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Saavedra-Bouza A, Escuder-Rodríguez JJ, deCastro ME, Becerra M, González-Siso MI. Xylanases from thermophilic archaea: a hidden treasure. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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2
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Nutritional and Functional Roles of Phytase and Xylanase Enhancing the Intestinal Health and Growth of Nursery Pigs and Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233322. [PMID: 36496844 PMCID: PMC9740087 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review paper discussed the nutritional and functional roles of phytase and xylanase enhancing the intestinal and growth of nursery pigs and broiler chickens. There are different feed enzymes that are currently supplemented to feeds for nursery pigs and broiler chickens. Phytase and xylanase have been extensively studied showing consistent results especially related to enhancement of nutrient digestibility and growth performance of nursery pigs and broiler chickens. Findings from recent studies raise the hypothesis that phytase and xylanase could play functional roles beyond increasing nutrient digestibility, but also enhancing the intestinal health and positively modulating the intestinal microbiota of nursery pigs and broiler chickens. In conclusion, the supplementation of phytase and xylanase for nursery pigs and broiler chickens reaffirmed the benefits related to enhancement of nutrient digestibility and growth performance, whilst also playing functional roles benefiting the intestinal microbiota and reducing the intestinal oxidative damages. As a result, it could contribute to a reduction in the feed costs by allowing the use of a wider range of feedstuffs without compromising the optimal performance of the animals, as well as the environmental concerns associated with a poor hydrolysis of antinutritional factors present in the diets for swine and poultry.
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3
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Huang C, Yu Y, Li Z, Yan B, Pei W, Wu H. The preparation technology and application of xylo-oligosaccharide as prebiotics in different fields: A review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:996811. [PMID: 36091224 PMCID: PMC9453253 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.996811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) is a class of functional oligosaccharides that have been demonstrated with prebiotic activity over several decades. XOS has several advantages relative to other oligosaccharide molecules, such as promoting root development as a plant regulator, a sugar supplement for people, and prebiotics to promote intestinal motility utilization health. Now, the preparation and extraction process of XOS is gradually mature, which can maximize the extraction and avoid waste. To fully understand the recent preparation and application of XOS in different areas, we summarized the various technologies for obtaining XOS (including acid hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, hydrothermal pretreatment, and alkaline extraction) and current applications of XOS, including in animal feed, human food additives, and medicine. It is hoped that this review will serve as an entry point for those looking into the prebiotic field of research, and perhaps begin to dedicate their work toward this exciting classification of bio-based molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoxing Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Department of Bioengineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxin Yu
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Department of Bioengineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- The Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Bowen Yan
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Department of Bioengineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenhui Pei
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Department of Bioengineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Wu,
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4
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Guo Y, Liu G, Ning Y, Li X, Hu S, Zhao J, Qu Y. Production of cellulosic ethanol and value-added products from corn fiber. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:81. [PMID: 38647596 PMCID: PMC10991675 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Corn fiber, a by-product from the corn processing industry, mainly composed of residual starch, cellulose, and hemicelluloses, is a promising raw material for producing cellulosic ethanol and value-added products due to its abundant reserves and low costs of collection and transportation. Now, several technologies for the production of cellulosic ethanol from corn fiber have been reported, such as the D3MAX process, Cellerate™ process, etc., and part of the technologies have also been used in industrial production in the United States. The ethanol yields range from 64 to 91% of the theoretical maximum, depending on different production processes. Because of the multicomponent of corn fiber and the complex structures highly substituted by a variety of side chains in hemicelluloses of corn fiber, however, there are many challenges in cellulosic ethanol production from corn fiber, such as the low conversion of hemicelluloses to fermentable sugars in enzymatic hydrolysis, high production of inhibitors during pretreatment, etc. Some technologies, including an effective pretreatment process for minimizing inhibitors production and maximizing fermentable sugars recovery, production of enzyme preparations with suitable protein compositions, and the engineering of microorganisms capable of fermenting hexose and pentose in hydrolysates and inhibitors tolerance, etc., need to be further developed. The process integration of cellulosic ethanol and value-added products also needs to be developed to improve the economic benefits of the whole process. This review summarizes the status and progresses of cellulosic ethanol production and potential value-added products from corn fiber and presents some challenges in this field at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Yanchun Ning
- Research Institute of Jilin Petrochemical Company, PetroChina, No. 27, Zunyidong Road, Jilin City, 132021, Jilin, China
| | - Xuezhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
| | - Shiyang Hu
- Research Institute of Jilin Petrochemical Company, PetroChina, No. 27, Zunyidong Road, Jilin City, 132021, Jilin, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
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5
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Pereira de Almeida A, Vargas IP, Marciano CL, Zanoelo FF, Giannesi GC, Moraes Polizeli MDLTD, Jorge JA, Furriel RDPM, Ruller R, Masui DC. Investigation of biochemical and biotechnological potential of a thermo-halo-alkali-tolerant endo-xylanase (GH11) from Humicola brevis var. thermoidea for lignocellulosic valorization of sugarcane biomass. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Klangpetch W, Pattarapisitporn A, Phongthai S, Utama-Ang N, Laokuldilok T, Tangjaidee P, Wirjantoro TI, Jaichakan P. Microwave-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis to produce xylooligosaccharides from rice husk alkali-soluble arabinoxylan. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11. [PMID: 34996923 PMCID: PMC8741828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The prebiotic properties of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and arabino-xylooligosaccharides (AXOS) produced from rice husk (RH) using microwave treatment combined with enzymatic hydrolysis were evaluated. The RH was subjected to microwave pretreatment at 140, 160 and 180 °C for 5, 10 and 15 min to obtain crude arabinoxylan (AX). Increasing microwave pretreatment time increased sugar content. Crude AX was extracted with 2% (w/v) sodium hydroxide at 25 °C for 24 h and used as a substrate for XOS production by commercial xylanases. Results showed that oligosaccharides produced by Pentopan Mono BG and Ultraflo Max provided xylobiose and xylotriose as the main products. AXOS was also present in the oligosaccharides that promoted growth of Lactobacillus spp. and resisted degradation by over 70% after exposure to simulated human digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannaporn Klangpetch
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand. .,Cluster of High Value Products from Thai Rice and Plants for Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand. .,Cluster of Innovative Food and Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.
