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Subramaniam S, Karunanandham K, Raja ASM, Shukla SK, Uthandi S. EnZolv delignification of cotton spinning mill waste and optimization of process parameters using response surface methodology (RSM). BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:37. [PMID: 38449061 PMCID: PMC10918963 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02473-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND EnZolv is a novel enzyme-based, eco-friendly biomass pretreatment process that has shown great potential in the field of textile engineering and biotechnology. It employs laccase from Hexagonia hirta MSF2 and 2% ethanol in the process of delignification. The process is designed to evaluate optimal conditions to remove lignin and other impurities from cotton spinning mill waste (CSMW), without compromising the quality and strength of the fibers. CSMW is a low-cost and readily available source of cellulose, making it an ideal candidate for delignification using EnZolv. By optimizing the pretreatment conditions and harnessing the potential of enzymatic delignification, this research aims to contribute to more sustainable and efficient ways of utilizing lignocellulosic biomass in various industries for the production of biochemical and bioproducts. RESULTS The present study emphasizes the EnZolv pretreatment in the delignification of cotton spinning mill wastes irrespective of the cellulose content. EnZolv process parameters such as, moisture content, enzyme load, incubation time, incubation temperature, and shaking speed were optimized. Under pre-optimized conditions, the percent lignin reduction was 61.34%, 61.64%, 41.85%, 35.34%, and 35.83% in blowroom droppings (BD), flat strips (FS), lickerin fly (LF), microdust (MD) and comber noils (CN), respectively. Using response surface methodology (RSM), the statistically optimized EnZolv pretreatment conditions showed lignin reduction of 59.16%, 62.88%, 48.26%, 34.64%, and 45.99% in BD, FS, LF, MD, and CN, respectively. CONCLUSION Traditional chemical-based pretreatment methods often involve harsh chemicals and high energy consumption, which can have detrimental effects on the environment. In contrast, EnZolv offers a greener approach by utilizing enzymes that are biodegradable and more environmentally friendly. The resulting fibers from EnZolv treatment exhibit improved properties that make them suitable for various applications. Some of the key properties include enhanced cellulose recovery, reduced lignin content, and improved biophysical and structural characteristics. These improvements can contribute to the fiber's performance and processability in different industries and future thrust for the production of cellulose-derived and lignin-derived bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhoshkumar Subramaniam
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625104, India
| | - Kumutha Karunanandham
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625104, India
| | - A S M Raja
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Adenwala Road, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - S K Shukla
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Adenwala Road, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Sivakumar Uthandi
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India.
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Kumar S, Agarwal GP, Sreekrishnan TR. Optimization of co-culture condition with respect to aeration and glucose to xylose ratio for bioethanol production. INDIAN CHEMICAL ENGINEER 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2023.2190332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kumar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - G. P. Agarwal
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - T. R. Sreekrishnan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Tantayotai P, Gundupalli MP, Katam K, Rattanaporn K, Cheenkachorn K, Sriariyanun M. In-depth investigation of the bioethanol and biogas production from organic and mineral acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse: Comparative and optimization studies. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liu B, Liu L, Deng B, Huang C, Zhu J, Liang L, He X, Wei Y, Qin C, Liang C, Liu S, Yao S. Application and prospect of organic acid pretreatment in lignocellulosic biomass separation: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1400-1413. [PMID: 36195224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As a clean and efficient method of lignocellulosic biomass separation, organic acid pretreatment has attracted extensive research. Hemicellulose or lignin is selectively isolated and the cellulose structure is preserved. Effective fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass is achieved. The separation characteristics of hemicellulose or lignin by different organic acids were summarized. The organic acids of hemicellulose were separated into hydrogen ionized, autocatalytic and α-hydroxy acids according to the separation mechanism. The separation of lignin depends on the dissolution mechanism and spatial effect of organic acids. In addition, the challenges and prospects of organic acid pretreatment were analyzed. The separation of hemicellulose and enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose were significantly affected by the polycondensation of lignin, which is effectively inhibited by the addition of green additives such as ketones or alcohols. Lignin separation was improved by developing a deep eutectic solvent treatment based on organic acid pretreatment. This work provides support for efficient cleaning of carbohydrate polymers and lignin to promote global carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojie Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Lu Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Baojuan Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Jiatian Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Linlin Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Xinliang He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yuxin Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Chengrong Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
| | - Chen Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Shijie Liu
- Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry,1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Shuangquan Yao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
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Santiago B, Moreira MT, Feijoo G, González-García S. Environmental comparison of banana waste valorisation strategies under a biorefinery approach. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 142:77-87. [PMID: 35180613 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Banana wastes can be valorised in bioethanol due to its high content in cellulose (more than 30% of total on a dry basis) and hemicelluloses (25% of total). Large amount of these wastes is generated during the banana cultivation and harvesting stage. This study proposes the use of, beside conventional acid sulphuric, different organic acids (tartaric, oxalic and citric) during acid pretreatment step, to suppress the unwanted compounds formation and improve bioethanol production. Instead, bioethanol production generates a solid waste flow that is managed in an anaerobic digestion plant, obtaining biogas, to be converted into energy, and digestate, considered as a potential biofertiliser. Life cycle assessment methodology is used to analyse the environmental profiles of four valorisation scenarios to produce bioethanol from banana peel waste. According to the results, reported per kilogram of bioethanol, the citric acid-based scenario has the worst environmental profile due to the background processes involved in the acid production (around 55% for most impact categories). Conversely, the oxalic acid-based scenario has the best environmental profile, with a decrease of around 20% and 35%, depending on the impact category, compared to the citric acid scenario. The energy requirements production (mostly thermal energy) is the main hotspot in numerous subsystems regardless of the scenario (ranging from 30% to 50% depending on the impact category). Therefore, the use of renewable energy sources to satisfy energy requirements combined with an energy optimisation of the valorisation strategies through the reuse of some internal steams, is proposed as improvement activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Santiago
