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Yupanqui-Mendoza SL, Sánchez-Moncada BJ, Las-Casas B, Castro-Alvarado ÁP. Simple one-step treatment for saccharification of mango peels using an optimized enzyme cocktail of Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1151-1166. [PMID: 38472698 PMCID: PMC11153387 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing efficient microbiological methods to convert polysaccharide-rich materials into fermentable sugars, particularly monosaccharides, is vital for advancing the bioeconomy and producing renewable chemicals and energy sources. This study focused on optimizing the production conditions of an enzyme cocktail from Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642 using solid-state fermentation (SSF) and assessing its effectiveness in saccharifying mango peels through a simple, rapid, and efficient one-step process. A rotatable central composite design was employed to determine optimal conditions of moisture, time, and pH for enzyme production in SSF medium. The optimized enzyme cocktail exhibited cellulase activity (CMCase) at 6.28 U/g, filter paper activity (FPase) at 3.29 U/g, and pectinase activity at 117.02 U/g. These optimal activities were achieved with an SSF duration of 81 h, pH of 4.66, and a moisture content of 59%. The optimized enzyme cocktail effectively saccharified the mango peels without the need for chemical agents. The maximum saccharification yield reached approximately 81%, indicating efficient conversion of mango peels into sugars. The enzyme cocktail displayed consistent thermal stability within the tested temperature range of 30-60°C. Notably, the highest sugar release occurred within 36 h, with glucose, arabinose, galactose, and xylose being the primary monosaccharides released during saccharification. This study highlights the potential application of Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642 and SSF for enzymatic production, offering a simple and high-performance process for monosaccharide production. The optimized enzyme cocktail obtained through solid-state fermentation demonstrated efficient saccharification of mango peels, suggesting its suitability for industrial-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Luis Yupanqui-Mendoza
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena/SP, 12602-810, Brazil.
| | | | - Bruno Las-Casas
- Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena/SP, 12602-810, Brazil
| | - Ángel Pablo Castro-Alvarado
- Department of Science, Biotechnology Research Laboratory, National University of Santa, 02712, Chimbote, Peru
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2
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Tong L, Li Y, Lou X, Wang B, Jin C, Fang W. Powerful cell wall biomass degradation enzymatic system from saprotrophic Aspergillus fumigatus. Cell Surf 2024; 11:100126. [PMID: 38827922 PMCID: PMC11143905 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2024.100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell wall biomass, Earth's most abundant natural resource, holds significant potential for sustainable biofuel production. Composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, and other polymers, the plant cell wall provides essential structural support to diverse organisms in nature. In contrast, non-plant species like insects, crustaceans, and fungi rely on chitin as their primary structural polysaccharide. The saprophytic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus has been widely recognized for its adaptability to various environmental conditions. It achieves this by secreting different cell wall biomass degradation enzymes to obtain essential nutrients. This review compiles a comprehensive collection of cell wall degradation enzymes derived from A. fumigatus, including cellulases, hemicellulases, various chitin degradation enzymes, and other polymer degradation enzymes. Notably, these enzymes exhibit biochemical characteristics such as temperature tolerance or acid adaptability, indicating their potential applications across a spectrum of industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lige Tong
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yunaying Li
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xinke Lou
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Bin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxia Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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3
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Lojananan N, Cheirsilp B, Intasit R, Billateh A, Srinuanpan S, Suyotha W, Boonsawang P. Successive process for efficient biovalorization of Brewers' spent grain to lignocellulolytic enzymes and lactic acid production through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 397:130490. [PMID: 38403168 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to increase the value of brewers' spent grain (BSG) by using it as feedstock to produce lignocellulolytic enzymes and lactic acid (LA). Twenty-two fungal strains were screened for lignocellulolytic enzyme production from BSG. Among them, Trichoderma sp. showed the highest cellulase activity (35.84 ± 0.27 U/g-BSG) and considerably high activities of xylanase (599.61 ± 23.09 U/g-BSG) and β-glucosidase (16.97 ± 0.77 U/g-BSG) under successive solid-state and submerged fermentation. The processes were successfully scaled up in a bioreactor. The enzyme cocktail was recovered and characterized. The maximum cellulase and xylanase activities were found at pH 5.0 and 50 °C, and the activities were highly stable at pH 4-8 and 30-50 °C. The enzyme cocktail was applied in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of acid-pretreated BSG for LA production. The maximum LA obtained was 59.3 ± 1.0 g/L. This study has shown the efficient biovalorization of BSG, and this approach may also be applicable to other agro-industrial wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattha Lojananan
- Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, International Program of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Benjamas Cheirsilp
- Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, International Program of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
| | - Rawitsara Intasit
- Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, International Program of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Asma Billateh
- Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, International Program of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Sirasit Srinuanpan
- Center of Excellence of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Wasana Suyotha
- Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, International Program of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Piyarat Boonsawang
- Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, International Program of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
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4
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Characterization of a New Glucose-Tolerant GH1 β-Glycosidase from Aspergillus fumigatus with Transglycosylation Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054489. [PMID: 36901919 PMCID: PMC10003650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Concern over environmental impacts has spurred many efforts to replace fossil fuels with biofuels such as ethanol. However, for this to be possible, it is necessary to invest in other production technologies, such as second generation (2G) ethanol, in order to raise the levels of this product and meet the growing demand. Currently, this type of production is not yet economically feasible, due to the high costs of the enzyme cocktails used in saccharification stage of lignocellulosic biomass. In order to optimize these cocktails, the search for enzymes with superior activities has been the goal of several research groups. For this end, we have characterized the new β-glycosidase AfBgl1.3 from A. fumigatus after expression and purification in Pichia pastoris X-33. Structural analysis by circular dichroism revealed that increasing temperature destructured the enzyme; the apparent Tm value was 48.5 °C. The percentages of α-helix (36.3%) and β-sheet (12.4%) secondary structures at 25 °C were predicted. Biochemical characterization suggested that the optimal conditions for AfBgl1.3 were pH 6.0 and temperature of 40 °C. At 30 and 40 °C, the enzyme was stable and retained about 90% and 50% of its activity, respectively, after pre-incubation for 24 h. In addition, the enzyme was highly stable at pH between 5 and 8, retaining over 65% of its activity after pre-incubation for 48 h. AfBgl1.3 co-stimulation with 50-250 mM glucose enhanced its specific activity by 1.4-fold and revealed its high tolerance to glucose (IC50 = 2042 mM). The enzyme was active toward the substrates salicin (495.0 ± 49.0 U mg-1), pNPG (340.5 ± 18.6 U mg-1), cellobiose (89.3 ± 5.1 U mg-1), and lactose (45.1 ± 0.5 U mg-1), so it had broad specificity. The Vmax values were 656.0 ± 17.5, 706.5 ± 23.8, and 132.6 ± 7.1 U mg-1 toward p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG), D-(-)-salicin, and cellobiose, respectively. AfBgl1.3 displayed transglycosylation activity, forming cellotriose from cellobiose. The addition of AfBgl1.3 as a supplement at 0.9 FPU/g of cocktail Celluclast® 1.5L increased carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) conversion to reducing sugars (g L-1) by about 26% after 12 h. Moreover, AfBgl1.3 acted synergistically with other Aspergillus fumigatus cellulases already characterized by our research group-CMC and sugarcane delignified bagasse were degraded, releasing more reducing sugars compared to the control. These results are important in the search for new cellulases and in the optimization of enzyme cocktails for saccharification.
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Biochemical characterization of a thermally stable, acidophilic and surfactant-tolerant xylanase from Aspergillus awamori AFE1 and hydrolytic efficiency of its immobilized form. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Biochemical Characterization of Thermostable Carboxymethyl Cellulase and β-Glucosidase from Aspergillus fumigatus JCM 10253. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:2503-2527. [PMID: 35138555 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03839-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Second-generation biofuel production has emerged as a prominent sustainable and alternative energy. The biochemical properties of cellulolytic enzymes are imperative for cellulosic biomass conversion into fermentable sugars. In the present study, thermostable CMCase and β-glucosidase were purified and characterized from Aspergillus fumigatus JCM 10253. The enzymes were purified through 80% ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by dialysis and DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography. The molecular masses of the purified CMCase and β-glucosidase were estimated to be 125 kDa and 90 kDa, respectively. The CMCase and β-glucosidase demonstrated optimum activities at pH 6.0 and 5.0, respectively. Their respective maximum temperatures were 50 and 60 °C. The cellulase activities were stimulated by 10 mM concentration of Ca2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+ ions. The CMCase activity was enhanced by surfactant Triton X-100 but marginally influenced by most inhibitors. The β-glucosidase retained its activity in the presence of organic solvents (30%) isoamyl alcohol, heptane, toluene, and ethyl acetate, while CMCase was retained with acetone during a prolonged incubation of 168 h. The Km and Vmax values of the two cellulases were studied. The properties of high thermostability and good tolerance against organic solvents could signify its potential use in biofuel production and other value-added products.
