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Rudewicz-Kowalczyk D, Grabowska I. Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of LDL and MDA-LDL Using Antibody-Ferrocene or Anthraquinone Conjugates Coated Magnetic Beads. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24066005. [PMID: 36983078 PMCID: PMC10056855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24066005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The simultaneous detection of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACSVD) biomarkers was recently of great scientific interest. In this work, magnetic beads-based immunosensors for the simultaneous detection of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and malondialdehyde-modified low density lipoprotein (MDA-LDL) were presented. The approach proposed was based on the formation of two types of specific immunoconjugates consisting of monoclonal antibodies: anti-LDL or anti-MDA-LDL, together with redox active molecules: ferrocene and anthraquinone, respectively, coated on magnetic beads (MBs). The decrease in redox agent current in the concentration range: 0.001-1.0 ng/mL for LDL and 0.01-10.0 ng/mL for MDA-LDL, registered by square wave voltammetry (SWV), was observed upon the creation of complex between LDL or MDA-LDL and appropriate immunoconjugates. The detection limits of 0.2 ng/mL for LDL and 0.1 ng/mL for MDA-LDL were estimated. Moreover, the results of selectivity against the possible interferents were good, as human serum albumin (HSA) and high density lipoprotein (HDL), stability and recovery studies demonstrated the potential of platform proposed for early prognosis and diagnosis of ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Rudewicz-Kowalczyk
- Institute of Animal Reproduction of Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Iwona Grabowska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction of Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
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Jamshidi M, Walcarius A, Thangamuthu M, Mehrgardi M, Ranjbar A. Electrochemical approaches based on micro- and nanomaterials for diagnosing oxidative stress. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:117. [PMID: 36879086 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05681-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
This review article comprehensively discusses the various electrochemical approaches for measuring and detecting oxidative stress biomarkers and enzymes, particularly reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, highly reactive chemical molecules, which are the byproducts of normal aerobic metabolism and can oxidize cellular components such as DNA, lipids, and proteins. First, we address the latest research on the electrochemical determination of reactive oxygen species generating enzymes, followed by detection of oxidative stress biomarkers, and final determination of total antioxidant activity (endogenous and exogenous). Most electrochemical sensing platforms exploited the unique properties of micro- and nanomaterials such as carbon nanomaterials, metal or metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), conductive polymers and metal-nano compounds, which have been mainly used for enhancing the electrocatalytic response of sensors/biosensors. The performance of the electroanalytical devices commonly measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in terms of detection limit, sensitivity, and linear range of detection is also discussed. This article provides a comprehensive review of electrode fabrication, characterization and evaluation of their performances, which are assisting to design and manufacture an appropriate electrochemical (bio)sensor for medical and clinical applications. The key points such as accessibility, affordability, rapidity, low cost, and high sensitivity of the electrochemical sensing devices are also highlighted for the diagnosis of oxidative stress. Overall, this review brings a timely discussion on past and current approaches for developing electrochemical sensors and biosensors mainly based on micro and nanomaterials for the diagnosis of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Jamshidi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alain Walcarius
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Microbiology for Materials and the Environment, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, Nancy, France
| | - Madasamy Thangamuthu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Masoud Mehrgardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Akram Ranjbar
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. .,Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Antibody–Ferrocene Conjugates as a Platform for Electro-Chemical Detection of Low-Density Lipoprotein. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175492. [PMID: 36080260 PMCID: PMC9458124 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a cardiac biomarker identified in the pathology of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Typically, the level of LDL is calculated using the Friedewald relationship based on measured values of total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and triglycerides. Unfortunately, this approach leads to some errors in calculation. Therefore, direct methods that can be used for fast and accurate detection of LDL are needed. The purpose of this study was to develop an electrochemical platform for the detection of LDL based on an antibody–ferrocene conjugate. An anti-apolipoprotein B-100 antibody labeled with ferrocene was covalently immobilized on the layer of 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) on the surface of gold electrodes. Upon interaction between LDL and the antibody–ferrocene conjugate, a decrease in the ferrocene redox signal registered by square wave voltammetry was observed, which depends linearly on the concentration from 0.01 ng/mL to 1.0 ng/mL. The obtained limit of detection was equal to 0.53 ng/mL. Moreover, the satisfied selectivity toward human serum albumin (HSA), HDL, and malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein (MDA-LDL) was observed. In addition, the acceptable recovery rates of LDL in human serum samples indicate the possible application of immunosensors presented in clinical diagnostics.
