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Eras-Muñoz E, Wongsirichot P, Ingham B, Winterburn J, Gea T, Font X. Screening of alternative nitrogen sources for sophorolipid production through submerged fermentation using Starmerella bombicola. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 186:23-34. [PMID: 38851034 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
To explore a sustainable sophorolipid production, several hydrolysates from agricultural byproducts, such as wheat feed, rapeseed meal, coconut waste and palm waste were used as nitrogen sources. The four hydrolysates overperformed the controls after 168 h of fermentation using Starmerella bombicola ATCC 22214. Wheat feed and coconut waste hydrolysates were the most promising feedstocks presenting a linear relationship between yeast growth and diacetylated lactonic C18:1 production at total nitrogen concentrations below 1.5 g/L (R2 = 0.90 and 0.83, respectively). At 0.31 g/L total nitrogen, wheat feed hydrolysate achieved the highest production, yielding 72.20 ± 1.53 g/L of sophorolipid crude extract and 60.05 ± 0.56 g/L of diacetylated lactonic C18:1 at shake flask scale with productivities of 0.43 and 0.36 g/L/h, respectively. Results were confirmed in a 2-L bioreactor increasing 15 % diacetylated lactonic C18:1 production. Moreover, wheat feed hydrolysate supplemented only with a hydrophobic carbon source was able to produce mainly diacetylated lactonic C18:1 congener (88.5 % wt.), suggesting that the composition of the hydrolysate significantly influences the congeners profile. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into agricultural byproduct hydrolysates as potential nitrogen feedstocks for sophorolipid production and their further application on industrial biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Eras-Muñoz
- Composting Research Group (GICOM), Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Phavit Wongsirichot
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Ingham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - James Winterburn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Gea
- Composting Research Group (GICOM), Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Font
- Composting Research Group (GICOM), Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Hari A, Doddapaneni TRKC, Kikas T. Common operational issues and possible solutions for sustainable biosurfactant production from lignocellulosic feedstock. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118665. [PMID: 38493851 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Surfactants are compounds with high surface activity and emulsifying property. These compounds find application in food, medical, pharmaceutical, and petroleum industries, as well as in agriculture, bioremediation, cleaning, cosmetics, and personal care product formulations. Due to their widespread use and environmental persistence, ensuring biodegradability and sustainability is necessary so as not to harm the environment. Biosurfactants, i.e., surfactants of plant or microbial origin produced from lignocellulosic feedstock, perform better than their petrochemically derived counterparts on the scale of net-carbon-negativity. Although many biosurfactants are commercially available, their high cost of production justifies their application only in expensive pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Besides, the annual number of new biosurfactant compounds reported is less, compared to that of chemical surfactants. Multiple operational issues persist in the biosurfactant value chain. In this review, we have categorized some of these issues based on their relative position in the value chain - hurdles occurring during planning, upstream processes, production stage, and downstream processes - alongside plausible solutions. Moreover, we have presented the available paths forward for this industry in terms of process development and integrated pretreatment, combining conventional tried-and-tested strategies, such as reactor designing and statistical optimization with cutting-edge technologies including metabolic modeling and artificial intelligence. The development of techno-economically feasible biosurfactant production processes would be instrumental in the complete substitution of petrochemical surfactants, rather than mere supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Hari
- Chair of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56, Tartu, 51014, Estonia.
