Oral administration of lycopene reverses cadmium-suppressed body weight loss and lipid peroxidation in rats

Associations of Urinary Cadmium with Body Composition and Fat Distribution in US Adults: Findings from NHANES 2011-2018

The effects of cadmium (Cd) on metabolic physiology remain controversial. Given the varying metabolic impacts associated with different body compositions, investigating the relationship between Cd exposure and body composition may facilitate further research. Here, the associations of body composition and fat distribution with urine Cd (UCd) were evaluated. This analysis included 2979 adult participants from the 2011-2018 National Health and Demographic Survey (NHANES). UCd was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and adjusted for urinary creatinine. Body composition and fat distribution were estimated using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The study results show that UCd was negatively associated with fat mass index (FMI) and percent fat mass (p for trend < 0.001), and the negative correlation between UCd and FMI was stronger in males and smokers (all p for interaction < 0.05). In terms of abdominal fat distribution, UCd was negatively associated with abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) mass (p for trend < 0.001), but with abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass only in those with low percent fat mass (< 32.3%) (p for trend = 0.026 and p for interaction < 0.05). UCd was positively related to percent VAT (p for trend < 0.001) and visceral-to-subcutaneous (VAT/SAT) ratio (p for trend = 0.003). And there was a significant negative association between UCd and android-to-gynoid (A/G) ratio (p for trend = 0.001). Meanwhile, UCd was negatively correlated with fat-free mass index (FFMI) (p for trend < 0.001). And the negative correlation between UCd and FFMI was stronger in males, smokers, and individuals with < 32.3 percent fat mass (all p for interaction < 0.05). We found the association of UCd with body composition and fat distribution, with distinct patterns observed in different demographic groups. These findings underscore the importance of considering UCd exposure in the context of body composition and fat distribution.

L-arginine attenuates dichlorvos-induced testicular toxicity in male Wistar rats by suppressing oxidative stress-dependent activation of caspase 3-mediated apoptosis

BACKGROUND

The continuous use of pesticides, such as dichlorvos, is a common agricultural and domestic practice. However, it is associated with shortfalls like testicular toxicity through the induction of oxidative stress-mediated signaling. On the other hand, L-arginine, a precursor of nitric oxide, has been reported to exert antioxidant activities and thus may attenuate dichlorvos-induced testicular toxicity.

AIM

Hence, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of L-arginine treatment on dichlorvos-induced testicular toxicity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four equal groups. The control rats were administered 0.5 mL of distilled water, dichlorvos- (DDVP-) treated rats were exposed to DDVP via inhalation for 15 min, DDVP + L-arginine-treated rats were exposed to DDVP and also received 100 mg/kg b.w/day, while L-arginine-treated rats received 100 mg/kg b.w/day.

RESULTS

DDVP exposure significantly reduced testicular nitric oxide, relative testicular weight, lowered sperm count, viability, and motility, and suppressed serum FSH, LH, and testosterone levels. These findings were associated with a rise in testicular malondialdehyde, TNF-α, IL-6, and 8OHdG levels and caspase 3 activities, and a reduction in GSH and superoxide dismutase. Additionally, on histopathological examination, DDVP was observed to reduce mature sperm cells in the seminiferous tubular lumen and induce focal vascular congestion in the interstitial space. Nonetheless, L-arginine treatment significantly attenuated DDVP-induced biochemical and histological alterations.

CONCLUSION

This study showed that L-arginine attenuated testicular toxicity by improving epididymal sperm variables and male sex hormones by suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in DDVP-exposed rats.

Protective effect of quercetin on cadmium-induced kidney apoptosis in rats based on PERK signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic environmental pollutant that can enter the body through bioaccumulation. The kidney is an important target organ for Cd poisoning. Quercetin (Que) is a natural flavonoid compound with free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties. Previous studies showed that Que can alleviate kidney damage caused by Cd poisoning in rats, but the specific mechanism is still unclear.

METHODS

Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups: normal saline-treated control group, Cd group treated by intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg/kg b.w. CdCl2, Cd + Que group treated by intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg/kg b.w. CdCl2 and 100 mg/kg b.w. Que, and Que group treated by 100 mg/kg b.w. Que. Four weeks later, the rats were anesthetized with diethyl ether, and blood was taken intravenously. The rats were executed with their necks cut off, and the kidneys were removed. Body weight, kidney organ weight, and glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured. The structure of kidney tissue was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, kidney cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay, and the mRNA expression levels of genes related to the PERK signaling pathway were analyzed by RT-PCR.

RESULTS

Compared with the control group, the Cd-treated group exhibited a significant decrease in body weight (P < 0.01). Their kidneys showed a significant increase in the relative organ weight (P < 0.01). Moreover, the MDA and GSH levels increased. Kidney tissue damage and renal cell apoptosis were observed, and the mRNA expression levels of genes related to the PERK signaling pathway significantly increased (P < 0.01). Compared with the Cd-treated group, the Cd + Que group exhibited a significant increase in body weight (P < 0.01) and significant decreases in the relative organ weight, MDA and GSH levels, and mRNA expression levels of genes related to the PERK signaling pathway (P < 0.01). Furthermore, kidney tissue damage and renal cell apoptosis were observed.