| | | | - Suphat Phongthai
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.,Research Center for Development of Local Lanna Rice and Rice Products, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Niramon Utama-Ang
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.,Cluster of High Value Products from Thai Rice and Plants for Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.,Cluster of Innovative Food and Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Thunnop Laokuldilok
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.,Cluster of High Value Products from Thai Rice and Plants for Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.,Cluster of Innovative Food and Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Pipat Tangjaidee
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.,Cluster of Innovative Food and Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Tri Indrarini Wirjantoro
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.,Cluster of Innovative Food and Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Pannapapol Jaichakan
- Department of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
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7
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Discovery of an Antarctic Ascidian-Associated Uncultivated Verrucomicrobia with Antimelanoma Palmerolide Biosynthetic Potential. mSphere 2021; 6:e0075921. [PMID: 34851164 PMCID: PMC8636102 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00759-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Antarctic marine ecosystem harbors a wealth of biological and chemical innovation that has risen in concert over millennia since the isolation of the continent and formation of the Antarctic circumpolar current. Scientific inquiry into the novelty of marine natural products produced by Antarctic benthic invertebrates led to the discovery of a bioactive macrolide, palmerolide A, that has specific activity against melanoma and holds considerable promise as an anticancer therapeutic. While this compound was isolated from the Antarctic ascidian Synoicum adareanum, its biosynthesis has since been hypothesized to be microbially mediated, given structural similarities to microbially produced hybrid nonribosomal peptide-polyketide macrolides. Here, we describe a metagenome-enabled investigation aimed at identifying the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) and palmerolide A-producing organism. A 74-kbp candidate BGC encoding the multimodular enzymatic machinery (hybrid type I-trans-AT polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase and tailoring functional domains) was identified and found to harbor key features predicted as necessary for palmerolide A biosynthesis. Surveys of ascidian microbiome samples targeting the candidate BGC revealed a high correlation between palmerolide gene targets and a single 16S rRNA gene variant (R = 0.83 to 0.99). Through repeated rounds of metagenome sequencing followed by binning contigs into metagenome-assembled genomes, we were able to retrieve a nearly complete genome (10 contigs) of the BGC-producing organism, a novel verrucomicrobium within the Opitutaceae family that we propose here as “Candidatus Synoicihabitans palmerolidicus.” The refined genome assembly harbors five highly similar BGC copies, along with structural and functional features that shed light on the host-associated nature of this unique bacterium. IMPORTANCE Palmerolide A has potential as a chemotherapeutic agent to target melanoma. We interrogated the microbiome of the Antarctic ascidian, Synoicum adareanum, using a cultivation-independent high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatic strategy. The metagenome-encoded biosynthetic machinery predicted to produce palmerolide A was found to be associated with the genome of a member of the S. adareanum core microbiome. Phylogenomic analysis suggests the organism represents a new deeply branching genus, “Candidatus Synoicihabitans palmerolidicus,” in the Opitutaceae family of the Verrucomicrobia phylum. The Ca. Synoicihabitans palmerolidicus 4.29-Mb genome encodes a repertoire of carbohydrate-utilizing and transport pathways, a chemotaxis system, flagellar biosynthetic capacity, and other regulatory elements enabling its ascidian-associated lifestyle. The palmerolide producer’s genome also contains five distinct copies of the large palmerolide biosynthetic gene cluster that may provide structural complexity of palmerolide variants.
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8
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Danis-Wlodarczyk KM, Wozniak DJ, Abedon ST. Treating Bacterial Infections with Bacteriophage-Based Enzybiotics: In Vitro, In Vivo and Clinical Application. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1497. [PMID: 34943709 PMCID: PMC8698926 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, we have witnessed a surge around the world in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This global health threat arose mainly due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics as well as a relative lack of new drug classes in development pipelines. Innovative antibacterial therapeutics and strategies are, therefore, in grave need. For the last twenty years, antimicrobial enzymes encoded by bacteriophages, viruses that can lyse and kill bacteria, have gained tremendous interest. There are two classes of these phage-derived enzymes, referred to also as enzybiotics: peptidoglycan hydrolases (lysins), which degrade the bacterial peptidoglycan layer, and polysaccharide depolymerases, which target extracellular or surface polysaccharides, i.e., bacterial capsules, slime layers, biofilm matrix, or lipopolysaccharides. Their features include distinctive modes of action, high efficiency, pathogen specificity, diversity in structure and activity, low possibility of bacterial resistance development, and no observed cross-resistance with currently used antibiotics. Additionally, and unlike antibiotics, enzybiotics can target metabolically inactive persister cells. These phage-derived enzymes have been tested in various animal models to combat both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and in recent years peptidoglycan hydrolases have entered clinical trials. Here, we review the testing and clinical use of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J. Wozniak
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Stephen T. Abedon
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
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9
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Bhardwaj N, Kumar B, Agrawal K, Verma P. Current perspective on production and applications of microbial cellulases: a review. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:95. [PMID: 38650192 PMCID: PMC10992179 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of cellulolytic enzymes has been widely studied and explored for bioconversion processes and plays a key role in various industrial applications. Cellulase, a key enzyme for cellulose-rich waste feedstock-based biorefinery, has increasing demand in various industries, e.g., paper and pulp, juice clarification, etc. Also, there has been constant progress in developing new strategies to enhance its production, such as the application of waste feedstock as the substrate for the production of individual or enzyme cocktails, process parameters control, and genetic manipulations for enzyme production with enhanced yield, efficiency, and specificity. Further, an insight into immobilization techniques has also been presented for improved reusability of cellulase, a critical factor that controls the cost of the enzyme at an industrial scale. In addition, the review also gives an insight into the status of the significant application of cellulase in the industrial sector, with its techno-economic analysis for future applications. The present review gives a complete overview of current perspectives on the production of microbial cellulases as a promising tool to develop a sustainable and greener concept for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Bhardwaj
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
| | - Bikash Kumar
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Komal Agrawal
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Pradeep Verma
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India.
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10
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Prieto A, de Eugenio L, Méndez-Líter JA, Nieto-Domínguez M, Murgiondo C, Barriuso J, Bejarano-Muñoz L, Martínez MJ. Fungal glycosyl hydrolases for sustainable plant biomass valorization: Talaromyces amestolkiae as a model fungus. Int Microbiol 2021; 24:545-558. [PMID: 34417929 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-021-00202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As the main decomposers and recyclers in nature, fungi secrete complex mixtures of extracellular enzymes for degradation of plant biomass, which is essential for mobilization of the organic carbon fixed by the photosynthesis in vegetal cells. Biotechnology can emulate the closed natural biological cycles, using lignocellulosic biomass as a renewable resource and lignocellulolytic fungal enzymes as catalysts to sustainably produce consumer goods. Cellulose and hemicellulose are the major polysaccharides on Earth, and the main enzymes involved in their hydrolytic depolymerization are cellulases (endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, and β-glucosidases) and hemicellulases (mainly endoxylanases and β-xylosidases). This work will focus on the enzymes secreted by the filamentous ascomycete Talaromyces amestolkiae and on some of their biotechnological applications. Their excellent hydrolytic activity was demonstrated by the partial degradation of xylans to prebiotic oligosaccharides by the endoxylanase XynN, or by the saccharification of lignocellulosic wastes to monosaccharides (fermentable to ethanol) either by the whole secretomes or by isolated enzymes used as supplements of commercial cocktails. However, apart from their expected hydrolytic activity, some of the β-glycosidases produced by this strain catalyze the transfer of a sugar molecule to specific aglycons by transglycosylation. As the synthesis of customized glycoconjugates is a major goal for biocatalysis, mutant variants of the β-xyloxidase BxTW1 and the ß-glucosidases BGL-1 and BGL-2 were obtained by directed mutagenesis, substantially improving the regioselective production yields of bioactive glycosides since they showed reduced or null hydrolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Prieto