| | - Tharaka Rama Krishna C Doddapaneni
- Chair of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Timo Kikas
- Chair of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
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3
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Vučurović D, Bajić B, Trivunović Z, Dodić J, Zeljko M, Jevtić-Mučibabić R, Dodić S. Biotechnological Utilization of Agro-Industrial Residues and By-Products-Sustainable Production of Biosurfactants. Foods 2024; 13:711. [PMID: 38472824 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The importance and interest in the efficient use and valorization of agro-industrial residues and by-products have grown due to environmental problems associated with improper disposal. Biotechnological production processes, including microbial biosurfactant production, represent a sustainable way to utilize agro-industrial residues and by-products, which are applied as substrates in these processes. Biosurfactants produced by microorganisms using renewable resources are a viable alternative to traditional petrochemical surfactants and have several potential uses in a wide range of industrial sectors due to their minimal ecotoxicity, easy biodegradability, and moderate production conditions. The common applications of biosurfactants, besides in food industry as food additives and preservatives, are in agriculture, environmental protection, the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry, wastewater treatment, the petroleum industry, etc. This review aims to summarize the comprehensive scientific research related to the use of various agro-industrial residues and by-products in the microbial production of biosurfactants, as well as to emphasize the present state and the importance of their sustainable production. Additionally, based on the available biosurfactant market analysis datasets and research studies, the current situation in science and industry and the future perspectives of microbial biosurfactant production have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damjan Vučurović
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bojana Bajić
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Zorana Trivunović
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Dodić
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marko Zeljko
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Rada Jevtić-Mučibabić
- Institute for Food Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Siniša Dodić
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Mohy Eldin A, Hossam N. Microbial surfactants: characteristics, production and broader application prospects in environment and industry. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 53:1013-1042. [PMID: 37651735 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2175364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Microbial surfactants are green molecules with high surface activities having the most promising advantages over chemical surfactants including their ability to efficiently reducing surface and interfacial tension, nontoxic emulsion-based formulations, biocompatibility, biodegradability, simplicity of preparation from low cost materials such as residual by-products and renewable resources at large scales, effectiveness and stabilization under extreme conditions and broad spectrum antagonism of pathogens to be part of the biocontrol strategy. Thus, biosurfactants are universal tools of great current interest. The present work describes the major types and microbial origin of surfactants and their production optimization from agro-industrial wastes in the batch shake-flasks and bioreactor systems through solid-state and submerged fermentation industries. Various downstream strategies that had been developed to extract and purify biosurfactants are discussed. Further, the physicochemical properties and functional characteristics of biosurfactants open new future prospects for the development of efficient and eco-friendly commercially successful biotechnological product compounds with diverse potential applications in environment, industry, biomedicine, nanotechnology and energy-saving technology as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mohy Eldin
- Department of Microbiology, Soils, Water and Environmental Research Institute (SWERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
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5
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Vanmarcke G, Demeke MM, Foulquié-Moreno MR, Thevelein JM. Identification of the major fermentation inhibitors of recombinant 2G yeasts in diverse lignocellulose hydrolysates. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:92. [PMID: 33836811 PMCID: PMC8034183 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01935-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presence of inhibitory chemicals in lignocellulose hydrolysates is a major hurdle for production of second-generation bioethanol. Especially cheaper pre-treatment methods that ensure an economical viable production process generate high levels of these inhibitory chemicals. The effect of several of these inhibitors has been extensively studied with non-xylose-fermenting laboratory strains, in synthetic media, and usually as single inhibitors, or with inhibitor concentrations much higher than those found in lignocellulose hydrolysates. However, the relevance of individual inhibitors in inhibitor-rich lignocellulose hydrolysates has remained unclear. RESULTS The relative importance for inhibition of ethanol fermentation by two industrial second-generation yeast strains in five lignocellulose hydrolysates, from bagasse, corn cobs and spruce, has now been investigated by spiking higher concentrations of each compound in a concentration range relevant for industrial hydrolysates. The strongest inhibition was observed with industrially relevant concentrations of furfural causing partial inhibition of both D-glucose and D-xylose consumption. Addition of 3 or 6 g/L furfural strongly reduced the ethanol titer obtained with strain MD4 in all hydrolysates evaluated, in a range of 34 to 51% and of 77 to 86%, respectively. This was followed by 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, acetic acid and formic acid, for which in general, industrially relevant concentrations caused partial inhibition of D-xylose fermentation. On the other hand, spiking with levulinic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid or vanillin caused little inhibition compared to unspiked hydrolysate. The further evolved MD4 strain generally showed superior performance compared to the previously developed strain GSE16-T18. CONCLUSION The results highlight the importance of individual inhibitor evaluation in a medium containing a genuine mix of inhibitors as well as the ethanol that is produced by the fermentation. They also highlight the potential of increasing yeast inhibitor tolerance for improving industrial process economics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Vanmarcke
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Mekonnen M Demeke
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Maria R Foulquié-Moreno
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Johan M Thevelein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium.
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001, Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium.