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Rastogi M, Shrivastava S, Shukla P. Bioprospecting of xylanase producing fungal strains: Multilocus phylogenetic analysis and enzyme activity profiling. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 62:150-161. [PMID: 34783043 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The study aims to explore potential xylanase-producing indigenous fungi isolated from soil and vegetable wastes containing plant degraded matter, reporting multilocus phylogenetic analysis and xylanase enzyme activity from selective strains. Four potential xylanolytic fungi were identified through distinct primary and secondary screening of 294 isolates obtained from the samples. Morphological characterization and multigene analysis (ITS rDNA, 18S rDNA, LSU rDNA, β-tubulin, and actin gene) confirmed them as Aspergillus sp. AUMS56, Aspergillus tubingensis AUMS60 and AUMS64, and Aspergillus fumigatus AUKEMS24; achieving crude xylanase activities (through submerged fermentation using corn cobs) of 18.9, 32.29, 30.68, and 15.82 U ml-1 , respectively. AUMS60 and AUMS64 (forming lineage with A. tubingensis and Aspergillus niger in the same phylogroup with 100% Bayesian posterior probability support) secreted single xylanase (Xyn60; 36 kDa) and multiple xylanases (Xyn64A and Xyn64B; 33.4 and 19.8 kDa) respectively, having pH optima of 6.0 and exhibiting maximal activity at 60°C. These enzymes were highly stable at 40°C (120 h) and retained more than 70% activity at 50°C and at pH 5-6 (upon 72 h incubation). Our analysis suggested these enzymes to be endoxylanases demonstrating substrate hydrolysis within 15 min of reaction and maximum efficiency of xylanases from AUMS60 and AUMS64 achieving 51.1% (13 h) and 52.2% (24 h) saccharification, respectively. They also showed enhanced catalytic activity with various cations. Based on our investigation on xylan hydrolysis, we believe that these xylanases may find significant industrial applications as they have a real potential of working as a bio-catalytic cocktail (patent file number: IN E1/38213/2020-DEL) for the enhanced saccharification of lignocelluloses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenal Rastogi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Smriti Shrivastava
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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8
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Wu Y, Guo H, Rahman MS, Chen X, Zhang J, Liu Y, Qin W. Biological pretreatment of corn stover for enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis using Bacillus sp. P3. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:92. [PMID: 34722121 PMCID: PMC8550775 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological pretreatment for the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomasses depends exclusively on the effective pretreatment process. Herein, we report a significant enhancement of enzymatic saccharification obtained with corn stover using a bacterial strain Bacillus sp. P3. The hemicellulose removal from corn stover by the strain Bacillus sp. P3 was evaluated for enhancing subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. Therefore, our study revealed that an alkaline-resistant xylanase as well as other enzymes produced by Bacillus sp. P3 in fermentation broth led to a substantially enhanced hemicellulose removal rate from corn stover within pH 9.36–9.68. However, after a 20-day pretreatment of corn stover by the strain P3, the glucan content was increased by 51% and the xylan content was decreased by 35%. After 72 h of saccharification using 20 U/g of commercial cellulase, the yield of reducing sugar released from 20-day pretreated corn stover was increased by 56% in comparison to the untreated corn stover. Therefore, the use of the strain P3 could be a promising approach to pretreat corn stover for enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis process of industrial bioenergy productions. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China.,Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 Canada.,Present Address: Learning Support Team, St Margaret's School, Victoria, BC V8X 3P7 Canada
| | - Haipeng Guo
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 Canada.,School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211 China
| | - Md Shafiqur Rahman
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 Canada.,Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Xuantong Chen
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Jinchi Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Yun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Wensheng Qin
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 Canada