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Detection and Real-Time Monitoring of LDL-Cholesterol by Redox-Free Impedimetric Biosensors. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Rudewicz-Kowalczyk D, Grabowska I. Detection of Low Density Lipoprotein-Comparison of Electrochemical Immuno- and Aptasensor. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21227733. [PMID: 34833808 PMCID: PMC8620298 DOI: 10.3390/s21227733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An elevated level of low density lipoprotein (LDL) can lead to the cardiovascular system-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis and others. Therefore, fast, simple, and accurate methods for LDL detection are very desirable. In this work, the parameters characterizing the electrochemical immuno-and aptasensor for detection of LDL have been compared for the first time. An immunosensor has been designed, for which the anti-apolipoprotein B-100 antibody was covalently attached to 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) on the surface of the gold electrode. In the case of an aptasensor, the gold electrode was modified in a mixture of ssDNA aptamer specific for LDL modified with –SH group and 6-mercaptohexanol. Square-wave voltammetry has been used for detection of LDL in PBS containing redox active marker, [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−. Our results show the linear dependence of [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− redox signal changes on LDL concentration for both biosensors, in the range from 0.01 ng/mL to 1.0 ng/mL. The limit of detection was 0.31 and 0.25 ng/mL, for immuno- and aptasensor, respectively. Whereas slightly better selectivity toward human serum albumin (HSA), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and malondialdehyde modified low density lipoprotein (MDA-LDL) has been observed for aptasensor. Moreover, the other components of human blood serum samples did not influence aptasensor sensitivity.
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Wang J, Wang Q, Zhong Y, Wu D, Gan N. A sandwich-type aptasensor for point-of-care measurements of low-density lipoprotein in plasma based on aptamer-modified MOF and magnetic silica composite probes. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Mi S, Xia J, Xu Y, Du Z, Sun W. An integrated microchannel biosensor platform to analyse low density lactate metabolism in HepG2 cells in vitro. RSC Adv 2019; 9:9006-9013. [PMID: 35517697 PMCID: PMC9062021 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00694j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed an electrochemical microchannel biosensor platform to analyse lactate metabolism in cells. This biosensor platform was fabricated by photolithography, thin-film deposition and microfluidic technology. A kind of functional biomaterial was prepared by mixing lactate oxidase, single-walled carbon nanotubes and chitosan, and platinum as working and blank electrodes of the biosensor was modified by a thin Prussian blue layer. The lactate biosensor was obtained by dropping functional biomaterials on the electrode. The results demonstrated that the sensitivity of the electrochemical biosensor was up to 567 nA mM−1 mm−2 and the limit of detection was 4.5 μM (vs. Ag/AgCl as the counter/reference electrode). The biosensor used to quantitatively detect metabolic lactate concentrations in HepG2 cells cultured with cancer drugs showed high sensitivity, selectivity and stability, and has potential applications in organ-on-a-chip and tissue engineering technologies, which typically involve low concentrations of metabolites. In this study, we developed an electrochemical microchannel biosensor platform to analyse lactate metabolism in cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Mi
- Graduate School at Shenzhen
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen 51805
- P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics
| | - Jingjing Xia
- Graduate School at Shenzhen
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen 51805
- P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Graduate School at Shenzhen
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen 51805
- P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics
| | - Zhichang Du
- Graduate School at Shenzhen
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen 51805
- P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics
| | - Wei Sun
- Graduate School at Shenzhen
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen 51805
- P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics
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Lu S, Yu T, Wang Y, Liang L, Chen Y, Xu F, Wang S. Nanomaterial-based biosensors for measurement of lipids and lipoproteins towards point-of-care of cardiovascular disease. Analyst 2018; 142:3309-3321. [PMID: 28828428 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00847c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become the primary cause of global deaths and inflicts an enormous healthcare burden on both developed and developing countries. Frequent monitoring of CVD-associated risk factors such as the level of lipids (e.g., triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC)) and lipoproteins (e.g., low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)) can effectively help prevent disease progression and improve clinical outcomes. However, measurement of these risk factors is generally integrated into an automated analyzer, which is prohibitively expensive and highly instrument-dependent for routine testing in primary care settings. As such, a variety of rapid, simple and portable nanomaterial-based biosensors have been developed for measuring the level of lipids (TG and TC) and lipoproteins (LDL and HDL) towards the management of CVD at the point-of-care (POC). In this review, we first summarize traditional methods for measurement of lipids and lipoproteins, and then present the latest advances in developing nanomaterial-based biosensors that can potentially monitor the risk factors of CVD at the POC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siming Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310003, China.