- NovelYeast bv, Open Bio-Incubator, Erasmus High School, Laarbeeklaan 121, Jette, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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Li Y, Chen Y, Tian X, Chu J. Advances in sophorolipid-producing strain performance improvement and fermentation optimization technology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10325-10337. [PMID: 33097965 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10964-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sophorolipids (SLs), currently one of the most promising biosurfactants, are secondary metabolites produced by many non-pathogenic yeasts, among which Candida bombicola ATCC 22214 is the main sophorolipid-producing strain. SLs have gained much attention since they exhibit anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and other beneficial biological activities. In addition, as biosurfactants, SLs have a low toxicity level and are easily degradable without polluting the environment. However, the production cost of SLs remains high, which hinders the industrialization process of SL production. This paper describes SL structure and the metabolic pathway of SL synthesis firstly. Furthermore, we analyze factors that contribute to the higher production cost of SLs and summarize current research status on the advancement of SL production based on two aspects: (1) the improvement of strain performance and (2) the optimization of fermentation process. Further prospects of lowering the cost of SL production are also discussed in order to achieve larger-scale SL production with a high yield at a low cost. KEY POINTS: • Review of advances in strain performance improvement and fermentation optimization. • High-throughput screening and metabolic engineering for high-performance strains. • Low-cost substrates and semi-continuous strategies for efficient SL production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 329, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 329, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 329, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 329, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Sophorolipid Production Using Lignocellulosic Biomass by Co-culture of Several Recombinant Strains of Starmerella bombicola with Different Heterologous Cellulase Genes from Penicillum oxalicum. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 193:377-388. [PMID: 33006017 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03433-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the reasons hindering large-scale application of sophorolipids (SLs) is high production cost. In this study, six recombinant strains of Starmerella bombicola, sbEG1, sbEG2, sbCBH1, sbCBH1-2, sbBGL1, and sbCBH2 expressing cellulase genes eg1, eg2, cbh, cbh1-2, bgl1, and cbh2 from Penicillium oxalicum were respectively constructed. Four strains showed cellulase activities and were co-cultivated in fermentation media containing 2% glucose, 1% Regenerated Amorphous Cellulose (RAC), 2% glucose, and 1% RAC, respectively. After 7 days' cultivation, concentration of SLs in medium with 1% RAC (g/L) reached 1.879 g/L. When 2% glucose and 1% of RAC were both contained, the titer of SLs increased by 39.5% than that of control strain and increased by 68.8% than that in the medium with only 2% glucose. Results demonstrated that cellulase genes from filamentous fungi in S. bombicola can function to degrade lignocellulosic cellulose to produce SLs.
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Panjiar N, Mattam AJ, Jose S, Gandham S, Velankar HR. Valorization of xylose-rich hydrolysate from rice straw, an agroresidue, through biosurfactant production by the soil bacterium Serratia nematodiphila. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:138933. [PMID: 32371209 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biosurfactants, amphiphilic compounds that reduce interfacial tension in oil-aqueous mixtures, are used in the petroleum, pharmaceutical, food, and agriculture industries. Fermentative production of biosurfactants requires expensive sugar or lipid substrates. Lignocellulosic biomass is a relatively cheap and abundant agricultural residue that can be used as an alternative substrate. Currently, several million tonnes of rice and wheat straw are generated globally as agricultural residues, most of which is disposed by open-field burning thereby leading to severe environmental pollution. This study aimed to produce biosurfactants in xylose-rich hydrolysates generated from rice straw. The hydrolysate is also a byproduct of 2G biofuel processes that often goes underutilized. A soil bacterium capable of growing and producing biosurfactants in rice straw hydrolysates, which typically contain growth-inhibitory compounds such as furfural and hydroxymethyl furfural, was isolated. Interestingly, the organism, identified as Serratia nematodiphila, exhibited higher glycolipid formation (4.5 ± 0.6 gL-1) in xylose-rich hydrolysate than in glucose-rich enzymatic hydrolysate (3.1 ± 0.2 gL-1) despite the higher bacterial cell density observed with the latter. The biosurfactants were thermostable and possessed promising emulsifying property and anti-microbial activity against bacteria and yeast. Further optimization of C:N resulted in a 2.8-fold increase in glycolipid production from xylose-rich hydrolysates. This study demonstrates the production of glycolipid biosurfactants from lignocellulosic biomass, a low-cost substrate and offers a plausible strategy for the management of these residues. Further, it also provides insights into the generation of additional high-value compounds in a bioethanol biorefinery to improve its commercial feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Panjiar
- Hindustan Petroleum Green R&D Centre, KIADB Industrial Area, Tarabanahalli, Devanagonthi, Hoskote, Bengaluru 560067, India
| | - Anu Jose Mattam
- Hindustan Petroleum Green R&D Centre, KIADB Industrial Area, Tarabanahalli, Devanagonthi, Hoskote, Bengaluru 560067, India
| | - Steffi Jose
- Hindustan Petroleum Green R&D Centre, KIADB Industrial Area, Tarabanahalli, Devanagonthi, Hoskote, Bengaluru 560067, India
| | - Sriganesh Gandham
- Hindustan Petroleum Green R&D Centre, KIADB Industrial Area, Tarabanahalli, Devanagonthi, Hoskote, Bengaluru 560067, India
| | - Harshad Ravindra Velankar
- Hindustan Petroleum Green R&D Centre, KIADB Industrial Area, Tarabanahalli, Devanagonthi, Hoskote, Bengaluru 560067, India.