CONCLUSION

Cd treatment resulted in rat weight loss, renal edema, and oxidative stress and caused renal tissue damage and cell apoptosis by activating the PERK signaling pathway. Que was able to restore the body weight and renal coefficient of rats. It also alleviated the oxidative stress and kidney tissue damage caused by Cd and the cell apoptosis caused by Cd through inhibiting the PERK signaling pathway. Thus, Que could be considered for the treatment of kidney diseases caused by Cd poisoning.

Interactive effects of cadmium and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on hepatic tissue in rats: Ameliorative role of coenzyme 10 via modulation of the NF-κB and TNFα pathway

This study investigated the effect of oral dosing of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNPs) and cadmium (Cd2+) on rat liver and the potential protective role of coenzyme Q10 (CQ10) against TNPs and Cd2+-induced hepatic injury. Seventy male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into seven groups and orally given distilled water, corn oil, CQ10 (10 mg/kg b.wt), TNPs (50 mg/kg b.wt), Cd2+ (5 mg/kg b.wt), TNPs + Cd2+, or TNPs + Cd2++CQ10 by gastric gavage for 60 successive days. The results showed that individual or mutual exposure to TNPs and Cd2+ significantly increased the serum levels of various hepatic enzymes and lipids, depleted the hepatic content of antioxidant enzymes, and increased malondialdehyde. Moreover, the hepatic titanium and Cd2+ content were increased considerably in TNPs and/or Cd2+-exposed rats. Furthermore, marked histopathological perturbations with increased immunoexpression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nuclear factor kappa B were evident in TNPs and/or Cd2+-exposed rats. However, CQ10 significantly counteracted the damaging effect of combined exposure of TNPs and Cd2+ on the liver. The study concluded that TNPs and Cd2+ exposure harm hepatic function and its architecture, particularly at their mutual exposure, but CQ10 could be a candidate protective agent against TNPs and Cd2+ hepatotoxic impacts.

Linarin Protects against Cadmium-Induced Osteoporosis Via Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation and Altering RANK/RANKL/OPG Pathway

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in the environment is a major public health concern since it has been linked to osteoporosis and other bone deformities. Linarin is a flavonoid glycoside, and it can promote osteoblastogenesis. This research aimed to investigate the potential role of linarin against Cd-exposed bone deformations in mice model. In our research, male mice were randomly allocated into four groups: control, Cd-exposed, and Cd + linarin (20 and 40mg/kg/bw, respectively). Linarin prevented body weight loss, increased serum calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), and bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) levels in Cd-exposed groups. Furthermore, linarin treatment at 20 and 40mg/kg/bw significantly decreased RANK and OPG, resulting in an increase in RANKL mRNA levels and protein distribution in the bone of Cd-exposed mice. In addition, the bone of Cd-exposed mice administered with linarin showed higher TRAP, NFATc1, MMP9, and RUNX2 mRNA levels and protein distribution. Linarin significantly decreased oxidative stress in Cd-exposed mice bone by decreasing MDA, a lipid peroxidation product. Moreover, linarin protects Cd-exposed mice antioxidant enzymes by increasing bone SOD, CAT, and GPx levels. Besides, linarin suppresses alterations in the inflammatory system, i.e., NF-κB p65/IKKβ, by reducing NF-κB p65, IKKβ, IL-6, and TNF-α in the bone of Cd-exposed animals. This study concluded that linarin has potential to cure osteoporosis in Cd-exposed mice by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation and modulating the RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway.

Lycopene attenuates bisphenol A-induced lung injury in adult albino rats: a histological and biochemical study

Bisphenol A (BPA) leads to ROS production that considered the core of different inflammatory and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. As a natural antioxidant, lycopene plays a significant role in the prevention of many chronic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the possible protective role of lycopene against BPA-induced lung alterations using morphometric, histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical methods. Forty rats aged 3 months were divided into four groups (n=10): control group, lycopene group comprising rats that received lycopene by gavage (10 mg/kg /day) for 30 days, BPA group comprising rats that received BPA by gavage (50 mg/kg/day) for 30 days and lycopene + BPA group. On the 30th day, blood and lung tissue samples were collected for biochemical, histological and immunohistochemical studies. Morphometrical and statistical analyses were performed. The BPA group revealed significantly elevated IL-1B, IL-6, MDA and NO, and it showed significantly reduced IL-10, SOD, CAT and GSH when compared to the control and lycopene + BPA groups. Upon histopathological and immunohistochemical examination, lycopene supplementation improved the BPA-induced alveolar collapse, lymphocytic infiltration, extravasated RBCs and fibrosis. The lycopene + BPA group showed significantly reduced mean percentage of 8-OHdG immunopositive and mean area percentages of Bax and caspase 3 immunopositive cells and significantly reduced mean area percentage of Bcl2 immunopositive cells as compared with the BPA group. Lycopene is a protective agent against BPA-induced lung injury because of its anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, as confirmed by biochemical and histological studies.