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28022, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura de Eugenio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28022, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Méndez-Líter
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28022, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Nieto-Domínguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28022, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Murgiondo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28022, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Barriuso
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28022, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara Bejarano-Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28022, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28022, Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Kadowaki MAS, Briganti L, Evangelista DE, Echevarría-Poza A, Tryfona T, Pellegrini VOA, Nakayama DG, Dupree P, Polikarpov I. Unlocking the structural features for the xylobiohydrolase activity of an unusual GH11 member identified in a compost-derived consortium. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4052-4064. [PMID: 34232504 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The heteropolysaccharide xylan is a valuable source of sustainable chemicals and materials from renewable biomass sources. A complete hydrolysis of this major hemicellulose component requires a diverse set of enzymes including endo-β-1,4-xylanases, β-xylosidases, acetylxylan esterases, α-l-arabinofuranosidases, and α-glucuronidases. Notably, the most studied xylanases from glycoside hydrolase family 11 (GH11) have exclusively been endo-β-1,4- and β-1,3-xylanases. However, a recent analysis of a metatranscriptome library from a microbial lignocellulose community revealed GH11 enzymes capable of releasing solely xylobiose from xylan. Although initial biochemical studies clearly indicated their xylobiohydrolase mode of action, the structural features that drive this new activity still remained unclear. It was also not clear whether the enzymes acted on the reducing or nonreducing end of the substrate. Here, we solved the crystal structure of MetXyn11 in the apo and xylobiose-bound forms. The structure of MetXyn11 revealed the molecular features that explain the observed pattern on xylooligosaccharides released by this nonreducing end xylobiohydrolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A S Kadowaki
- Grupo de Biotecnologia Molecular, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.,PhotoBioCatalysis-Biomass transformation Lab (BTL), École Interfacultaire de Bioingénieurs (EIB), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Briganti
- Grupo de Biotecnologia Molecular, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo E Evangelista
- Grupo de Biotecnologia Molecular, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Criminalística de Andradina, Superintendência da Polícia Técnico Científica de São Paulo, Andradina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Theodora Tryfona
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vanessa O A Pellegrini
- Grupo de Biotecnologia Molecular, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Darlan G Nakayama
- Grupo de Biotecnologia Molecular, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- Grupo de Biotecnologia Molecular, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Sukumaran RK, Christopher M, Kooloth-Valappil P, Sreeja-Raju A, Mathew RM, Sankar M, Puthiyamadam A, Adarsh VP, Aswathi A, Rebinro V, Abraham A, Pandey A. Addressing challenges in production of cellulases for biomass hydrolysis: Targeted interventions into the genetics of cellulase producing fungi. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 329:124746. [PMID: 33610429 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic materials are the favoured feedstock for biorefineries due to their abundant availability and non-completion with food. Biobased technologies for refining these materials are limited mainly by the cost of biomass hydrolyzing enzymes, typically sourced from filamentous fungi. Therefore, considerable efforts have been directed at improving the quantity and quality of secreted lignocellulose degrading enzymes from fungi in order to attain overall economic viability. Process improvements and media engineering probably have reached their thresholds and further production enhancements require modifying the fungal metabolism to improve production and secretion of these enzymes. This review focusses on the types and mechanisms of action of known fungal biomass degrading enzymes, our current understanding of the genetic control exerted on their expression, and possible routes for intervention, especially on modulating catabolite repression, transcriptional regulators, signal transduction, secretion pathways etc., in order to improve enzyme productivity, activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
| | - Meera Christopher
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Prajeesh Kooloth-Valappil
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - AthiraRaj Sreeja-Raju
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Reshma M Mathew
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Meena Sankar
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Anoop Puthiyamadam
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Velayudhanpillai-Prasannakumari Adarsh
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Aswathi Aswathi
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Valan Rebinro
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Amith Abraham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
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Méndez-Líter JA, de Eugenio LI, Nieto-Domínguez M, Prieto A, Martínez MJ. Hemicellulases from Penicillium and Talaromyces for lignocellulosic biomass valorization: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 324:124623. [PMID: 33434871 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The term hemicellulose groups different polysaccharides with heterogeneous structures, mannans, xyloglucans, mixed-linkage β-glucans and xylans, which differ in their backbone and branches, and in the type and distribution of glycosidic linkages. The enzymatic degradation of these complex polymers requires the concerted action of multiple hemicellulases and auxiliary enzymes. Most commercial enzymes are produced by Trichoderma and Aspergillus species, but recent studies have disclosed Penicillium and Talaromyces as promising sources of hemicellulases. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the hemicellulolytic system of these genera, and the role of hemicellulases in the disruption and synthesis of glycosidic bonds. In both cases, the enzymes from Penicillium and Talaromyces represent an interesting alternative for valorization of lignocellulosic biomass in the current framework of circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Méndez-Líter
- Biotechnology for Lignocellulosic Biomass Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), c/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura I de Eugenio
- Biotechnology for Lignocellulosic Biomass Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), c/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Nieto-Domínguez
- Biotechnology for Lignocellulosic Biomass Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), c/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Prieto
- Biotechnology for Lignocellulosic Biomass Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), c/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Martínez
- Biotechnology for Lignocellulosic Biomass Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), c/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Xylanases of glycoside hydrolase family 30 - An overview. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 47:107704. [PMID: 33548454 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulose in nature and as such it is a huge source of renewable carbon. Its bioconversion requires a battery of xylanolytic enzymes. Of them the most important are the endo-β-1,4-xylanases which depolymerize the polysaccharide into smaller fragments. Most of the xylanases are members of glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 10 and 11, although they are classified in some other GH families. The relatively new xylanases of GH30 are of special interest. Initially, they appeared to be specific glucuronoxylanases, however, other specificities were found later among prokaryotic and in particular eukaryotic enzymes. This review gives an overview of the substrate and product specificities observed for the GH30 xylanases characterized to date. An emphasis is given to the structure-activity relationship in order to explain how minor differences in catalytic centre and its vicinity can alter catalytic properties from the endoxylanase into the reducing end xylose releasing exoxylanase or into the non-reducing end xylobiohydrolase. Biotechnological potential of the GH30 xylanases is also considered.
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Conversion of Wheat Bran to Xylanases and Dye Adsorbent by Streptomyces thermocarboxydus. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020287. [PMID: 33477336 PMCID: PMC7830096 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Agro-byproducts can be utilized as effective and low-cost nutrient sources for microbial fermentation to produce a variety of usable products. In this study, wheat bran powder (WBP) was found to be the most effective carbon source for xylanase production by Streptomyces thermocarboxydus TKU045. The optimal media for xylanase production was 2% (w/v) WBP, 1.50% (w/v) KNO3, 0.05% (w/v) MgSO4, and 0.10% (w/v) K2HPO4, and the optimal culture conditions were 50 mL (in a 250 mL-volume Erlenmeyer flask), initial pH 9.0, 37 °C, 125 rpm, and 48 h. Accordingly, the highest xylanase activity was 6.393 ± 0.130 U/mL, 6.9-fold higher than that from un-optimized conditions. S. thermocarboxydus TKU045 secreted at least four xylanases with the molecular weights of >180, 36, 29, and 27 kDa when cultured on the WBP-containing medium. The enzyme cocktail produced by S. thermocarboxydus TKU045 was optimally active over a broad range of temperature and pH (40–70 °C and pH 5–8, respectively) and could hydrolyze birchwood xylan to produce xylobiose as the major product. The obtained xylose oligosaccharide (XOS) were investigated for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and the growth effect of lactic acid bacteria. Finally, the solid waste from the WBP fermentation using S. thermocarboxydus TKU045 revealed the high adsorption of Congo red, Red 7, and Methyl blue. Thus, S. thermocarboxydus TKU045 could be a potential strain to utilize wheat bran to produce xylanases for XOS preparation and dye adsorbent.