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - María Teresa Moreira
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gumersindo Feijoo
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sara González-García
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Ortiz MS, Alvarado JG, Zambrano F, Marquez R. Surfactants produced from carbohydrate derivatives: A review of the biobased building blocks used in their synthesis. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ronald Marquez
- TotalEnergies SE Pôle d'Etudes et de Recherche de Lacq Lacq France
- Laboratoire commun TotalEnergies/ESPCI Paris, Physico‐Chimie des Interfaces Complexes CHEMSTARTUP Lacq France
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Vancov T, Palmer J, Keen B. Pilot scale demonstration of a two-stage pretreatment and bioethanol fermentation process for cotton gin trash. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 335:125224. [PMID: 33984554 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A two-stage dilute acid and steam explosion (SE) pretreatment process was developed and evaluated at pilot scale for ethanol production from cotton gin trash (CGT). Optimal conditions for CGT processing were defined as 1:6 solids to liquids ratio with 9% H2SO4 wt. on solids at 180 °C for 15 min. during stage 1 with ensuing pressed fibres successively exposed to SE at 200 °C for 5 min during stage 2. SE fibres were highly acquiescent to enzyme hydrolysis (76%) in the presence of PEG 6000, yielding 381 g glucose kg-1 fibre. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) trials validated the selected process option and additional fed-batch SSFs confirmed titres above the minimum 4% ww-1 benchmark for economically viable distillation. The practicality of converting CGT to ethanol was demonstrated at pilot scale with titres above 4% ww-1 and a conversion efficiency of 60% t-1 dry GCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vancov
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW, Australia.
| | - J Palmer
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar Primary Industries Institute, NSW, Australia
| | - B Keen
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar Primary Industries Institute, NSW, Australia
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Gönen Ç, Deveci EÜ, Akter Önal N. Evaluation of biomass pretreatment to optimize process factors for different organic acids via Box-Behnken RSM method. JOURNAL OF MATERIAL CYCLES AND WASTE MANAGEMENT 2021; 23:2016-2027. [PMID: 35194402 PMCID: PMC8295973 DOI: 10.1007/s10163-021-01276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Biomass, as renewable energy source, is of importance to investigate to extend the conversion yield by microorganism. Because of lignocellulosic structure, biomass must be pretreated with a process, frequently inorganic acid has to be used with a problem of hazardous byproducts. Organic acid pretreatment is an efficient alternative to be investigated. Sugar beet pulp, as an agro-industrial residue of microorganism, can be utilized by pretreatment, which is usually a costly process. Pretreatment with organic acids creates a great opportunity to convert the process into more economic and effective. Moreover, pressure conditions significantly increase the yield of biodegradable sugar content. In this study, different organic acids of maleic, fumaric, oxalic, and acetic acid pretreatment was investigated to pretreatment of sugar beet pulp, which came vast amount from factories, under pressure and non-pressure conditions via Box-Behnken method to estimate optimum point of acid ratio (1, 3, 5%), time (10, 27.5, 45 min), and solid ratio factors (3, 6.5, 10%) for highest degradation. Results were also evaluated economically. As a result of the experiments, it was observed that acetic acid gave the best result with 409.16 g/L total sugar concentration than the other organic acids. The highest TS concentration of maleic, oxalic, and fumaric acid were 97.26, 97.85, and 91.37 g/L, respectively, under pressure. According to economical evaluation, owing to lower market price and highest TS formation yield, pretreatment cost of acetic acid pretreatment was found averagely 1.51 $/gTS under pressure conditions. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10163-021-01276-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağdaş Gönen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University Campus, 51240 Niğde, Turkey
| | - Ece Ümmü Deveci
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University Campus, 51240 Niğde, Turkey
| | - Nagehan Akter Önal
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University Campus, 51240 Niğde, Turkey
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Lyu Q, Chen X, Zhang Y, Yu H, Han L, Xiao W. One-pot fractionation of corn stover with peracetic acid and maleic acid. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 320:124306. [PMID: 33157440 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulose fractionation is a primary treatment to enhance cellulose accessibility and multi-component use. Herein, the development of a one-step fractionation is reported for cellulose enrichment from corn stover using a low concentration of peracetic acid combined with maleic acid (PAM). The effects of pretreatment parameters on the contents of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were investigated. After cooking for 1 h at 130 °C with 1.5 wt% peracetic acid and 3 wt% maleic acid, 86.83% of corn stover cellulose remained in the solid residue while 88.21% of hemicellulose and 87.77% of lignin dissolved into the aqueous liquid. Hemicellulose was primarily hydrolyzed into xylose with 84.58% recovered during the PAM process. The cellulose-rich residue was enzymatically hydrolyzed with a glucose yield of 89.65%, which was two to three times that of untreated substrate. Generally, the proposed process offers a promising approach for efficient fractionation of lignocellulose under mild and environmental-friendly conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lyu
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Box 191, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xueli Chen
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Box 191, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Box 191, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Box 191, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lujia Han
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Box 191, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Box 191, Beijing 100083, China.