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Ma X, Meng L, Zhang H, Zhou L, Yue J, Zhu H, Yao R. Sophorolipid biosynthesis and production from diverse hydrophilic and hydrophobic carbon substrates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:77-100. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10247-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Domínguez Rivera Á, Martínez Urbina MÁ, López Y López VE. Advances on research in the use of agro-industrial waste in biosurfactant production. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:155. [PMID: 31576428 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2729-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Biosurfactants are amphiphilic molecules produced by a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungi. Unlike chemically synthesized surfactants, biosurfactants present advantages, such as biodegradability, low toxicity, high selectivity and activity under extreme temperature, pH and salinity conditions, as well as a low critical micelle concentration. Moreover, they can be produced from agro-industrial waste and renewable sources. Their structural diversity and functional properties mean that they have potential applications in various industrial processes as wetting agents, dispersants, emulsifiers, foaming agents, food additives and detergents, as well as in the field of environmental biotechnology. However, opportunities for their commercialization have been limited due to the low yields obtained in the fermentation processes involved in their production as well as the use of refined raw materials, which means higher cost in production. In an attempt to solve these limitations on the commercialization of biosurfactants, various research groups have focused on testing the use of inexpensive alternative sources, such as agro-industrial waste, as substrates for the production of different biosurfactants. In addition to enabling the economical production of biosurfactants, the use of such waste aims to reduce the accumulation of compounds that cause environmental damage. This review shows advances in biosurfactant production carried out using different waste materials or by-products from agro-industrial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángeles Domínguez Rivera
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Sta. Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, México
| | | | - Víctor Eric López Y López
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Sta. Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, México.
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Characterisation and Application Studies of Sophorolipid Biosurfactant by Candida tropicalis RA1. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.3.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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13
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Tan YN, Li Q. Microbial production of rhamnolipids using sugars as carbon sources. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:89. [PMID: 29884194 PMCID: PMC5994124 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0938-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhamnolipids are a class of biosurfactants with effective surface-active properties. The high cost of microbial production of rhamnolipids largely affects their commercial applications. To reduce the production post, research has been carried out in screening more powerful strains, engineering microbes with higher biosurfactant yields and exploring cheaper substrates to reduce the production cost. Extensive refining is required for biosurfactant production using oils and oil-containing wastes, necessitating the use of complex and expensive biosurfactant recovery methods such as extraction with solvents or acid precipitation. As raw materials normally can account for 10-30% of the overall production cost, sugars have been proven to be an alternative carbon source for microbial production of rhamnolipids due to its lower costs and straightforward processing techniques. Studies have thus been focused on using tropical agroindustrial crop residues as renewable substrates. Herein, we reviewed studies that are using sugar-containing substrates as carbon sources for producing rhamnolipids. We speculate that sugars derived from agricultural wastes rich in cellulose and sugar-containing wastes are potential carbon sources in fermentation while challenges still remain in large scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Nian Tan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459 Singapore
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 1 Pesek Road, Singapore, Jurong Island 627833 Singapore
| | - Qingxin Li
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 1 Pesek Road, Singapore, Jurong Island 627833 Singapore
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Nurfarahin AH, Mohamed MS, Phang LY. Culture Medium Development for Microbial-Derived Surfactants Production-An Overview. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051049. [PMID: 29723959 PMCID: PMC6099601 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactants are compounds that can reduce the surface tension between two different phases or the interfacial tension of the liquid between water and oil, possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties. Biosurfactants have traits that have proven to be advantageous over synthetic surfactants, but these compounds do not compete economically with synthetic surfactants. Different alternatives increase the yield of biosurfactants; development of an economical production process and the usage of cheaper substrates during process have been employed. One of the solutions relies on the suitable formulation of a production medium by including alternative raw materials sourced from agro-wastes, hydrocarbons, or by-products of a process might help in boosting the biosurfactant production. Since the nutritional factors required will be different among microorganisms, the establishment of a suitable formulation for biosurfactant production will be challenging. The present review describes various nutrients and elements considered in the formulation of a production medium with an approach focusing on the macronutrient (carbon, nitrogen source, and C/N ratio), minerals, vitamins, metabolic regulators, and salinity levels which may aid in the study of biosurfactant production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hamid Nurfarahin
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400 UPM, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Shamzi Mohamed
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400 UPM, Malaysia.
- Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400 UPM, Malaysia.
| | - Lai Yee Phang
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400 UPM, Malaysia.
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Gonçalves C, Wisecaver JH, Kominek J, Oom MS, Leandro MJ, Shen XX, Opulente DA, Zhou X, Peris D, Kurtzman CP, Hittinger CT, Rokas A, Gonçalves P. Evidence for loss and reacquisition of alcoholic fermentation in a fructophilic yeast lineage. eLife 2018; 7:33034. [PMID: 29648535 PMCID: PMC5897096 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructophily is a rare trait that consists of the preference for fructose over other carbon sources. Here, we show that in a yeast lineage (the Wickerhamiella/Starmerella, W/S clade) comprised of fructophilic species thriving in the high-sugar floral niche, the acquisition of fructophily is concurrent with a wider remodeling of central carbon metabolism. Coupling comparative genomics with biochemical and genetic approaches, we gathered ample evidence for the loss of alcoholic fermentation in an ancestor of the W/S clade and subsequent reinstatement through either horizontal acquisition of homologous bacterial genes or modification of a pre-existing yeast gene. An enzyme required for sucrose assimilation was also acquired from bacteria, suggesting that the genetic novelties identified in the W/S clade may be related to adaptation to the high-sugar environment. This work shows how even central carbon metabolism can be remodeled by a surge of HGT events. Cells build their components, such as the molecular machinery that helps them obtain energy from their environment, by following the instructions contained in genes. This genetic information is usually transferred from parents to offspring. Over the course of several generations, genes can accumulate small changes and the molecules they code for can acquire new roles: yet, this process is normally slow. However, certain organisms can also obtain completely new genes by ‘stealing’ them from other species. For example, yeasts, such as the ones used to make bread and beer, can take genes from nearby bacteria. This ‘horizontal gene transfer’ helps organisms to rapidly gain new characteristics, which is particularly useful if the environment changes quickly. One way that yeasts get the energy they need is by breaking down sugars through a process called alcoholic fermentation. To do this, most yeast species prefer to use a sugar called glucose, but a small group of ‘fructophilic’ species instead favors a type of sugar known as fructose. Scientists do not know exactly how fructophilic yeasts came to be, but there is some evidence horizontal gene transfers may have been involved in the process. Now, Gonçalves et al. have compared the genetic material of fructophilic yeasts with that of other groups of yeasts . Comparing genetic material helps scientists identify similarities and differences between species, and gives clues about why specific genetic features first evolved. The experiments show that, early in their history, fructophilic yeasts lost the genes that allowed them to do alcoholic fermentation, probably since they could obtain energy in a different way. However, at a later point in time, these yeasts had to adapt to survive in flower nectar, an environment rich in sugar. They then favored fructose as their source of energy, possibly because this sugar can compensate more effectively for the absence of alcoholic fermentation. Later, the yeasts acquired a gene from nearby bacteria, which allowed them to do alcoholic fermentation again: this improved their ability to use the other sugars present in flower nectars. When obtaining energy, yeasts and other organisms produce substances that are relevant to industry. Studying natural processes of evolution can help scientists understand how organisms can change the way they get their energy and adapt to new challenges. In turn, this helps to engineer yeasts into ‘cell factories’ that produce valuable chemicals in environmentally friendly and cost-effective ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Gonçalves
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jennifer H Wisecaver
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
| | - Jacek Kominek
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Madalena Salema Oom
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria José Leandro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal.,LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, Unidade de Bioenergia (UB), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Xing-Xing Shen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Dana A Opulente
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David Peris
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Department of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cletus P Kurtzman
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, United States
| | - Chris Todd Hittinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Antonis Rokas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Paula Gonçalves
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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16