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Miao T, Basit A, Liu J, Zheng F, Rahim K, Lou H, Jiang W. Improved Production of Xylanase in Pichia pastoris and Its Application in Xylose Production From Xylan. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:690702. [PMID: 34513809 PMCID: PMC8429496 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.690702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanases with high specific activity has been focused with great interest as a useful enzyme in biomass utilization. The production of recombinant GH11 xylanase (MYCTH_56237) from Myceliophthora thermophila has been improved through N-terminal signal peptide engineering in P. pastoris. The production of newly recombinant xylanase (termed Mtxyn11C) was improved from 442.53 to 490.7 U/mL, through a replacement of α-factor signal peptide with the native xylanase signal peptide segment (MVSVKAVLLLGAAGTTLA) in P. pastoris. Scaling up of Mtxyn11C production in a 7.5 L fermentor was improved to the maximal production rate of 2503 U/mL. In this study, the degradation efficiency of Mtxyn11C was further examined. Analysis of the hydrolytic mode of action towards the birchwood xylan (BWX) revealed that Mtxyn11C was clearly more effective than commercial xylanase and degrades xylan into xylooligosaccharides (xylobiose, xylotriose, xylotetraose). More importantly, Mtxyn11C in combination with a single multifunctional xylanolytic enzyme, improved the hydrolysis of BWX into single xylose by 40%. Altogether, this study provided strategies for improved production of xylanase together with rapid conversion of xylose from BWX, which provides sustainable, cost-effective and environmental friendly approaches to produce xylose/XOSs for biomass energy or biofuels production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Abdul Basit
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Junquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengzhen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kashif Rahim
- Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CUVAS), Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Huiqiang Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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López MJ, Jurado MM, López-González JA, Estrella-González MJ, Martínez-Gallardo MR, Toribio A, Suárez-Estrella F. Characterization of Thermophilic Lignocellulolytic Microorganisms in Composting. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:697480. [PMID: 34456885 PMCID: PMC8385673 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.697480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Composting involves the selection of a microbiota capable of resisting the high temperatures generated during the process and degrading the lignocellulose. A deep understanding of the thermophilic microbial community involved in such biotransformation is valuable to improve composting efficiency and to provide thermostable biomass-degrading enzymes for biorefinery. This study investigated the lignocellulose-degrading thermophilic microbial culturome at all the stages of plant waste composting, focusing on the dynamics, enzymes, and thermotolerance of each member of such a community. The results revealed that 58% of holocellulose (cellulose plus hemicellulose) and 7% of lignin were degraded at the end of composting. The whole fungal thermophilic population exhibited lignocellulose-degrading activity, whereas roughly 8-10% of thermophilic bacteria had this trait, although exclusively for hemicellulose degradation (xylan-degrading). Because of the prevalence of both groups, their enzymatic activity, and the wide spectrum of thermotolerance, they play a key role in the breakdown of hemicellulose during the entire process, whereas the degradation of cellulose and lignin is restricted to the activity of a few thermophilic fungi that persists at the end of the process. The xylanolytic bacterial isolates (159 strains) included mostly members of Firmicutes (96%) as well as a few representatives of Actinobacteria (2%) and Proteobacteria (2%). The most prevalent species were Bacillus licheniformis and Aeribacillus pallidus. Thermophilic fungi (27 strains) comprised only four species, namely Thermomyces lanuginosus, Talaromyces thermophilus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Gibellulopsis nigrescens, of whom A. fumigatus and T. lanuginosus dominated. Several strains of the same species evolved distinctly at the stages of composting showing phenotypes with different thermotolerance and new enzyme expression, even not previously described for the species, as a response to the changing composting environment. Strains of Bacillus thermoamylovorans, Geobacillus thermodenitrificans, T. lanuginosus, and A. fumigatus exhibiting considerable enzyme activities were selected as potential candidates for the production of thermozymes. This study lays a foundation to further investigate the mechanisms of adaptation and acquisition of new traits among thermophilic lignocellulolytic microorganisms during composting as well as their potential utility in biotechnological processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francisca Suárez-Estrella
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biology and Geology, CIAIMBITAL Research Center, ceiA3, University of Almería, Almeria, Spain
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11