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16
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Dar FM, Dar PM. Fungal Xylanases for Different Industrial Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85603-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Boonyapakron K, Chitnumsub P, Kanokratana P, Champreda V. Enhancement of catalytic performance of a metagenome-derived thermophilic oligosaccharide-specific xylanase by binding module removal and random mutagenesis. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 131:13-19. [PMID: 33067124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Xylo-oligosaccharide (XO) is a promising pre-biotic with applications in food, feed and healthcare products. XO can be produced by enzymatic digestion of xylan with xylanase. In this study, we aimed to improve the biochemical properties relevant to catalysis and kinetics of X11, a thermophilic glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 11 endo-β-1,4-xylanase derived from a metagenomic library isolated from sugarcane bagasse, under high-temperature conditions preferred for XO synthesis. Removal of a carbohydrate-binding module (X11C) resulted in 6.5 fold greater catalytic efficiency. X11C was further improved by a Pro71Thr mutation in the X11P variant obtained from a random mutagenesis library, which exhibited 15.9 fold greater catalytic efficiency compared with wild-type X11 under the enzyme's optimal conditions of 80°C and pH 6.0. Homology modeling suggested that the improved performance of X11P could be attributed to formation of an extra H-bond between Thr71 and Ser75, which stabilizes the key catalytic residue Glu180 at the active pocket and β-sheet layers and agrees with the respective increase in melting temperature (Tm) where X11P >X11C >X11 as determined by differential scanning fluorimetry. The X11P variant was tested for hydrolysis of beechwood xylan, which showed X6 as the major product followed by X3 and X4 XOs. The highest yield of 5.5 g total XOs product/mg enzyme was observed for X11P, equivalent to 3.7 fold higher than that of wild-type with XO production of >800 mg/g xylan. The X11P enzyme could be developed as a thermophilic biocatalyst for XO synthesis in biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katewadee Boonyapakron
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Penchit Chitnumsub
- Biomolecular Analysis and Application Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pattanop Kanokratana
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Verawat Champreda
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
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18
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Zarafeta D, Galanopoulou AP, Leni ME, Kaili SI, Chegkazi MS, Chrysina ED, Kolisis FN, Hatzinikolaou DG, Skretas G. XynDZ5: A New Thermostable GH10 Xylanase. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:545. [PMID: 32390953 PMCID: PMC7193231 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanolytic enzymes have a broad range of applications in industrial biotechnology as biocatalytic components of various processes and products, such as food additives, bakery products, coffee extraction, agricultural silage and functional foods. An increasing market demand has driven the growing interest for the discovery of xylanases with specific industrially relevant characteristics, such as stability at elevated temperatures and in the presence of other denaturing factors, which will facilitate their incorporation into industrial processes. In this work, we report the discovery and biochemical characterization of a new thermostable GH10 xylanase, termed XynDZ5, exhibiting only 26% amino acid sequence identity to the closest characterized xylanolytic enzyme. This new enzyme was discovered in an Icelandic hot spring enrichment culture of a Thermoanaerobacterium species using a recently developed bioinformatic analysis platform. XynDZ5 was produced recombinantly in Escherichia coli, purified and characterized biochemically. This analysis revealed that it acts as an endo-1,4-β-xylanase that performs optimally at 65–75°C and pH 7.5. The enzyme is capable of retaining high levels of catalytic efficiency after several hours of incubation at high temperatures, as well as in the presence of significant concentrations of a range of metal ions and denaturing agents. Interestingly, the XynDZ5 biochemical profile was found to be atypical, as it also exhibits significant exo-activity. Computational modeling of its three-dimensional structure predicted a (β/α)8 TIM barrel fold, which is very frequently encountered among family GH10 enzymes. This modeled structure has provided clues about structural features that may explain aspects of its catalytic performance. Our results suggest that XynDZ5 represents a promising new candidate biocatalyst appropriate for several high-temperature biotechnological applications in the pulp, paper, baking, animal-feed and biofuel industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Zarafeta
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia P Galanopoulou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece.,Department of Biology, Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Evangelia Leni
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula I Kaili
- Department of Biology, Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Magda S Chegkazi
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia D Chrysina
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Fragiskos N Kolisis
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris G Hatzinikolaou
- Department of Biology, Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Skretas
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
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Genome analysis of cellulose and hemicellulose degrading Micromonospora sp. CP22. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:160. [PMID: 32206494 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2148-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a bacterial strain CP22 with ability to produce cellulase, xylanase and mannanase was isolated from the oil palm compost. Based on the 16S rRNA gene analysis, the strain was affiliated to genus Micromonospora. To further investigate genes that are related to cellulose and hemicellulose degradation, the genome of strain CP22 was sequenced, annotated and analyzed. The de novo assembled genome of strain CP22 featured a size of 5,856,203 bp with G + C content of 70.84%. Detailed genome analysis on lignocellulose degradation revealed a total of 60 genes consisting of 47 glycoside hydrolase domains and 16 carbohydrate esterase domains predicted to be involved in cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic deconstruction. Particularly, 20 genes encode for cellulases (8 endoglucanases, 3 exoglucanases and 9 β-glucosidases) and 40 genes encode for hemicellulases (15 endo-1,4-β-xylanase, 3 β-xylosidase, 3 α-arabinofuranosidase, 10 acetyl xylan esterase, 6 polysaccharide deacetylase, 1 β-mannanase, 1 β-mannosidase and 1 α-galactosidase). Thirty-two genes encoding carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM) from six different families (CBM2, CBM4, CBM6, CBM9, CBM13 and CBM22) were present in the genome of strain CP22. These CBMs were found in 27 cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic genes, indicating their potential role in enhancing the substrate-binding capability of the enzymes. CBM2 and CBM13 are the major CBMs present in cellulases and hemicellulases (xylanases and mannanases), respectively. Moreover, a GH10 xylanase was found to contain 3 CBMs (1 CBM9 and 2 CBM22) and these CBMs were reported to bind specifically to xylan. This genome-based analysis could facilitate the exploration of this strain for lignocellulosic biomass degradation.
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20
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Enhanced stability of a rumen-derived xylanase using SpyTag/SpyCatcher cyclization. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:33. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-2809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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21
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Šuchová K, Puchart V, Spodsberg N, Mørkeberg Krogh KBR, Biely P. A novel GH30 xylobiohydrolase from Acremonium alcalophilum releasing xylobiose from the non-reducing end. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 134:109484. [PMID: 32044031 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Xylanases of the GH30 family are grouped to subfamilies GH30-7 and GH30-8. The GH30-8 members are of bacterial origin and well characterized, while the GH30-7 members are from fungal sources and their properties are quite diverse. Here, a heterologous expression and characterization of the GH30-7 xylanase AaXyn30A from a cellulolytic fungus Acremonium alcalophilum is reported. From various polymeric and oligomeric substrates AaXyn30A generates xylobiose as the main product. It was proven that xylobiose is released from the non-reducing end of all tested substrates, thus the enzyme behaves as a typical non-reducing-end acting xylobiohydrolase. AaXyn30A is active on different types of xylan, exhibiting the highest activity on rhodymenan (linear β-1,3-β-1,4-xylan) from which also an isomeric xylotriose Xyl-β-1,3-Xyl-β-1,4-Xyl is formed. Production of xylobiose from glucuronoxylan is at later stage accompanied by a release of aldouronic acids differing from those liberated by the bacterial GH30-8 glucuronoxylanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Šuchová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Vladimír Puchart
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | - Peter Biely
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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22
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Ullah S, Irfan M, Sajjad W, Rana QUA, Hasan F, Khan S, Badshah M, Ali Shah A. Production of an alkali-stable xylanase from Bacillus pumilus K22 and its application in tomato juice clarification. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2019.1674157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saif Ullah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Sajjad
- Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, CAS, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qurrat Ul Ain Rana
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fariha Hasan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Samiullah Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Malik Badshah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Ali Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Bhardwaj N, Kumar B, Verma P. A detailed overview of xylanases: an emerging biomolecule for current and future prospective. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-019-0276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Xylan is the second most abundant naturally occurring renewable polysaccharide available on earth. It is a complex heteropolysaccharide consisting of different monosaccharides such as l-arabinose, d-galactose, d-mannoses and organic acids such as acetic acid, ferulic acid, glucuronic acid interwoven together with help of glycosidic and ester bonds. The breakdown of xylan is restricted due to its heterogeneous nature and it can be overcome by xylanases which are capable of cleaving the heterogeneous β-1,4-glycoside linkage. Xylanases are abundantly present in nature (e.g., molluscs, insects and microorganisms) and several microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, yeast, and algae are used extensively for its production. Microbial xylanases show varying substrate specificities and biochemical properties which makes it suitable for various applications in industrial and biotechnological sectors. The suitability of xylanases for its application in food and feed, paper and pulp, textile, pharmaceuticals, and lignocellulosic biorefinery has led to an increase in demand of xylanases globally. The present review gives an insight of using microbial xylanases as an “Emerging Green Tool” along with its current status and future prospective.