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Farzin L, Shamsipur M, Samandari L, Sheibani S. Recent advances in designing nanomaterial based biointerfaces for electrochemical biosensing cardiovascular biomarkers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:344-376. [PMID: 30205301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is critically important for successful treatment and recovery of patients. At present, detection of CVD at early stages of its progression becomes a major issue for world health. The nanoscale electrochemical biosensors exhibit diverse outstanding properties, rendering them extremely suitable for the determination of CVD biomarkers at very low concentrations in biological fluids. The unique advantages offered by electrochemical biosensors in terms of sensitivity and stability imparted by nanostructuring the electrode surface together with high affinity and selectivity of bioreceptors have led to the development of new electrochemical biosensing strategies that have introduced as interesting alternatives to conventional methodologies for clinical diagnostics of CVD. This review provides an updated overview of selected examples during the period 2005-2018 involving electrochemical biosensing approaches and signal amplification strategies based on nanomaterials, which have been applied for determination of CVD biomarkers. The studied CVD biomarkers include AXL receptor tyrosine kinase, apolipoproteins, cholesterol, C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, fibrinogen (Fib), glucose, insulin, interleukins, lipoproteins, myoglobin, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and troponins (Tns) on electrochemical transduction format. Identification of new specific CVD biomarkers, multiplex bioassay for the simultaneous determination of biomarkers, emergence of microfluidic biosensors, real-time analysis of biomarkers and point of care validation with high sensitivity and selectivity are the major challenges for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Farzin
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, 11365-3486, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Shamsipur
- Department of Chemistry, Razi University, 67149-67346, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Leila Samandari
- Department of Chemistry, Razi University, 67149-67346, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shahab Sheibani
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, 11365-3486, Tehran, Iran
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Su Y, Hu Y, Wang Y, Xu X, Yuan Y, Li Y, Wang Z, Chen K, Zhang F, Ding X, Li M, Zhou J, Liu Y, Wang W. A precision-guided MWNT mediated reawakening the sunk synergy in RAS for anti-angiogenesis lung cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2017; 139:75-90. [PMID: 28595131 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) with its versatility has exhibited tremendous superiority in drug delivery. Despite plenty of researches on MWNT based delivery systems, precision-guided assistances to maximize their profitable properties are still lacking in substantive progress. We developed here a dual-targeting and co-delivery system based on MWNT for antiangiogenesis therapy in lung cancer which aimed at renin-angiotensin system (RAS) dysregulation by synergistically conducting angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and type 2 receptor (AT2R) pathway. In this work, iRGD peptide connected to polyethyleneimine (PEI) was linked to MWNT skeleton, accompanying with candesartan (CD) conjugated to MWNT mediated by cystamine (SS). The functionalized MWNT is assembled with plasmid AT2 (pAT2) to form iRGD-PEI-MWNT-SS-CD/pAT2 complexes. iRGD and CD act as pilots for complexes to dually target symbolic ανβ3-integrin and AT1R both overexpressed on tumor angiogenic endothelium and lung cancer cell. CD as chemotherapy showed synergistic downregulation of VEGF when combining of pAT2 and efficiently inhibited angiogenesis. iRGD-PEI-MWNT-SS-CD/pAT2 complexes greatly appreciated drug activities by changing drug distribution and exhibited remarkable tumor growth suppression in A549 xenograft nude mice. Our work presents that such dual-targeting strategy highly improves the delivery performance of MWNT and open a new avenue for RAS related lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Su
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yahui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiangting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Zeyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Kerong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fangrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xuefang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Kaur G, Tomar M, Gupta V. Nanostructured NiO-based reagentless biosensor for total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:1995-2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Tran TB, Son SJ, Min J. Nanomaterials in label-free impedimetric biosensor: Current process and future perspectives. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-016-0408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Realization of a label-free electrochemical immunosensor for detection of low density lipoprotein using NiO thin film. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 80:294-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ali MA, Srivastava S, Agrawal VV, Willander M, John R, Malhotra BD. A biofunctionalized quantum dot–nickel oxide nanorod based smart platform for lipid detection. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:2706-2714. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02578h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A label-free and sensitive immunosensor has been fabricated using an antibody conjugated CdS–NiO nanocomposite for detection of lipids in serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Azahar Ali
- Department of Science and Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi 110012
- India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Science and Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi 110012
- India
| | - Ved V. Agrawal
- Department of Science and Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi 110012
- India
| | - Magnus Willander
- Department of Science & Technology
- Division of Physics & Electronics Linkoping University
- Sweden
| | - Renu John
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - Bansi D. Malhotra
- Department of Biotechnology
- Delhi Technological University
- Shahbad Daulatpur
- Delhi 110042
- India
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