Lycopene alleviates sulfamethoxazole-induced hepatotoxicity in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) via suppression of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis

Antibiotics are used worldwide to treat diseases in humans and other animals; most of them and their secondary metabolites are discharged into the aquatic environment, posing a serious threat to human health. However, the toxicity of antibiotics on aquatic organisms, especially the effects on the detoxification system and immune system, has not been thoroughly studied. Lycopene (LYC) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon carotenoid, which has received extensive attention as a potential antioxidant. The aim of this study was to investigate whether LYC alleviates exogenous toxicity in carp induced by sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) and the underlying molecular mechanisms. The grass carp were treated with SMZ (0.3 μg L-1) and/or LYC (10 mg per kg body weight) for 30 days. Indexes, such as hepatic function-related including histopathological changes and biochemical parameters, detoxification system-related including the cytochrome P450 enzyme system and antioxidant system, and immune system-related including inflammatory and apoptosis processes were detected. The results showed that SMZ stress leads to significant pathological damage of the liver and induction of oxidative stress. LYC coadministration recovered the cytochrome p450-1A1 homeostasis and decreased SMZ-induced accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mechanistically, indicators in the innate immune system (such as toll like receptors (TLRs), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-8) and the apoptosis pathway (p53, PUMA, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), BCL2-associated X (Bax), and Caspase-9/3) disclosed adaptive activation under SMZ exposure; these anomalies returned to normal or close-to-normal levels after LYC coadministration. Therefore, LYC dietary supplement possesses liver protective function against exogenous toxic compounds like SMZ, making LYC a functional aquatic feed ingredient for aquiculture.

A Flavonoid-Rich Extract from Bergamot Juice, Alone or in Association with Curcumin and Resveratrol, Shows Protective Effects in a Murine Model of Cadmium-Induced Testicular Injury

It is known that cadmium damages testis structure and functionality. We examined the effects of nutraceuticals such as a flavonoid-rich extract of bergamot juice (BJe), alone or in association with curcumin (Cur) and resveratrol (Re), on mice testicular dysfunction caused by cadmium chloride (CdCl₂). Controversial data on the protective effects of Cur and Re are available, while no evidence on the possible role of BJe exists. Adult male C57 BL/6J mice were administered with CdCl₂ and treated with Cur, Re, or BJe alone or in combination for 14 days. Then, testes were removed and processed for molecular, structural, and immunohistochemical analyses. CdCl₂ increased the mRNA of IL-1β, TNF-α, p53, and BAX while reduced that of Bcl-2 and induced tubular lesions and apoptosis of germinal cells. Cur, Re, and BJe at 40 mg/kg significantly improved all of these parameters and events, although BJe at 20 mg/kg showed a lower protective effect. The association of Cur, Re, and BJe at both doses of 50/20/20 and 100/20/40 mg/kg brought each parameter close to those of the control. Our results indicate that the nutraceuticals employed in this study and their associations exert a positive action against Cd-induced testicular injury, suggesting a possible protection of testis functionality in subjects exposed to environmental toxicants.

Cadmium exposure activates NADPH oxidase, renin-angiotensin system and cyclooxygenase 2 pathways in arteries, inducing hypertension and vascular damage

Exposure to high concentrations of cadmium (Cd), widely used in many industries and found in air, food and contaminated water, is not uncommon. Cd damages the cardiovascular system, but the vascular mechanisms involved are not fully understood. This study investigated the mechanisms involved in cardiovascular damage after exposure to high Cd concentrations. Three-month-old male Wistar rats were treated intraperitoneally for 14 days with distilled water (Untreated group) or 1 mg/kg cadmium chloride (Cd group). We investigated the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and vascular reactivity of mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA) and the aorta by analysing contractile and relaxation responses in the absence and presence of the endothelium; we also evaluated pathways involved in vascular tone regulation. Superoxide anion production, COX-2 protein expression and in situ detection of COX-2, AT-1, and NOX-1 were evaluated. Oxidative status, creatinine level and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in plasma were also evaluated. Fourteen-day exposure to a high Cd concentration induced hypertension associated with vascular dysfunction in MRA and the aorta. In both vessels, there was increased participation of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor and NOX1. MRA also presented endothelial dysfunction, denoted by impaired acetylcholine-mediated relaxation. All vascular changes were accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species production and COX2, NOX1 and AT1 receptor expression in vascular tissue. Overall, high Cd concentrations induced cardiovascular damage: hypertension, endothelial dysfunction and vascular damage in conductance and resistance arteries, NADPH oxidase, renin-angiotensin system and COX2 pathway activation.