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Namnuch N, Thammasittirong A, Thammasittirong SNR. Lignocellulose hydrolytic enzymes production by Aspergillus flavus KUB2 using submerged fermentation of sugarcane bagasse waste. Mycology 2020; 12:119-127. [PMID: 34026303 PMCID: PMC8128202 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2020.1806938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic wastes, rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, rice bran and sawdust, and pure commercial carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and xylan were used as substrates to cultivate cellulolytic fungus, Aspergillus flavus KUB2, in submerged fermentation at 30°C. Of all the substrates, sugarcane bagasse was a good source for the production of cellulolytic and also hemicellulolytic enzymes. The maximum activities of endoglucanase (CMCase), total cellulase (FPase) and xylanase using sugarcane bagasse as substrate were 8%, 75% and 165%, respectively, higher than those of the commercial substrates. The time course determination of enzyme production revealed that the highest CMCase (1.27 U/ml), FPase (0.72 U/ml) and xylanase (376.81 U/ml) activities were observed at 14 days of fermentation. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses confirmed the efficient structural alteration of sugarcane bagasse caused by enzymatic actions during A. flavus KUB2 cultivation. Based on the results of the hydrolytic enzyme activities, FTIR and SEM, A. flavus KUB2 is suggested as an efficient hydrolytic enzymes producer and an effective lignocellulose degrader, while sugarcane bagasse can be applied as a low-cost carbon source for the economical production of lignocellulose hydrolytic enzymes by A. flavus KUB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattida Namnuch
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Anon Thammasittirong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Microbial Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sutticha Na-Ranong Thammasittirong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Microbial Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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12
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Lu Y, Tan X, Lv Y, Yang G, Chi Y, He Q. Physicochemical properties and microbial community dynamics during Chinese horse bean-chili-paste fermentation, revealed by culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. Food Microbiol 2020; 85:103309. [PMID: 31500715 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The production of Chinese horse bean-chili-paste (CHCP) involves three fermentation phases: chili-to-moromi fermentation (CF) phase, horse bean-to-meju fermentation (HF) phase and moromi-meju mixed fermentation (MF) phase. To understand the microbial dynamics among these three phases and the potential roles of viable microbes for fermentation, microbial community dynamics was investigated by using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Furthermore, the capacities of enzyme-producing of the isolates were determined. During the CF phase, reducing sugar content increased from 3.1% to 3.49%, while pH declined from 4.85 to 4.5. The protein content in the HF phase and MF phase reduced sharply from 22.23% to 10.29% and 4.39%-1.19%, respectively. Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Candida sp., Zygosaccharomyces sp. and Aspergillus sp. dominated the CF phase, while Bacillus sp., Candida sp. and Zygosaccharomyces sp. were the dominant microorganisms in both the HF and MF phases. B. amyloliquefaciens, B. methylotrophicus, B. subtilis, B. licheniformis and A. oryzae possessed strong capacities of producing enzymes, i.e. α-amylase, cellulase and xylanase, acid protease and leucine aminopeptidase, and could make a great contribution to CHCP fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Lu
- College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Xinyi Tan
- College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Yuanping Lv
- College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Guohua Yang
- Sichuan Dandan Pixian-douban Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Yuanlong Chi
- College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China.
| | - Qiang He
- College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China.
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Alokika, Singh B. Production, characteristics, and biotechnological applications of microbial xylanases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8763-8784. [PMID: 31641815 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Microbial xylanases have gathered great attention due to their biotechnological potential at industrial scale for many processes. A variety of lignocellulosic materials, such as sugarcane bagasse, rice straw, rice bran, wheat straw, wheat bran, corn cob, and ragi bran, are used for xylanase production which also solved the great issue of solid waste management. Both solid-state and submerged fermentation have been used for xylanase production controlled by various physical and nutritional parameters. Majority of xylanases have optimum pH in the range of 4.0-9.0 with optimum temperature at 30-60 °C. For biochemical, molecular studies and also for successful application in industries, purification and characterization of xylanase have been carried out using various appropriate techniques. Cloning and genetic engineering are used for commercial-level production of xylanase, to meet specific economic viability and industrial needs. Microbial xylanases are used in various biotechnological applications like biofuel production, pulp and paper industry, baking and brewing industry, food and feed industry, and deinking of waste paper. This review describes production, characteristics, and biotechnological applications of microbial xylanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alokika
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Bijender Singh
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India. .,Department of Biotechnology, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Life Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, Haryana, 123031, India.