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Sista Kameshwar AK, Qin W. Systematic review of publicly available non-Dikarya fungal proteomes for understanding their plant biomass-degrading and bioremediation potentials. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-019-0264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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25
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Parageobacillus thermantarcticus, an Antarctic Cell Factory: From Crop Residue Valorization by Green Chemistry to Astrobiology Studies. DIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/d11080128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of Antarctic habitat biodiversity, both marine and terrestrial, has increased considerably in recent years, causing considerable development in the studies of life science related to Antarctica. In the Austral summer 1986–1987, a new thermophilic bacterium, Parageobacillus thermantarcticus strain M1 was isolated from geothermal soil of the crater of Mount Melbourne (74°22′ S, 164°40′ E) during the Italian Antarctic Expedition. In addition to the biotechnological potential due to the production of exopolysaccharides and thermostable enzymes, successful studies have demonstrated its use in the green chemistry for the transformation and valorization of residual biomass and its employment as a suitable microbial model for astrobiology studies. The recent acquisition of its genome sequence opens up new opportunities for the use of this versatile bacterium in still unexplored biotechnology sectors.
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Ellilä S, Bromann P, Nyyssönen M, Itävaara M, Koivula A, Paulin L, Kruus K. Cloning of novel bacterial xylanases from lignocellulose-enriched compost metagenomic libraries. AMB Express 2019; 9:124. [PMID: 31385056 PMCID: PMC6682842 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanases are in important class of industrial enzymes that are essential for the complete hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars. In the present study, we report the cloning of novel xylanases with interesting properties from compost metagenomics libraries. Controlled composting of lignocellulosic materials was used to enrich the microbial population in lignocellulolytic organisms. DNA extracted from the compost samples was used to construct metagenomics libraries, which were screened for xylanase activity. In total, 40 clones exhibiting xylanase activity were identified and the thermostability of the discovered xylanases was assayed directly from the library clones. Five genes, including one belonging to the more rare family GH8, were selected for subcloning and the enzymes were expressed in recombinant form in E. coli. Preliminary characterization of the metagenome-derived xylanases revealed interesting properties of the novel enzymes, such as high thermostability and specific activity, and differences in hydrolysis profiles. One enzyme was found to perform better than a standard Trichoderma reesei xylanase in the hydrolysis of lignocellulose at elevated temperatures.
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27
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Mafei TDT, Neto FSPP, Peixoto G, de Baptista Neto Á, Monti R, Masarin F. Extraction and Characterization of Hemicellulose from Eucalyptus By-product: Assessment of Enzymatic Hydrolysis to Produce Xylooligosaccharides. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 190:197-217. [PMID: 31325025 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Eucalyptus wood is the primary source of fibers to produce paper and cellulose in South American countries. The major by-product generated in the cellulose industry is sawdust derived from chip wood production, which is designated as Eucalyptus by-product (EB). The xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are xylose-based oligomers with proven effects over maintenance and stimulation of beneficial human gut bacteria. This study reported the EB extraction and characterization along with an assessment of hemicellulose hydrolysis using commercial xylanases to produce XOS. Hemicellulose derived from extracted and NaClO2 pretreated (HEEBPT) presented xylan content of 55%, which was similar to 58.5% found in commercial Birchwood hemicellulose (CBH). The enzymatic hydrolysis of HEEBPT and CBH presented 30% as maximum conversion of xylan into XOS without significant difference among the enzymatic extracts evaluated. The XOS production from EB was proven as a technically feasible alternative to recover a value-added product from hemicellulosic fraction generated in the cellulose industry. However, lignin removal with NaClO2 from EB affects the feasibility of an industrial process because they generate toxic compounds in the pretreatment step. Thus, further studies with alternative reagents, such as ionic liquids, are required to asses selectively lignin removal from EB. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamyres Del Torto Mafei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Flávia Sanchez Penalva Pinto Neto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Peixoto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Álvaro de Baptista Neto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Rubens Monti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), Department of Food and Nutrition, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Fernando Masarin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil.
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Xiang L, Lu Y, Wang H, Wang M, Zhang G. Improving the specific activity and pH stability of xylanase XynHBN188A by directed evolution. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-019-0262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Mode of Action of GH30-7 Reducing-End Xylose-Releasing Exoxylanase A (Xyn30A) from the Filamentous Fungus Talaromyces cellulolyticus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00552-19. [PMID: 31003983 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00552-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterized the mode of action of reducing-end xylose-releasing exoxylanase (Rex), which belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 30-7 (GH30-7). GH30-7 Rex, isolated from the cellulolytic fungus Talaromyces cellulolyticus (Xyn30A), exists as a dimer. The purified Xyn30A released xylose from linear xylooligosaccharides (XOSs) 3 to 6 xylose units in length with similar kinetic constants. Hydrolysis of branched, borohydride-reduced, and p-nitrophenyl XOSs clarified that Xyn30A possesses a Rex activity. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) analysis of xylotriose hydrolysate indicated that Xyn30A degraded XOSs via a retaining mechanism and without recognizing an anomeric structure at the reducing end. Hydrolysis of xylan by Xyn30A revealed that the enzyme continuously liberated both xylose and two types of acidic XOSs: 22-(4-O-methyl-α-d-glucuronyl)-xylotriose (MeGlcA2Xyl3) and 22-(MeGlcA)-xylobiose (MeGlcA2Xyl2). These acidic products were also detected during hydrolysis using a mixture of MeGlcA2Xyl n (n = 2 to 14) as the substrate. This indicates that Xyn30A can release MeGlcA2Xyl n (n = 2 and 3) in an exo manner. Comparison of subsites in Xyn30A and GH30-7 glucuronoxylanase using homology modeling suggested that the binding of the reducing-end residue at subsite +2 was partially prevented by a Gln residue conserved in GH30-7 Rex; additionally, the Arg residue at subsite -2b, which is conserved in glucuronoxylanase, was not found in Xyn30A. Our results lead us to propose that GH30-7 Rex plays a complementary role in hydrolysis of xylan by fungal cellulolytic systems.IMPORTANCE Endo- and exo-type xylanases depolymerize xylan and play crucial roles in the assimilation of xylan in bacteria and fungi. Exoxylanases release xylose from the reducing or nonreducing ends of xylooligosaccharides; this is generated by the activity of endoxylanases. β-Xylosidase, which hydrolyzes xylose residues on the nonreducing end of a substrate, is well studied. However, the function of reducing-end xylose-releasing exoxylanases (Rex), especially in fungal cellulolytic systems, remains unclear. This study revealed the mode of xylan hydrolysis by Rex from the cellulolytic fungus Talaromyces cellulolyticus (Xyn30A), which belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 30-7 (GH30-7). A conserved residue related to Rex activity is found in the substrate-binding site of Xyn30A. These findings will enhance our understanding of the function of GH30-7 Rex in the cooperative hydrolysis of xylan by fungal enzymes.