Ameliorative effect of edible Halopteris scoparia against cadmium-induced reproductive toxicity in male mice: A biochemical and histopathologic study

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal affecting the reproductive system. Halopteris scoparia (brown algae) is generally consumed as a salad in the Far East countries. This study was conducted to compare and determine the possible protective effects of H. scoparia and vitamin E and C combination (VEC) against cadmium chloride (CdCl2 )-induced reproductive toxicity. A total of 36 male mice were equally divided into as control, CdCl2 (2 mg/kg), CdCl2  + H. scoparia (900 mg/kg), CdCl2  + VEC (200 mg/kg), H. scoparia alone and VEC alone groups. Blood and testis samples were taken for biochemical, histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. H. scoparia was also examined for antioxidant activity (by DPPH assay) and mineral/trace element content (by ICP-MS method). CdCl2 exposure caused a significant deterioration in body weight, sperm parameters (count, motility, viability and morphology) (p < .001), histopathology, immunoreactivity and testosterone levels. However, H. scoparia improved CdCl2 -induced deterioration effects more successfully than VEC-treated group. The present study suggests that edible H. scoparia can be used as a natural protective agent against Cd-induced testicular damage by possibly enhancing essential element levels or increasing antioxidant defence system.

Impact of the mucoadhesive lyophilized wafer loaded with novel carvedilol nano-spanlastics on biochemical markers in the heart of spontaneously hypertensive rat models

The purpose of this investigation was to encapsulate carvedilol, a model beta-blocker antihypertensive into nano-spanlastics, followed by incorporation into 1% CMC wafer to afford a mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery system, targeting to sidestep the first-pass metabolism, improving the drug absorption and pharmacological effect, achieving non-invasive buccal delivery for treating hypertension. Carvedilol-loaded nano-spanlastics were rendered by ethanol injection technique, using 2³ factorial design. The effect of formulation variables was investigated on nano-spanlastic characteristics. The optimal nano-spanlastic formulation (S2; containing 20% Brij 97) exhibited particle size (239.8 ± 5 nm), entrapment efficiency (98. 16 ± 1.44%), deformability index (8.74 ± 0.42 g), and the flux after 24 h (J_max) (22.5 ± 0.25 (μg/cm²/h) with enhancement ratio 2.87 as well as excellent stability after storage. Permeation study verified the preeminence of the S2 formula. A confocal laser scanning microscope showed deep penetration of S2 through sheep buccal mucosa formula compared to rhodamine B solution. S2-based wafer showed acceptable characters (pH, swelling, drug content, residence time, and release rate). In vivo studies (pharmacodynamic study and biochemical evaluation) showed considerable improvement in blood pressure, the profile of the lipid, oxidant stress biomarkers, and cardiac markers. Histopathological studies revealed the superiority of S2 wafer in the protection of heart tissues over Carvid®. The results achieved indicate that nano-spanlastic-based wafer offers a promising improving trans-buccal carvedilol delivery system. Graphical abstract.

Nutraceutical Effects of Lycopene in Experimental Varicocele: An "In Vivo" Model to Study Male Infertility

Varicocele is one of the main causes of infertility in men. Oxidative stress and consequently apoptosis activation contribute to varicocele pathogenesis, worsening its prognosis. Natural products, such as lycopene, showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in several experimental models, also in testes. In this study we investigated lycopene effects in an experimental model of varicocele. Male rats (n = 14) underwent sham operations and were administered with vehicle (n = 7) or with lycopene (n = 7; 1 mg/kg i.p., daily). Another group of animals (n = 14) underwent surgical varicocele. After 28 days, the sham and 7 varicocele animals were euthanized, and both operated and contralateral testes were weighted and processed. The remaining rats were treated with lycopene (1 mg/kg i.p., daily) for 30 days. Varicocele rats showed reduced testosterone levels, testes weight, Bcl-2 mRNA expression, changes in testes structure and increased malondialdehyde levels and BAX gene expression. TUNEL (Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling) assay showed an increased number of apoptotic cells. Treatment with lycopene significantly increased testosterone levels, testes weight, and Bcl-2 mRNA expression, improved tubular structure and decreased malondialdehyde levels, BAX mRNA expression and TUNEL-positive cells. The present results show that lycopene exerts beneficial effects in testes, and suggest that supplementation with the tomato-derived carotenoid might be considered a novel nutraceutical strategy for the treatment of varicocele and male infertility.

Testicular toxicity following chronic codeine administration is via oxidative DNA damage and up-regulation of NO/TNF-α and caspase 3 activities

BACKGROUND

Codeine, a 3-methylmorphine, and other related opioids have been implicated in androgen suppression, although the associated mechanisms remain unclear.

AIM

Therefore, the objective of the current study was to elucidate the in vivo molecular mechanisms underlying codeine-induced androgen suppression.

METHODS

This study made use of twenty-one healthy male rabbits, distributed into three groups randomly, control and codeine-treated groups. The control had 1ml of normal saline daily p.o. The codeine-treated groups received either 4mg/kg b.w of codeine or 10mg/kg b.w of codeine p.o. for six weeks. Reproductive hormonal profile, testicular weight, testicular enzymes, oxidative and inflammatory parameters, testicular DNA fragmentation, histological examination and apoptosis marker were evaluated to examine the effects of codeine use.

