dried products for biotechnological applications.

Marine Fungi: Biotechnological Perspectives from Deep-Hypersaline Anoxic Basins

Deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs) are one of the most hostile environments on Earth. Even though DHABs have hypersaline conditions, anoxia and high hydrostatic pressure, they host incredible microbial biodiversity. Among eukaryotes inhabiting these systems, recent studies demonstrated that fungi are a quantitatively relevant component. Here, fungi can benefit from the accumulation of large amounts of organic material. Marine fungi are also known to produce bioactive molecules. In particular, halophilic and halotolerant fungi are a reservoir of enzymes and secondary metabolites with valuable applications in industrial, pharmaceutical, and environmental biotechnology. Here we report that among the fungal taxa identified from the Mediterranean and Red Sea DHABs, halotolerant halophilic species belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium can be used or screened for enzymes and bioactive molecules. Fungi living in DHABs can extend our knowledge about the limits of life, and the discovery of new species and molecules from these environments can have high biotechnological potential.

Biotransformation of industrial tannins by filamentous fungi

Tannins are secondary metabolites that are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. They act as growth inhibitors for many microorganisms: they are released upon microbial attack, helping to fight infection in plant tissues. Extraction of tannins from plants is an active industrial sector with several applications, including oenology, animal feeding, mining, the chemical industry, and, in particular, the tanning industry. However, tannins are also considered very recalcitrant pollutants in wastewater of diverse origin. The ability to grow on plant substrates rich in tannins and on industrial tannin preparations is usually considered typical of some species of fungi. These organisms are able to tolerate the toxicity of tannins thanks to the production of enzymes that transform or degrade these substrates, mainly through hydrolysis and oxidation. Filamentous fungi capable of degrading tannins could have a strong environmental impact as bioremediation agents, in particular in the treatment of tanning wastewaters.

Co-production of tannase and gallic acid by a novel Penicillium rolfsii (CCMB 714)

A novel tannase and gallic acid-producing Penicillium rolfsii (CCMB 714) was isolated from cocoa leaves from the South of Bahia. The influence of nutritional sources and the simultaneous effect of parameters involved in the fermentation process were available. Tannase (9.97 U mL^-1) and gallic acid (9 mg mL^-1) production were obtained in 48 h by submerged fermentation in non-optimized conditions. Among the carbon sources, tested gallic acid and tannic acid showed the highest tannase production (p<.05) when compared with methyl gallate and glucose. After optimization using the temperature and tannic acid concentration as variables with the Central Compound Rotational Design (CCRD), the maximal tannase production (25.6 U mL^-1) was obtained at 29.8 °C and 12.7%, respectively, which represents an increase of 2.56 times in relation to the initial activity. The parameters optimized for the maximum production of gallic acid (21.51 mg mL^-1) were 30 °C and 10% tannic acid. P. rolfsii CCMB 714 is a new strain with a high tannase and gallic acid production and the gallic acid produced is very important, mainly for its applications in the food and pharmaceutical industry.

Biotechnology Potential of Marine Fungi Degrading Plant and Algae Polymeric Substrates

Filamentous fungi possess the metabolic capacity to degrade environment organic matter, much of which is the plant and algae material enriched with the cell wall carbohydrates and polyphenol complexes that frequently can be assimilated by only marine fungi. As the most renewable energy feedstock on the Earth, the plant or algae polymeric substrates induce an expression of microbial extracellular enzymes that catalyze their cleaving up to the component sugars. However, the question of what the marine fungi contributes to the plant and algae material biotransformation processes has yet to be highlighted sufficiently. In this review, we summarized the potential of marine fungi alternatively to terrestrial fungi to produce the biotechnologically valuable extracellular enzymes in response to the plant and macroalgae polymeric substrates as sources of carbon for their bioconversion used for industries and bioremediation.

Enzymatic synthesis of bioactive compounds with high potential for cosmeceutical application

Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products containing biologically active ingredients purporting to offer a pharmaceutical therapeutic benefit. The active ingredients can be extracted and purified from natural sources (botanicals, herbal extracts, or animals) but can also be obtained biotechnologically by fermentation and cell cultures or by enzymatic synthesis and modification of natural compounds. A cosmeceutical ingredient should possess an attractive property such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, skin whitening, anti-aging, anti-wrinkling, or photoprotective activity, among others. During the past years, there has been an increased interest on the enzymatic synthesis of bioactive esters and glycosides based on (trans)esterification, (trans)glycosylation, or oxidation reactions. Natural bioactive compounds with exceptional theurapeutic properties and low toxicity may offer a new insight into the design and development of potent and beneficial cosmetics. This review gives an overview of the enzymatic modifications which are performed currently for the synthesis of products with attractive properties for the cosmeceutical industry.

Novel trends for use of microbial tannases

Tannases, mainly produced by microorganisms, are able to hydrolyze gallotannins, ellagitannins, complex tannins, and gallic acid esters into gallic acid, ellagic acid, glucose, or alcohols, and also synthesize gallic acid esters using tannic acid or gallic acid with a variety of alcohols in nonaqueous media. Microbial tannases have been widely applied especially in beverage processing, pharmaceutics, and brewing. However, many factors, especially high production costs, severely limit the use of microbial tannases at the industrial level. In this minireview, we aim to provide an overview of the advances in applications of microbial tannases during the last 15 years, mainly including the following respects: hydrolysis of tea cream, modification of green tea catechins, production of gallic acid, debittering of fruit juices, degradation of tannery effluents, and synthesis of propyl gallate, trying to know the trends and prospects for the future in applications of microbial tannases.