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Ouephanit C, Boonvitthya N, Theerachat M, Bozonnet S, Chulalaksananukul W. Efficient expression and secretion of endo-1,4-β-xylanase from Penicillium citrinum in non-conventional yeast Yarrowia lipolytica directed by the native and the preproLIP2 signal peptides. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 160:1-6. [PMID: 30923012 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are the most common industrial xylanase producers. In this study, the xynA gene encoding xylanase A of Penicilium citrinum was successfully synthesized and expressed in Yarrowia lipolytica under the control of the strong constitutive TEF promoter. Native and preproLIP2 secretion signals were used for comparison of the expression and secretion level. The recombinant xylanase was produced as a soluble protein, and the total activity production reached 11 and 52 times higher than the level of activity produced by the fungus P. citrinum native strain, respectively. Maximum activity was observed with the preproLIP2 secretion signal at 180 U/mL. Post translational glycosylation affected the molecular mass of the recombinant xylanase, resulting in an apparent molecular weight larger than 60 kDa, whereas after deglycosylation, the recombinant XynA displayed a molecular mass of 20 kDa. The deglycosylated xylanase was purified by ion exchange chromatography and reached 185-fold of purification. The enzyme was optimally active at 55 °C and pH 5 and stable over a broad pH range (3-9). It retained more than 80% of the original activity after 24 h. It conserved around 80% of the original activity after pre-incubation at 40 °C for 6 h. With birchwood xylan as substrate, the enzyme showed a Km of 5.2 mg/mL, and kcat of 245 per s. The high level of secretion and the stability over a wide range of pH and at moderate temperatures of the re-XynA could be useful for variety of biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanika Ouephanit
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Biofuels by Biocatalysts Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Monnat Theerachat
- Biofuels by Biocatalysts Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sophie Bozonnet
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, 31077, France
| | - Warawut Chulalaksananukul
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Biofuels by Biocatalysts Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Sun XB, Cao JW, Wang JK, Lin HZ, Gao DY, Qian GY, Park YD, Chen ZF, Wang Q. SpyTag/SpyCatcher molecular cyclization confers protein stability and resilience to aggregation. N Biotechnol 2019; 49:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Diversity and Biotechnological Potential of Xylan-Degrading Microorganisms from Orange Juice Processing Waste. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The orange juice processing sector produces worldwide massive amounts of waste, which is characterized by high lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose content, and which exceeds 40% of the fruit’s dry weight (d.w.). In this work, the diversity and the biotechnological potential of xylan-degrading microbiota in orange juice processing waste were investigated through the implementation of an enrichment isolation strategy followed by enzyme assays for the determination of xylanolytic activities, and via next generation sequencing for microbial diversity identification. Intracellular rather than extracellular endo-1,4-β-xylanase activities were detected, indicating that peripheral cell-bound (surface) xylanases are involved in xylan hydrolysis by the examined microbial strains. Among the isolated microbial strains, bacterial isolates belonging to Pseudomonas psychrotolerans/P. oryzihabitans spectrum (99.9%/99.8% similarity, respectively) exhibited activities of 280 U/mg protein. In contrast, almost all microbial strains isolated exerted low extracellular 1,4-β-xylosidase activities (<5 U/mg protein), whereas no intracellular 1,4-β-xylosidase activities were detected for any of them. Illumina data showed the dominance of lactic and acetic acid bacteria and of the yeasts Hanseniaspora and Zygosaccharomyces. This is the first report on indigenous xylanolytic microbiota isolated from orange juice processing waste, possessing the biotechnological potential to serve as biocatalysts for citrus biomass valorization through the production of high-added value products and energy recovery.
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Raveendran S, Parameswaran B, Ummalyma SB, Abraham A, Mathew AK, Madhavan A, Rebello S, Pandey A. Applications of Microbial Enzymes in Food Industry. Food Technol Biotechnol 2018; 56:16-30. [PMID: 29795993 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.56.01.18.5491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of enzymes or microorganisms in food preparations is an age-old process. With the advancement of technology, novel enzymes with wide range of applications and specificity have been developed and new application areas are still being explored. Microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast and fungi and their enzymes are widely used in several food preparations for improving the taste and texture and they offer huge economic benefits to industries. Microbial enzymes are the preferred source to plants or animals due to several advantages such as easy, cost-effective and consistent production. The present review discusses the recent advancement in enzyme technology for food industries. A comprehensive list of enzymes used in food processing, the microbial source of these enzymes and the wide range of their application are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Raveendran
- Centre for Biofuels, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, 695019 Trivandrum, India
| | - Binod Parameswaran
- Centre for Biofuels, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, 695019 Trivandrum, India
| | - Sabeela Beevi Ummalyma
- Centre for Biofuels, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, 695019 Trivandrum, India.,Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, 795001 Imphal, India
| | - Amith Abraham
- Centre for Biofuels, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, 695019 Trivandrum, India
| | - Anil Kuruvilla Mathew
- Centre for Biofuels, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, 695019 Trivandrum, India
| | | | - Sharrel Rebello
- Communicable Disease Research Laboratory, St. Joseph's College, 680121 Irinjalakuda, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 226001 Lucknow, India
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Microbial xylanases and their industrial application in pulp and paper biobleaching: a review. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:11. [PMID: 28391477 PMCID: PMC5385172 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanases are hydrolytic enzymes which cleave the β-1, 4 backbone of the complex plant cell wall polysaccharide xylan. Xylan is the major hemicellulosic constituent found in soft and hard food. It is the next most abundant renewable polysaccharide after cellulose. Xylanases and associated debranching enzymes produced by a variety of microorganisms including bacteria, actinomycetes, yeast and fungi bring hydrolysis of hemicelluloses. Despite thorough knowledge of microbial xylanolytic systems, further studies are required to achieve a complete understanding of the mechanism of xylan degradation by xylanases produced by microorganisms and their promising use in pulp biobleaching. Cellulase-free xylanases are important in pulp biobleaching as alternatives to the use of toxic chlorinated compounds because of the environmental hazards and diseases caused by the release of the adsorbable organic halogens. In this review, we have focused on the studies of structural composition of xylan in plants, their classification, sources of xylanases, extremophilic xylanases, modes of fermentation for the production of xylanases, factors affecting xylanase production, statistical approaches such as Plackett Burman, Response Surface Methodology to enhance xylanase production, purification, characterization, molecular cloning and expression. Besides this, review has focused on the microbial enzyme complex involved in the complete breakdown of xylan and the studies on xylanase regulation and their potential industrial applications with special reference to pulp biobleaching, which is directly related to increasing pulp brightness and reduction in environmental pollution.