KEY FINDINGS

Oral administration of codeine resulted in testicular atrophy and alterations in testicular histomorphology, elevated testicular enzymes, and suppression of circulatory and intra-testicular testosterone. These changes were associated with a marked rise in oxidative markers and decline in the activities of testicular enzymatic antioxidants, as well as oxidative DNA damage, inflammatory response, testicular DNA fragmentation, and caspase-dependent apoptosis (p<0.05).

SIGNIFICANCE

In conclusion, chronic codeine use resulted in testicular degeneration and testosterone suppression, which is attributable to TNF-α/nitric oxide-/oxidative stress-mediated caspase-dependent apoptotic testicular cell death and loss of testicular function.

Protective role of lycopene against metabolic disorders induced by chronic bisphenol A exposure in rats

This study was conducted to elucidate the ameliorative potential of lycopene (LYC) against the metabolic toxicity induced by bisphenol A (BPA) in rats. Male rats (n = 28) were divided into 4 equal groups: control group, LYC group was given lycopene (10 mg/kg BW), BPA group was given 10 mg/kg BW of BPA, and the last group was administered BPA and LYC at 10 mg/kg via gavage for 90 consecutive days. Body weight (BW) gain, lipid profile, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assessed. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), thyroid hormones, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), leptin, and resistin were assayed. Moreover, immunohistochemistry of TNF-α was performed in adipose tissue. BPA-treated rats showed significant reduction in BW gain and deteriorations in lipid profile, TAC, OGTT, and thyroid hormones as well as significant increases in HOMA-IR, IL-1β, leptin, and resistin. While, improvement of metabolic parameters was observed when LYC was administrated with BPA. Intense TNF-α immunostaining was detected in the fat of BPA-treated rats but the intensity decreased when LYC was administrated with BPA. In conclusion, LYC ameliorated the adverse effects of BPA on metabolism through its antioxidant potential and its reduction of TNF-α expression in adipose tissue.

Protective effect of lycopene against chemical and natural toxins: A review

People are exposed to a number of environmental, occupational, and therapeutic toxic agents which may be natural or man made. These hazardous substances may manifest as direct side effects on the function of organs or indirectly induced alteration of gene expression, cancer-associated metabolic pathways, and/or alter homeostasis. Lycopene, as a one of the most potent antioxidant, is found in fruits and vegetables. High-intake of lycopene has been shown to be effective in decreasing the risk of both natural toxins including mycotoxins, bacterial toxins, and chemical toxins including heavy metals, pesticides as well as herbicides. Recently, there is growing attention in understanding the mechanisms of the phytochemicals and carotenoids as antioxidative, antiapoptotic, radical scavenging, and chelating agents and their roles in the modulation of inflammatory pathways. This review summarizes available data from several recent studies about lycopene and its role against chemical and natural toxicants. © 2018 BioFactors, 45(1):5-23, 2019.

Antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of lycopene and insulin in the hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

In the present study the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of insulin and lycopene on passive avoidance memory, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde activity (MDA) and prevention of apoptosis in the hippocampus streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were examined. The rats were randomly divided to six experimental groups (n=8 per group): Non-diabetic (controls); diabetic; diabetic treated with lycopene; diabetic treated with insulin; diabetic treated with lycopene and insulin; and normal treated with lycopene. Intraperitoneal injection of single dose (60 mg/kg) streptozotocin (STZ) was used to induce the diabetes rat model. The shuttle box test was used for learning and memory assessment. Rats were then sacrificed and hippocampi tissue isolated from the two hemispheres to determine TAC and MDA. Apoptosis rate was also evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling and acridine orange staining assays. The results indicated that lycopene and insulin, solely or in combination, prevented hippocampal neuronal cell death and improved learning and cognition by increasing TAC and decreasing MDA. Collectively, the findings presented herein suggest that insulin and lycopene co-treatment has neuroprotective effect, and ameliorates STZ-induced learning and memory impairment and apoptotic cell death in the hippocampal regions of diabetic rats.

Lycopene: Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects toward Bisphenol A-Induced Toxicity in Female Wistar Rats

Bisphenol A (BPA)—an endocrine disruptor xenoestrogen—is widely spread in the environment. Lycopene (LYC) is an antioxidant phytochemical carotenoid. The hereby study was designed to verify the deleterious effect of BPA on cyclic female rats' hepatic tissue as well as evaluation of the effect of LYC toward BPA hepatic perturbation. Twenty-eight female Wistar rats were allocated equally into four groups: control group, LYC group (10 mg/kg B.wt), BPA group (10 mg/kg B.wt), and BPA + LYC group (the same doses as former groups). The treatments were given daily via gavage to the rats for 30 days. The rats in BPA displayed high activities of serum liver enzymes with low levels of total proteins (TP) and albumin. Moreover, BPA induced hepatic oxidative stress via depletion of antioxidant enzymes concomitant with augmentation of lipid peroxidation, increased comet tail DNA %, and overexpression of caspase-3. Meanwhile, LYC administration reduced the cytotoxic effects of BPA on hepatic tissue, through improving the liver function biomarkers and oxidant-antioxidant state as well as DNA damage around the control values. These findings were confirmed by hepatic histopathological examination. Finally, LYC credited to have a noticeable protective effect versus BPA provoked oxidative injury and apoptosis of the liver tissue.