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Teixeira Souza KS, Gudiña EJ, Schwan RF, Rodrigues LR, Dias DR, Teixeira JA. Improvement of biosurfactant production by Wickerhamomyces anomalus CCMA 0358 and its potential application in bioremediation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 346:152-158. [PMID: 29268161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, biosurfactant production by Wickerhamomyces anomalus CCMA 0358 was increased through the development of an optimized culture medium using response surface methodology. The optimized culture medium contained yeast extract (4.64 g/L), ammonium sulfate (4.22 g/L), glucose (1.39 g/L) and olive oil (10 g/L). Biosurfactant production using this medium was validated both in flasks and bioreactor, and the surface tension was reduced from 49.0 mN/m up to 31.4 mN/m and 29.3 mN/m, respectively. In both cases, the highest biosurfactant production was achieved after 24 h of growth. W. anomalus CCMA 0358 demonstrated to be a fast biosurfactant producer (24 h) as compared to other yeast strains previously reported (144-240 h). The produced biosurfactant remained stable at high temperature (121 °C), NaCl concentrations as high as 300 g/L, and pH values between 6 and 12. The crude biosurfactant allowed the recovery of 20% of crude oil from contaminated sand, being a promising candidate for application in bioremediation or in the petroleum industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla S Teixeira Souza
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Campus Universitário, 37.200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo J Gudiña
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Rosane F Schwan
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Campus Universitário, 37.200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Lígia R Rodrigues
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Disney R Dias
- Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Campus Universitário, 37.200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - José A Teixeira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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17
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Sun M, Ye M, Jiao W, Feng Y, Yu P, Liu M, Jiao J, He X, Liu K, Zhao Y, Wu J, Jiang X, Hu F. Changes in tetracycline partitioning and bacteria/phage-comediated ARGs in microplastic-contaminated greenhouse soil facilitated by sophorolipid. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 345:131-139. [PMID: 29175125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The emerging mixed contamination of antibiotics and microplastics in greenhouse soil has made the control of antibiotic resistant gene (ARG) transmission a novel challenge. In this work, surfactant sophorolipid was applied to enhance the dissipation of tetracycline (TC) and tet genes in the presence of microplastics in greenhouse soil. During 49days of incubation, soil bacteria and phages were both found to be the crucial reservoirs of ARGs. Meanwhile, microplastic's presence significantly inhibited the dissipation of TC and ARGs in the soil. However, sophorolipid application was proved to outweigh the negative impact caused by microplastic existence, and lead to the highest dissipation of soil TC and ARGs. Significant positive correlation was detected between the dissipation rate of water-soluble and exchangeable TC content and bacteria/phage co-mediated ARG levels. This also held true between the two fractions of soil TC and the ratio of ARG level in the bacteria to that in the phages (BARGs/PARGs). The opposite impacts of microplastic presence and sophorolipid amendment on the TC/ARG dissipation found in this work provides new information for understanding ARG transmission between bacteria and phages in the mixed contaminated greenhouse soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Sun
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Mao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Wentao Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yanfang Feng
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Pingfeng Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States
| | - Manqiang Liu
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiaguo Jiao
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaojia He
- The Administrative Center for China's Agenda 21, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Kuan Liu
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Zhao
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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18
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Sen S, Borah SN, Bora A, Deka S. Production, characterization, and antifungal activity of a biosurfactant produced by Rhodotorula babjevae YS3. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:95. [PMID: 28558761 PMCID: PMC5450096 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sophorolipids are one of the most promising glycolipid biosurfactants and have been successfully employed in bioremediation and various other industrial sectors. They have also been described to exhibit antimicrobial activity against different bacterial species. Nevertheless, previous literature pertaining to the antifungal activity of sophorolipids are limited indicating the need for further research to explore novel strains with wide antimicrobial activity. A novel yeast strain, Rhodotorula babjevae YS3, was recently isolated from an agricultural field in Assam, Northeast India. This study was primarily emphasized at the characterization and subsequent evaluation of antifungal activity of the sophorolipid biosurfactant produced by R. babjevae YS3. Results The growth kinetics and biosurfactant production by R. babjevae YS3 was evaluated by cultivation in Bushnell-Haas medium containing glucose (10% w/v) as