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Gifre L, Arís A, Bach À, Garcia-Fruitós E. Trends in recombinant protein use in animal production. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:40. [PMID: 28259156 PMCID: PMC5336677 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant technologies have made possible the production of a broad catalogue of proteins of interest, including those used for animal production. The most widely studied proteins for the animal sector are those with an important role in reproduction, feed efficiency, and health. Nowadays, mammalian cells and fungi are the preferred choice for recombinant production of hormones for reproductive purposes and fibrolytic enzymes to enhance animal performance, respectively. However, the development of low-cost products is a priority, particularly in livestock. The study of cell factories such as yeast and bacteria has notably increased in the last decades to make the new developed reproductive hormones and fibrolytic enzymes a real alternative to the marketed ones. Important efforts have also been invested to developing new recombinant strategies for prevention and therapy, including passive immunization and modulation of the immune system. This offers the possibility to reduce the use of antibiotics by controlling physiological processes and improve the efficacy of preventing infections. Thus, nowadays different recombinant fibrolytic enzymes, hormones, and therapeutic molecules with optimized properties have been successfully produced through cost-effective processes using microbial cell factories. However, despite the important achievements for reducing protein production expenses, alternative strategies to further reduce these costs are still required. In this context, it is necessary to make a giant leap towards the use of novel strategies, such as nanotechnology, that combined with recombinant technology would make recombinant molecules affordable for animal industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Gifre
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Anna Arís
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Àlex Bach
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
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Cano-Ramírez C, Santiago-Hernández A, Rivera-Orduña FN, Pineda-Mendoza RM, Zúñiga G, Hidalgo-Lara ME. One-step zymogram method for the simultaneous detection of cellulase/xylanase activity and molecular weight estimation of the enzyme. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:447-451. [PMID: 27873329 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe a zymographic method for the simultaneous detection of enzymatic activity and molecular weight (MW) estimation, following a single electrophoresis step. This involved separating cellulase and xylanase activities from bacteria and fungi, obtained from different sources, such as commercial extracts, crude extract and purified proteins, under denaturing conditions, by 10% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, using polyacrylamide gels copolymerized with 1% (w/v) carboxymethylcellulose or beechwood xylan as substrates. Then, enzymes were refolded by treatment with 2.5% Triton X-100 in an appropriate buffer for each enzymatic activity, and visualized by Coomassie blue staining for MW estimation. Finally, Congo red staining revealed bio-active cellulase and xylanase bands after electrophoretic separation of the proteins in the preparations. This method may provide a useful additional tool for screening of particular cellulase and xylanase producers, identification and MW estimation of polypeptides that manifest these activities, and for monitoring and control of fungal and bacterial cellulase and xylanase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cano-Ramírez
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, México D.F., México
| | | | - Flor Nohemí Rivera-Orduña
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, México D.F., México
| | | | - Gerardo Zúñiga
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, México D.F., México
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Novel Trifunctional Xylanolytic Enzyme Axy43A from Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus Strain B-6 Exhibiting Endo-Xylanase, β-d-Xylosidase, and Arabinoxylan Arabinofuranohydrolase Activities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:6942-6951. [PMID: 27663030 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02256-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The axy43A gene encoding the intracellular trifunctional xylanolytic enzyme from Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus B-6 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli Recombinant PcAxy43A consisting of a glycoside hydrolase family 43 and a family 6 carbohydrate-binding module exhibited endo-xylanase, β-xylosidase, and arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase activities. PcAxy43A hydrolyzed xylohexaose and birch wood xylan to release a series of xylooligosaccharides, indicating that PcAxy43A contained endo-xylanase activity. PcAxy43A exhibited β-xylosidase activity toward a chromogenic substrate, p-nitrophenyl-β-d-xylopyranoside, and xylobiose, while it preferred to hydrolyze long-chain xylooligosaccharides rather than xylobiose. In addition, surprisingly, PcAxy43A showed arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase activity; that is, it released arabinose from both singly and doubly arabinosylated xylose, α-l-Araf-(1→2)-d-Xylp or α-l-Araf-(1→3)-d-Xylp and α-l-Araf-(1→2)-[α-l-Araf-(1→3)]-β-d-Xylp Moreover, the combination of PcAxy43A and P. curdlanolyticus B-6 endo-xylanase Xyn10C greatly improved the efficiency of xylose and arabinose production from the highly substituted rye arabinoxylan, suggesting that these two enzymes function synergistically to depolymerize arabinoxylan. Therefore, PcAxy43A has the potential for the saccharification of arabinoxylan into simple sugars for many applications. IMPORTANCE In this study, the glycoside hydrolase 43 (GH43) intracellular multifunctional endo-xylanase, β-xylosidase, and arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase (AXH) from P. curdlanolyticus B-6 were characterized. Interestingly, PcAxy43A AXH showed a new property that acted on both the C(O)-2 and C(O)-3 positions of xylose residues doubly substituted with arabinosyl, which usually obstruct the action of xylanolytic enzymes. Furthermore, the studies here show interesting properties for the processing of xylans from cereal grains, particularly rye arabinoxylan, and show a novel relationship between PcAxy43A and endo-xylanase Xyn10C from strain B-6, providing novel metabolic potential for processing arabinoxylans into xylose and arabinose.
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Towards enzymatic breakdown of complex plant xylan structures: State of the art. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:1260-1274. [PMID: 27620948 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress over the past few years has been achieved in the enzymology of microbial degradation and saccharification of plant xylan, after cellulose being the most abundant natural renewable polysaccharide. Several new types of xylan depolymerizing and debranching enzymes have been described in microorganisms. Despite the increasing variety of known glycoside hydrolases and carbohydrate esterases, some xylan structures still appear quite recalcitrant. This review focuses on the mode of action of different types of depolymerizing endoxylanases and their cooperation with β-xylosidase and accessory enzymes in breakdown of complex highly branched xylan structures. Emphasis is placed on the enzymatic hydrolysis of alkali-extracted deesterified polysaccharide as well as acetylated xylan isolated from plant cell walls under non-alkaline conditions. It is also shown how the combination of selected endoxylanases and debranching enzymes can determine the nature of prebiotic xylooligosaccharides or lead to complete hydrolysis of the polysaccharide. The article also highlights the possibility for discovery of novel xylanolytic enzymes, construction of multifunctional chimeric enzymes and xylanosomes in parallel with increasing knowledge on the fine structure of the polysaccharide.
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The Glycoside Hydrolase Family 8 Reducing-End Xylose-Releasing Exo-oligoxylanase Rex8A from Paenibacillus barcinonensis BP-23 Is Active on Branched Xylooligosaccharides. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5116-24. [PMID: 27316951 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01329-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A GH8 family enzyme involved in xylan depolymerization has been characterized. The enzyme, Rex8A, is a reducing-end xylose-releasing exo-oligoxylanase (Rex) that efficiently hydrolyzes xylooligosaccharides and shows minor activity on polymeric xylan. Rex8A hydrolyzes xylooligomers of 3 to 6 xylose units to xylose and xylobiose in long-term incubations. Kinetic constants of Rex8A were determined on xylotriose, showing a Km of 1.64 ± 0.03 mM and a kcat value of 118.8 s(-1) Besides linear xylooligosaccharides, the enzyme hydrolyzed decorated xylooligomers. The catalytic activity on branched xylooligosaccharides, i.e., the release of xylose from the reducing end, is a newly described trait of xylose-releasing exo-oligoxylanases, as the exo-activity on these substrates has not been reported for the few of these enzymes characterized to date. Modeling of the three-dimensional (3D) structure of Rex8A shows an (α/α)6 barrel fold where the loops connecting the α-helices contour the active site. These loops, which show high sequence diversity among GH8 enzymes, shape a catalytic cleft with a -2 subsite that can accommodate methyl-glucuronic acid decorations. The hydrolytic ability of Rex8A on branched oligomers can be crucial for the complete depolymerization of highly substituted xylans, which is indispensable to accomplish biomass deconstruction and to generate efficient catalysts. IMPORTANCE A GH8 family enzyme involved in xylan depolymerization has been characterized. The Rex8A enzyme from Paenibacillus barcinonensis is involved in depolymerization of glucuronoxylan, a major component of the lignocellulosic substrates. The study shows that Rex8A is a reducing-end xylose-releasing exo-oligoxylanase that efficiently hydrolyzes xylose from neutral and acidic xylooligosaccharides generated by the action of other xylanases also secreted by the strain. The activity of a Rex enzyme on branched xylooligosaccharides has not been described to date. This report provides original and useful information on the properties of a new example of the rarely studied Rex enzymes. Depolymerization of highly substituted xylans is crucial for biomass valorization as a platform for generation of biofuels, chemicals, and solvents.
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Production and Partial Characterization of an Alkaline Xylanase from a Novel Fungus Cladosporium oxysporum. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4575024. [PMID: 27213150 PMCID: PMC4861788 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4575024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new fungus Cladosporium oxysporum GQ-3 producing extracellular xylanase was isolated from decaying agricultural waste and identified based on the morphology and comparison of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA gene sequence. C. oxysporum produced maximum xylanase activity of 55.92 U/mL with wheat bran as a substrate and NH4Cl as a nitrogen source. Mg2+ improved C. oxysporum xylanase production. Partially purified xylanase exhibited maximum activity at 50°C and pH 8.0, respectively, and showed the stable activity after 2-h treatment in pH 7.0–8.5 or below 55°C. Mg2+ enhanced the xylanase activity by 2% while Cu2+ had the highest inhibition ratio of 57.9%. Furthermore, C. oxysporum xylanase was resistant to most of tested neutral and alkaline proteases. Our findings indicated that Cladosporium oxysporum GQ-3 was a novel xylanase producer, which could be used in the textile processes or paper/feed industries.