Cadmium inhibits lysine acetylation and succinylation inducing testicular injury of mouse during development

The toxic effects of cadmium (Cd) in the reproductive system have been confirmed, and lysine acetylation and succinylation play important roles in spermatogenesis. However, little attention determined whether Cd could affect lysine acylation and how it might have an impact on the reproductive system. Therefore, with the goal of contributing to this subject, we have examined the effects of Cd on lysine acetylation and succinylation of proteins in the germ cells of male mice testes during different developmental stages. We adopted intraperitoneal injection of cadmium chloride (1.2 mg/kg body weight) in mice once every 5 days from postnatal day 5-60. The results showed that Cd could restrict GAPDH activity, ATP and cAMP levels of germ cells to inhibit lysine acetylation and succinylation in the testes, inducing reproductive injuries. Cd also restricts acetylation of histone H4K5 and H4K12, which could result in failure of spermiogenesis. Remarkably, polarized acetylation occurs in meiosis, and high-level acetylation occurs earlier than high-level succinylation during spermatogenesis. Moreover, Cd has a limited effect on body weight but reduces the weight of the testis and litter size. Our research may provide a new way to reveal the mechanisms of Cd reproductive toxicity related to lysine acetylation and succinylation.

The Protective Effects of Probiotic Bacteria on Cadmium Toxicity in Rats

One of the useful properties of probiotic bacteria is their capacity to bind different targets, thus eliminating them through feces. It is supposed that one of these targets could be cadmium, a widespread environmental toxicant that causes various disturbances in biological systems. This study examined the protective effects of probiotic supplementation against cadmium-induced toxicity in the rat. The experiment was conducted in the course of 5 weeks. Animals were divided into four groups: (1) controls, (2) probiotics treated, (3) cadmium treated, and (4) probiotics + cadmium treated. The cadmium concentration was measured in the blood, liver, kidney, and feces, as well as the blood alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as biomarkers of the liver function. Histomorphological changes in the liver and kidney were also determined. Our results revealed that probiotics combined with cadmium increase this metal concentration in feces. As a result, blood, liver, and kidney Cd levels, as well as blood ALT and AST activities were lessened compared to the rat group treated with cadmium only. Besides, probiotics consumed simultaneously with cadmium attenuated histomorphological changes in the liver and kidney caused by cadmium. The rise in lactobacilli number in feces of rats treated simultaneously with cadmium and probiotics results in strong correlation with the increase of Cd concentration in their feces and the decrease of Cd concentration in their blood. We speculate that probiotics actively contribute to cadmium excretion through feces, probably, by its binding to their bacterial cell wall.

Lycopene ameliorates atrazine-induced oxidative damage in adrenal cortex of male rats by activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway

Atrazine (ATZ) is one of the most commonly used herbicides contaminating plants, soil and water resources. Several strategies have been used to counteract ATZ toxicity. Here, we tested the hypothesis that lycopene could ameliorate ATZ-induced toxicity in the adrenal cortex. For this purpose, 35 adult male albino rats were randomized into five equal groups: untreated control, vehicle control (received 0.5 mL corn oil/day), lycopene (treated with lycopene dissolved in 0.5 mL corn oil, 10 mg/kg b.w./day), ATZ (received ATZ dissolved in 0.5 mL corn oil 300 mg/kg b.w./day), and ATZ + lycopene (treated with ATZ and lycopene at the same previously mentioned doses). All treatments were given by oral gavage for 4 weeks. We found that ATZ exposure significantly increased relative adrenal weight, plasma ACTH levels, and adrenal oxidative stress as manifested by elevated malondialdehyde levels, decreased reduced glutathione content and depressed antioxidant enzyme activities in adrenal cortex tissues with respect to control groups. Furthermore, the transcription of adrenal cortex nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nuclear factor kappa B, and caspase-3 genes was increased significantly compared with the control groups. This was accompanied with DNA fragmentation and structural and ultrastructural changes in zona glomerulosa and zona fasiculata of the adrenal cortex. Notably, all these changes were partially ameliorated in rats treated concomitantly with ATZ and lycopene. Our results showed that lycopene exerts protective effects against ATZ-induced toxicity in rat adrenal cortex. These effects may be attributed to the antioxidative property of lycopene and its ability to activate the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Experimental evidence for the potential of lycopene in the management of scopolamine induced amnesia

Lycopene successfully reversed the scopolamine induced amnesia.