the sole carbon source. A reduction in the surface tension of the culture medium from 70 to 32.6 mN/m was observed after 24 h. The yield of crude biosurfactant was recorded to be 19.0 g/l which might further increase after optimization of the growth parameters. The biosurfactant was characterized to be a heterogeneous sophorolipid (SL) with both lactonic and acidic forms after TLC, FTIR and LC–MS analyses. The SL exhibited excellent oil spreading and emulsifying activity against crude oil at 38.46 mm2 and 100% respectively. The CMC was observed to be 130 mg/l. The stability of the SL was evaluated over a wide range of pH (2–10), salinity (2–10% NaCl) and temperature (at 120 °C for time intervals of 30 up to 120 min). The SL was found to retain surface-active properties under the extreme conditions. Additionally, the SL exhibited promising antifungal activity against a considerably broad group of pathogenic fungi viz. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium verticilliodes, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi, Corynespora cassiicola, and Trichophyton rubrum. Conclusions The study reports, for the first time, the biosurfactant producing ability of R. babjevae, a relatively lesser studied yeast. The persistent surface active properties of the sophorolipid in extreme conditions advocates its applicability in diverse environmental and industrial sectors. Further, antifungal activities against plant and human pathogens opens up possibilities for development of efficient and eco-friendly antifungal agents with agricultural and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suparna Sen
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology(IASST), Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
| | - Siddhartha Narayan Borah
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology(IASST), Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
| | - Arijit Bora
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Institute of Science and Technology, Gauhati University, Jalukbari, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Suresh Deka
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology(IASST), Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India.
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19
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Sweet sorghum bagasse and corn stover serving as substrates for producing sophorolipids. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 44:353-362. [PMID: 28032228 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1891-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To make the process of producing sophorolipids by Candida bombicola truly sustainable, we investigated production of these biosurfactants on biomass hydrolysates. This study revealed: (1) yield of sophorolipds on bagasse hydrolysate decreased from 0.56 to 0.54 and to 0.37 g/g carbon source when yellow grease was dosed at 10, 40 and 60 g/L, respectively. In the same order, concentration of sophorolipids was 35.9, 41.9, and 39.3 g/L; (2) under similar conditions, sophorolipid yield was 0.12, 0.05 and 0.04 g/g carbon source when corn stover hydrolysate was mixed with soybean oil at 10, 20 and 40 g/L. Sophorolipid concentration was 11.6, 4.9, and 3.9 g/L for the three oil doses from low to high; and (3) when corn stover hydrolysate and yellow grease served as the substrates for cultivating the yeast in a fermentor, sophorolipid concentration reached 52.1 g/L. Upon further optimization, sophorolipids production from ligocellulose will be indeed sustainable.
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Liu XG, Ma XJ, Yao RS, Pan CY, He HB. Sophorolipids production from rice straw via SO3 micro-thermal explosion by Wickerhamiella domercqiae var. sophorolipid CGMCC 1576. AMB Express 2016; 6:60. [PMID: 27568226 PMCID: PMC5002273 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel lignocellulose material, holocellulose from rice straw via the pretreatment of SO3 micro-thermal explosion, was developed to produce sophorolipids (SLs) with Wickerhamiella domercqiae var. sophorolipid CGMCC 1576. The influence factors of inoculum dose, yeast extract concentration and pH regulators (chemical regents used for adjusting/influencing pH) was investigated and discussed. Results showed that W. domercqiae can grow in the rice straw holocellulose hydrolysate, and acquire relative high SL yield of 53.70 ± 2.61 g/L in shake flask culture. Inoculum dose, yeast extract concentration and pH regulator made obvious influence on fermentation parameters, especially on final broth pH and SLs production. Furthermore, there is a strong negative linear correlation existing between final broth pH and lactonic SL or ratio of lac SL/tot SL. Additionally, comparison between SL production and non-glucose carbon sources, culture methods, microbes in previous reports was carried out. These results will be benefit for acquiring SL mixture with suitable lac SL/tot SL ratio for specific purpose and scope economically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-ge Liu
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009 Anhui China
| | - Xiao-jing Ma
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009 Anhui China
| | - Ri-sheng Yao
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009 Anhui China
| | - Chun-yu Pan
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009 Anhui China
| | - Hua-bing He
- Anhui BBCA Chemical Equipment Co. LTD, Bengbu, 233010 China
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