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Lignocellulosic Biomass as a Substrate for Oleaginous Microorganisms: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10217698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms capable of accumulating lipids in high percentages, known as oleaginous microorganisms, have been widely studied as an alternative for producing oleochemicals and biofuels. Microbial lipid, so-called Single Cell Oil (SCO), production depends on several growth parameters, including the nature of the carbon substrate, which must be efficiently taken up and converted into storage lipid. On the other hand, substrates considered for large scale applications must be abundant and of low acquisition cost. Among others, lignocellulosic biomass is a promising renewable substrate containing high percentages of assimilable sugars (hexoses and pentoses). However, it is also highly recalcitrant, and therefore it requires specific pretreatments in order to release its assimilable components. The main drawback of lignocellulose pretreatment is the generation of several by-products that can inhibit the microbial metabolism. In this review, we discuss the main aspects related to the cultivation of oleaginous microorganisms using lignocellulosic biomass as substrate, hoping to contribute to the development of a sustainable process for SCO production in the near future.
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Srivastava RK, Shetti NP, Reddy KR, Aminabhavi TM. Sustainable energy from waste organic matters via efficient microbial processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137927. [PMID: 32208271 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This review emphasizes utilization of waste organic matters from water bodies and soil sources for sustainable energy development. These organic waste matters (including microplastics) from a variety of environmental sources have created a big challenge to utilize them for energy development for human needs, maintaining a cleaner environment and thereby, producing useful bioproducts (sustainable bioenergy or other primary metabolites). Anaerobic digestions as well as other effective wastewater treatment approaches are discussed. From the water bodies, waste organic matter reduction can be achieved by a reduction of chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand after the waste treatment. Other forms of organic waste matter are available in the form of agro wastes or residues (stalk of wheat or rice, maize, corn etc.) due to crop cultivation, which are generally burnt into ashes. Such wastes can be utilized for bioenergy energy production, which would help for the reduction of climate changes or other toxic gases. Hydrogen, bioelectricity, ethanol, butanol, methane and algal diesel or other types of fuel sources would help to provide sustainable source of bioenergy that can be produced from these wastes via degradation by the biological processes. This review will discuss in depths about the sustainable nature of organic matters to produce clean energy via application of efficient biological methods to maintain a clean environment, thereby providing alternative options to fossil energy fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, Gitam Institute of Technology and Management (Deemed to be University), A.P. 530045, India
| | - Nagaraj P Shetti
- Center for Electrochemical Science and Materials, Department of Chemistry, K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Gokul, Hubballi 580030, Karnataka, India.
| | - Kakarla Raghava Reddy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- Pharmaceutical Engineering, SET's College of Pharmacy, Dharwad 580 002, Karnataka, India.
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Two-Stage Pretreatment to Improve Saccharification of Oat Straw and Jerusalem Artichoke Biomass. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12091715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pretreatment is a necessary step when lignocellulosic biomass is to be converted to simple sugars; however single-stage pretreatment is often insufficient to guarantee full availability of polymeric sugars from raw material to hydrolyzing enzymes. In this work, the two-stage pretreatment with use of acid (H2SO4, HNO3) and alkali (NaOH) was applied in order to increase the susceptibility of Jerusalem artichoke stalks (JAS) and oat straw (OS) biomass on the enzymatic attack. The effect of the concentration of reagents (2% and 5% w/v) and the order of acid and alkali sequence on the composition of remaining solids and the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis was evaluated. It was found that after combined pretreatment process, due to the removal of hemicellulose and lignin, the content of cellulose in pretreated biomass increased to a large extent, reaching almost 90% d.m. and 95% d.m., in the case of JAS and OS, respectively. The enzymatic hydrolysis of solids remaining after pretreatment resulted in the formation of up to 45 g/L of glucose, for both JAS and OS. The highest glucose yield was achieved after pretreatment with 5% nitric acid followed by NaOH, and 90.6% and 97.6% of efficiency were obtained, respectively for JAS and OS.
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Vancov T, Palmer J, Keen B. A two stage pretreatment process to maximise recovery of sugars from cotton gin trash. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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