The potential protective role of lysophospholipid mediators in nephrotoxicity induced by chronically exposed cadmium

Cadmium is a hazardous metal whose chronic exposure induces renal failure due to fibrosis, but the mechanisms are not well known. In this study we analyzed the molecular species of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and related phospholipids, together with their metabolic enzyme activity, in plasma from Wistar rats exposed up to 300ppm Cd(2+) in drinking water for 114days. Exposure of 300ppm Cd(2+) for 114days enhanced autotoxin (ATX)/lysophospholipase D activity, but significantly lowered the total levels of LPA and lysophosphatidylethanolamine. Interestingly, the total level of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) was elevated dose-dependently by Cd(2+). Cultured rat kidney-derived interstitial fibroblast cells, NRK49F cells and proximal epithelial cells, NRK52E cells, were both responsive to the protective action of LPA or S1P against Cd(2+) toxicity. The former cell expresses ATX RNA. In conclusion, the elevation of LPA-producing enzyme activity and S1P concentrations in plasma after exposure of rats to Cd(2+) would protect from the renal toxicity of Cd(2+).

Grape juice concentrate protects reproductive parameters of male rats against cadmium-induced damage: a chronic assay

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of long-term grape juice concentrate (GJC) consumption, in two dosages, on the reproductive parameters of cadmium-exposed male rats. The effects of the concentrate on body mass gain, plasma testosterone levels, reproductive organ weights, daily sperm production, sperm morphology, testis histopathological and histomorphometrical parameters, and testicular antioxidant markers were investigated. Wistar rats (n 54) were distributed into six groups: CdCl2; cadmium and grape juice I (1·18 g/kg per d); cadmium and grape juice II (2·36 g/kg per d); grape juice I (1·18 g/kg per d); grape juice II (2·36 g/kg per d); control. A single dose of CdCl2 (1·2 mg/kg body weight (BW)) was injected intraperitoneally and the grape juice was administered orally for 56 d. The results indicated that cadmium changed all reproductive and antioxidant parameters. At dosage I (1·18 g/kg BW), GJC consumption did not show the effects against cadmium-induced damages. In contrast, at dosage II (2·36 g/kg BW), the GJC improved the gonadosomatic index (P= 0·003), serum testosterone levels (P= 0·001), the relative weight of epididymis (P= 0·013) and ventral prostate (P= 0·052), the percentage of normal sperm (P= 0·001), and histopathological and histomorphometrical parameters. In addition, at this dosage, normalisation of the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (P= 0·001) and of testicular levels of glutathione (P= 0·03) were observed. The parameters of the non-exposed rats did not depict significant alterations. In conclusion, the product was able to act as a protector of reproductive function against cadmium-induced damage. Such a property was expressed in a dose-dependent manner as the more effective dose was dosage II. The GJC acted possibly by antioxidant mechanisms.

Onion (Allium cepa) extract prevents cadmium induced renal dysfunction

Cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal, is known for its adverse effects on the body. In this study, the lowering effect of Cd on renal clearance (RC) was investigated, and Allium cepa extract (AcE) (an antioxidant) was pre-administered orally to prevent Cd's adverse effects. Seventy-two Wistar rats, grouped into three (n = 24), were used for this study. While Group C was given 1.0 ml of AcE daily (orally), Group A and Group B were given distilled water. AcE administration was done for eight weeks. Afterwards B and C were then given 1.5 ml/kg BW of 0.3 mg/L 3CdSO(4).8H(2)O intraperitoneally for three consecutive days. The results obtained showed that Cd causes significant reduction in the 24 hour urine volume (from 3.017 +/- 0.125 to 2.433 +/- 0.118 ml), RC (from 3.258 +/- 0.114 to 1.357 +/- 0.104 ml/h for creatinine; and from 0.350 +/- 0.057 to 0.185 +/- 0.055 ml/h for urea), plasma and tissue SOD and CAT activity (form 1.644 +/- 0.036 to 1.307 +/- 0.056 u/g protein for plasma SOD; 0.391 +/- 0.029 to 0.2692 +/- 0.031 u/protein for plasma CAT; 1.695 +/- 0.034 to 1.327 +/- 0.049 u/g protein for tissues SOD; and from 0.350 +/- 0.027 to 0.273 +/- 0.043 u for tissue CAT), and significant MDA increased in plasma (from 1496.79 +/- 1.321 to 1679.48 +/- 143.29 mug/g protein) and tissue (from 1265.22 +/- 2.285 to 1669.87 +/- 14.61 mug/dL). AcE, however, prevents these Cd's adverse effects. This findings lead to the conclusion Cd exposure causes renal dysfunction, but oral administration of onion could prevent it.