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14
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Dong M, Wang S, Xiao G, Xu F, Hu W, Li Q, Chen J, Li W. Cellulase production by Aspergillus fumigatus MS13.1 mutant generated by heavy ion mutagenesis and its efficient saccharification of pretreated sweet sorghum straw. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Assessment of biotechnological potentials of strains isolated from repasso olive pomace in Tunisia. ANN MICROBIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-019-01499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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16
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Pazhang M, Younesi FS, Mehrnejad F, Najavand S, Tarinejad A, Haghi M, Rashno F, Khajeh K. Ig-like Domain in Endoglucanase Cel9A from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius Makes Dependent the Enzyme Stability on Calcium. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:698-711. [PMID: 30062637 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Endoglucanase Cel9A from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius (AaCel9A) has an Ig-like domain and the enzyme stability is dependent to calcium. In this study the effect of calcium on the structure and stability of the wild-type enzyme and the truncated form (the wild-type enzyme without Ig-like domain, AaCel9AΔN) was investigated. Fluorescence quenching results indicated that calcium increased and decreased the rigidity of the wild-type and truncated enzymes, respectively. RMSF results indicated that AaCel9A has two flexible regions (regions A and B) and deleting the Ig-like domain increased the truncated enzyme stability by decreasing the flexibility of region B probably through increasing the hydrogen bonds. Calcium contact map analysis showed that deleting the Ig-like domain decreased the calcium contacting residues and their calcium binding affinities, especially, in region B which has a role in calcium binding site in AaCel9A. Metal depletion and activity recovering as well as stability results showed that the structure and stability of the wild-type and truncated enzymes are completely dependent on and independent of calcium, respectively. Finally, one can conclude that the deletion of Ig-like domain makes AaCel9AΔN independent of calcium via decreasing the flexibility of region B through increasing the hydrogen bonds. This suggests a new role for the Ig-like domain which makes AaCel9A structure dependent on calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Pazhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Fereshteh S Younesi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faramarz Mehrnejad
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences & Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Najavand
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Tarinejad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Haghi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rashno
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosro Khajeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Boyce A, Walsh G. Purification and Characterisation of a Thermostable β-Xylosidase from Aspergillus niger van Tieghem of Potential Application in Lignocellulosic Bioethanol Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 186:712-730. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2761-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Basit A, Liu J, Miao T, Zheng F, Rahim K, Lou H, Jiang W. Characterization of Two Endo-β-1, 4-Xylanases from Myceliophthora thermophila and Their Saccharification Efficiencies, Synergistic with Commercial Cellulase. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:233. [PMID: 29491860 PMCID: PMC5817056 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The xylanases with high specific activity and resistance to harsh conditions are of high practical value for biomass utilization. In the present study, two new GH11 xylanase genes, MYCTH_56237 and MYCTH_49824, have been cloned from thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The specific activities of purified xylanases reach approximately 1,533.7 and 1,412.5 U/mg, respectively. Based on multiple template-based homology modeling, the structures of their catalytic domains are predicted. Enzyme activity was more effective in 7.5 L fermentor, yielding 2,010.4 and 2,004.2 U/mL, respectively. Both enzymes exhibit optimal activity at 60°C with pH of 6.0 and 7.0, respectively. Their activities are not affected by EDTA and an array of metal ions. The kinetic constants have been determined for MYCTH_56237 (Km = 8.80 mg/mL, Vmax = 2,380 U/mg) and MYCTH_49824 (Km = 5.67 mg/mL, Vmax = 1,750 U/mg). More importantly, both xylanases significantly cooperate with the commercial cellulase Celluclast 1.5 L in terms of the saccharification efficiency. All these biochemical properties of the xylanases offer practical potential for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Basit
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junquan Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Miao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengzhen Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kashif Rahim
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drug and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqiang Lou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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