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Yan Y, Basu A, Li T, He J. Direct conversion of xylan to butanol by a wild-typeClostridiumspecies strain G117. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:1702-10. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; National University of Singapore; Block E2-02-13, 1 Engineering Drive 3 117576 Singapore
| | - Anindya Basu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; National University of Singapore; Block E2-02-13, 1 Engineering Drive 3 117576 Singapore
| | - Tinggang Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; National University of Singapore; Block E2-02-13, 1 Engineering Drive 3 117576 Singapore
| | - Jianzhong He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; National University of Singapore; Block E2-02-13, 1 Engineering Drive 3 117576 Singapore
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Kurata A, Hirose Y, Misawa N, Wakazuki S, Kishimoto N, Kobayashi T. Complete genome sequence of the xylan-degrading subseafloor bacterium Microcella alkaliphila JAM-AC0309. J Biotechnol 2016; 221:32-3. [PMID: 26808869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the complete genome sequence of Microcella alkaliphila JAM-AC0309, which was newly isolated from the deep subseafloor core sediment from offshore of the Shimokita Peninsula of Japan. An array of genes related to utilization of xylan in this bacterium was identified by whole genome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kurata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara City, Nara 631-8505, Japan.
| | - Yuu Hirose
- Electronics Inspired-Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan; Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Naomi Misawa
- Electronics Inspired-Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Sachiko Wakazuki
- Electronics Inspired-Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kishimoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara City, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Tohru Kobayashi
- R&D Center for Marine Biosciences, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
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Mert MJ, la Grange DC, Rose SH, van Zyl WH. Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to utilize xylan as a sole carbohydrate source by co-expression of an endoxylanase, xylosidase and a bacterial xylose isomerase. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 43:431-40. [PMID: 26749525 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Xylan represents a major component of lignocellulosic biomass, and its utilization by Saccharomyces cerevisiae is crucial for the cost effective production of ethanol from plant biomass. A recombinant xylan-degrading and xylose-assimilating Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain was engineered by co-expression of the xylanase (xyn2) of Trichoderma reesei, the xylosidase (xlnD) of Aspergillus niger, the Scheffersomyces stipitis xylulose kinase (xyl3) together with the codon-optimized xylose isomerase (xylA) from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Under aerobic conditions, the recombinant strain displayed a complete respiratory mode, resulting in higher yeast biomass production and consequently higher enzyme production during growth on xylose as carbohydrate source. Under oxygen limitation, the strain produced ethanol from xylose at a maximum theoretical yield of ~90 %. This study is one of only a few that demonstrates the construction of a S. cerevisiae strain capable of growth on xylan as sole carbohydrate source by means of recombinant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlin John Mert
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Daniël Coenrad la Grange
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
| | - Shaunita Hellouise Rose
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Willem Heber van Zyl
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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Research Progress Concerning Fungal and Bacterial β-Xylosidases. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 178:766-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1908-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Liu Y, Rainey PB, Zhang XX. Molecular mechanisms of xylose utilization by Pseudomonas fluorescens: overlapping genetic responses to xylose, xylulose, ribose and mannitol. Mol Microbiol 2015; 98:553-70. [PMID: 26194109 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial degradation of xylose is sequentially mediated by two enzymes - an isomerase (XutA) and a xylulokinase (XutB) - with xylulose as an intermediate. Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25, though capable of growth on xylose as a sole carbon source, encodes only one degradative enzyme XutA at the xylose utilization (xut) locus. Here, using site-directed mutagenesis and transcriptional assays, we have identified two functional xylulokinase-encoding genes (xutB1 and xutB2) and further show that expression of xutB1 is specifically induced by xylose. Surprisingly, xylose-induced xutB1 expression is mediated by the mannitol-responsive regulator MtlR, using xylulose rather than xylose as the direct inducer. In contrast, expression of the xutA operon is regulated by XutR - a transcriptional activator of the AraC family - in a xylose-, xylulose- and ribose-dependent manner. Detailed genetic and biochemical analyses of XutR, including DNase I footprinting assays, suggest an unconventional model of XutR regulation that does not involve DNA-looping, a mechanism typically found for AraC-type regulators from enteric bacteria. XutR functions as a dimer and recognizes two inverted repeat sequences, but binding to one half site is weak thus requiring an inducer molecule such as xylose for activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Liu
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand.,NZ Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand
| | - Paul B Rainey
- NZ Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand.,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, 24306, Germany
| | - Xue-Xian Zhang
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand
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Huang X, Li Z, Du C, Wang J, Li S. Improved Expression and Characterization of a Multidomain Xylanase from Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense SCUT27 in Bacillus subtilis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6430-9. [PMID: 26132889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A xylanase gene was cloned and characterized from Thermoanerobacterium aotearoense SCUT27, which was attested to consist of a signal peptide, one glycoside hydrolase family 10 domain, four carbohydrate binding modules, and three surface layer homology domains. The change of expression host from Escherichia coli to Bacillus subtilis resulted in a 4.1-fold increase of specific activity for the truncated XynAΔSLH. Five different versions of secretion signals in B. subtilis indicated that it was preferably routed via a Sec-dependent pathway. Purified XynAΔSLH showed a high activity of 379.8 U/mg on beechwood xylan. XynAΔSLH was optimally active at 80 °C, pH 6.5. Thin layer chromatography results showed that xylobiose and the presumed methylglucuronoxylotriose (MeGlcAXyl3) were the main products liberated from beechwood xylan catalyzed by the recombinant xylanase. All of the results suggest that XynAΔSLH is a suitable candidate for generating xylooligosaccharides from cellulosic materials for industrial uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongliang Huang
- †Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Li
- †Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenyu Du
- §School of Applied Sciences, The University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Jufang Wang
- †Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Li
- †Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Novel pH-Stable Glycoside Hydrolase Family 3 β-Xylosidase from Talaromyces amestolkiae: an Enzyme Displaying Regioselective Transxylosylation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6380-92. [PMID: 26150469 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01744-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports on a novel β-xylosidase from the hemicellulolytic fungus Talaromyces amestolkiae. The expression of this enzyme, called BxTW1, could be induced by beechwood xylan and was purified as a glycoprotein from culture supernatants. We characterized the gene encoding this enzyme as an intronless gene belonging to the glycoside hydrolase gene family 3 (GH3). BxTW1 exhibited transxylosylation activity in a regioselective way. This feature would allow the synthesis of oligosaccharides or other compounds not available from natural sources, such as alkyl glycosides displaying antimicrobial or surfactant properties. Regioselective transxylosylation, an uncommon combination, makes the synthesis reproducible, which is desirable for its potential industrial application. BxTW1 showed high pH stability and Cu(2+) tolerance. The enzyme displayed a pI of 7.6, a molecular mass around 200 kDa in its active dimeric form, and Km and Vmax values of 0.17 mM and 52.0 U/mg, respectively, using commercial p-nitrophenyl-β-d-xylopyranoside as the substrate. The catalytic efficiencies for the hydrolysis of xylooligosaccharides were remarkably high, making it suitable for different applications in food and bioenergy industries.
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Purification strategies and properties of a low-molecular weight xylanase and its application in agricultural waste biomass hydrolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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