Aquilegia vulgaris extract protects against the oxidative stress and the mutagenic effects of cadmium in Balb/c mice

Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential element and is a widespread environmental pollutant. Exposure to cadmium can result in cytotoxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. The aim of the current work was to evaluate the protective effect of Aquilegia vulgaris extract against the oxidative stress and the genotoxicity induced by Cd using the chromosomal aberrations in somatic and germ cells assay and random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD-PCR) analysis. Forty male Balb/c mice were divided into four groups including the control group, Cd-treated group and the groups treated with the extract alone or plus Cd. The results indicated that Cd increased serum ALT, AST, urea, LDH, CK, lipid peroxidation in liver tissue accompanied with a significant decrease in GPX and SOD. Cd also increased the number of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow and spermatocytes including structural and numerical aberrations. Animals treated with the extract alone were comparable to the control regarding all the tested parameters. The extract succeeded in preventing or diminishing the oxidative stress and the clastogenic effects of Cd. It could be concluded that Aquilegia vulgaris extract is a promising protective agent against oxidative stress and genotoxicity during the exposure to Cd.

Impairment of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in cadmium-hypertensive rats

Abnormalities in the production and/or release of relaxing factors from the endothelium have been implicated in the development of hypertension in several animal models. Endothelium-dependent relaxation has been reported to be impaired in thoracic aorta in experimentally induced and genetically hypertensive rats. Present study has extented these observations to thoracic aorta of cadmium-hypertensive rats. The possible role of alterations in oxidant status was also studied. Hypertension was induced by the intraperitoneal administration of 1 mg/kg/day cadmium for 15 days. Mechanical responses produced by acetylcholine (ACh, 10— 9—10—4 M) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 10—10—10— 5 M) were studied on phenylephrine-precontracted thoracic aorta rings from control and cadmium-hypertensive rats. Serum nitric oxide (NO) and aortic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured. ACh-induced relaxation was attenuated in aorta from cadmium-hypertensive rats, whereas relaxation responses to SNP did not differ significantly between the groups. Exposure of aortic rings to NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 —4 M) resulted in a significantly greater inhibition of relaxation response to ACh in aortic rings of cadmium-hypertensive rats as compared with control rats. Incubation with L-arginine (L-Arg, 10 —3 M) caused a similar reversal of the inhibition of ACh-induced relaxation by L-NAME in both groups. Serum NO levels were decreased and aortic MDA levels were increased in cadmium-treated rats as compared with control rats. However, the differences between the groups did not reach a statistical significance. These findings suggested that the reduction in endothelium-dependent relaxation may play a role in cadmium-induced hypertension as it was in many other hypertension models.

Effect of lycopene and epigallocatechin-3-gallate against 3-nitropropionic acid induced cognitive dysfunction and glutathione depletion in rat: a novel nitric oxide mechanism

Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by symptoms like chorea and dementia. There is no exact therapeutic agent available to manage and cure this disease. 3-Nitropropionic acid, a neurotoxin causes gait and memory impairment which leads to oxidative damage and upsets glutathione defense in animals. 3-NP model is a useful tool to develop suitable therapeutic agent in the treatment of Huntington's disease. Present study compares the effects of lycopene and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on memory impairment and disturbs glutathione system against 3-NP treatment. 3-NP treatment significantly impaired memory as assessed in Morris water maze and elevated plus maze tasks. On the 15 day, the levels of reduced glutathione, total glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase were also significantly decreased in the striatum, hippocampus and cortex areas of the brain. The treatment with lycopene (2.5, 5 and 10mg/kg) and EGCG (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) significantly improved memory and restored glutathione system functioning. Further, L-arginine and L-NAME pretreatment with the sub effective dose of lycopene (5mg/kg) and EGCG (20mg/kg) reversed and potentiate their protective effects respectively. In conclusion, lycopene and EGCG could be used to mange 3-NP induced behavioral and biochemical alterations by involving nitric oxide pathways.

Role of Panax ginseng as an antioxidant after cadmium-induced hepatic injuries

Liver, being primary site for biotransformation of foreign compounds is vulnerable to various chemical assaults. Ginseng has a wide range of pharmacological and therapeutical action. In the present study an attempt has been made to study the cadmium chloride (CdCl(2)) induced toxicity in liver and its possible protection by Panax ginseng. Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups: (i) Control group--only vehicle (double distilled water) (ii) Ginseng treated group - 10mg/kg b.wt. orally (iii) CdCl(2) treated group - 1.0mg/kg b.wt. CdCl(2) i.p. (iv) Combination group--Ginseng root extract (10mg/kg b.wt.) and CdCl(2) (1.0mg/kg b.wt.). Activities of alkaline phosphatase, GOT, GPT were measured in serum and lipid peroxidation (LPO) and GSH content were measured in liver. The results indicated a significant increase in LPO, GOT, GPT activities and decrease in GSH and serum alkaline phosphatase activities after CdCl(2) treatment. Ginseng alone did not show any significant alterations except a significant decrease in LPO level. Combined treatment of Ginseng and CdCl(2) showed significant decrease in LPO, GOT, GPT and elevation in GSH and serum alkaline phosphatase as compared to CdCl(2) treated group. Thus, Ginseng is found to be protective against cadmium-induced hepatic injuries.