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McClam M, Liu J, Fan Y, Zhan T, Zhang Q, Porter DE, Scott GI, Xiao S. Associations between exposure to cadmium, lead, mercury and mixtures and women's infertility and long-term amenorrhea. Arch Public Health 2023; 81:161. [PMID: 37626359 PMCID: PMC10463686 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-023-01172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) have been shown to exhibit endocrine disrupting properties. Their effects on women's reproductive health, however, remain elusive. Here, we investigated associations between blood concentrations of Pb, Cd, Hg, and their mixture and infertility and long-term amenorrhea in women aged 20-49 years using the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2018 cross-sectional survey. METHODS A total of 1,990 women were included for the analysis of infertility and 1,919 women for long-term amenorrhea. The methods of log-transformation and use of quartiles were used to analyze blood heavy metal concentrations. Statistical differences in the covariates between the outcome groups were evaluated using a chi-squared test for categorical variables and a t-test for continuous variables. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the associations. RESULTS The blood concentrations of Pb and heavy metal mixtures were significantly higher in ever-infertile women than pregnant women, but the concentrations of Cd and Hg were comparable. After full adjustment, multiple logistic regression analyses revealed a significant and dose-dependent positive association between blood Pb concentrations and women's historical infertility, a negative association between Cd and women's long-term amenorrhea, and no associations between Hg and heavy metal mixture and women's infertility or long-term amenorrhea. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that exposure to heavy metals exhibit differential associations with history of infertility and amenorrhea, and Pb may adversely impact women's reproduction and heighten the risks of infertility and long-term amenorrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria McClam
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Yihan Fan
- Master of Public Health in Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tingjie Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Rm 406, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Center for Environmental Exposures and Disease, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Dwayne E Porter
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Geoffrey I Scott
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Shuo Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Rm 406, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Center for Environmental Exposures and Disease, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Pavithra KG, SundarRajan P, Kumar PS, Rangasamy G. Mercury sources, contaminations, mercury cycle, detection and treatment techniques: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137314. [PMID: 36410499 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mercury is considered a toxic pollutant harmful to our human health and the environment. Mercury is highly persistent, volatile and bioaccumulated and enters into the food chain, destroying our ecosystem. The levels of mercury in the water bodies as well as in the atmosphere are affected by anthropogenic and natural activities. In this review, the mercury species as well as the mercury contamination towards water, soil and air are discussed in detail. In addition to that, the sources of mercury and the mercury cycle in the aquatic system are also discussed. The determination of mercury with various methods such as with modified electrodes and nanomaterials was elaborated in brief. The treatment in the removal of mercury such as adsorption, electrooxidation and photocatalysis were explained with recent ideologies and among them, adsorption was considered one of the efficient techniques in terms of cost and mercury removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Grace Pavithra
- Department of Environmental and Water Resource Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P SundarRajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Saveetha Engineering College, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603 110, Tamil Nadu, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR) Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603 110, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
| | - Gayathri Rangasamy
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; University Centre for Research and Development & Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India
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Eddie-Amadi BF, Ezejiofor AN, Orish CN, Orisakwe OE. Zn and Se abrogate heavy metal mixture induced ovarian and thyroid oxido-inflammatory effects mediated by activation of NRF2-HMOX-1 in female albino rats. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 4:100098. [PMID: 36624872 PMCID: PMC9823124 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid is vital for the proper functioning of the female reproductive system since it regulates the metabolism and development of ovary. This is an evaluation of the essential trace elements ETE on the heavy metals mixture HMM mediated oxido-inflammatory effects in the ovary and thyroid of female albino rats. Eight groups (5 female rats /group) were treated as follows for 60 days: Group 1: Deionized water only; Group 2: (Pb, Hg, Mn and Al); Group 3: HMM + ZnCl2, 0.80 mg/kg; Group 4: HMM + Na2SeO3, 1.50 mg/kg; Group 5: HMM + ZnCl2, 0.80 mg/kg and Na2SeO3, 1.50 mg/kg combined. On day 60 animals were euthanized, ovary and thyroid were harvested and used for, MDA, NO, antioxidants, TNF-α, IL-6, HMOX-1, Caspase-3, NF-KB, NRF2, HM and histopathology. There was significant bioaccumulation of Pb, Al, Hg and MN; elevated IL-6 and TNF-α, MDA and NO, caspase-3 and NRF2, NFKB and HMOX-1 with significant decrease in antioxidants in the HMM only group in comparison to the control. Co-treatment with ETE reversed most of these effects. ETE may ameliorate HMM -induced ovarian and thyrotoxicity in female albino rats by blunting oxido-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boma F. Eddie-Amadi
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Oilfield Chemicals Research (ACE-CEFOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323 Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria
| | - Anthonet N. Ezejiofor
- African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323 Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria
| | - Chinna N. Orish
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323 Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria
| | - Orish E. Orisakwe
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Oilfield Chemicals Research (ACE-CEFOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323 Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria,Corresponding author at: African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323 Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria.
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Puścion-Jakubik A, Pienkiewicz M, Steckiewicz K, Stypułkowska A, Grabia M, Bielecka J, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Socha K. Use of Hand Creams during the Period of Frequent Disinfection in COVID-19 Pandemic-Preference Survey and Evaluation of Mercury Contamination. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13025. [PMID: 36293639 PMCID: PMC9602347 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The skin is one of the ways the human body is exposed to toxic elements, including mercury (Hg). Hand creams are cosmetics that should be of high quality due to the fact that they can be used on irritated skin, which can facilitate the absorption of many ingredients. The study consisted of two stages: a consumer questionnaire was conducted regarding the preferences of the respondents, and then the Hg content in hand creams was determined. The survey covered 184 people with an age of 26.9 ± 7.8 years. Based on their preferences, 140 hand creams were selected for the study. The Hg content in the creams was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry with the amalgamation technique. The median content of this toxic element was 4.067 µg/kg. No influence of the country of origin, price, package size, main ingredients, and direction of action on the Hg content was shown. Noncarcinogenic risk assessment using the hazard quotient (HQ) indicated that the tested creams are safe. However, it should be emphasized that Hg has been shown in over 99% of the samples, which indicates that the content of this element in hand creams should be monitored.
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Goutam Mukherjee A, Ramesh Wanjari U, Renu K, Vellingiri B, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A. Heavy metal and metalloid - induced reproductive toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 92:103859. [PMID: 35358731 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals and metalloid exposure are among the most common factors responsible for reproductive toxicity in human beings. Several studies have indicated that numerous metals and metalloids can display severe adverse properties on the human reproductive system. Metals like lead, silver, cadmium, uranium, vanadium, and mercury and metalloids like arsenic have been known to induce reproductive toxicity. Moderate to minute quantities of lead may affect several reproductive parameters and even affect semen quality. The ecological and industrial exposures to the various heavy metals and metalloids have disastrous effects on the reproductive system ensuing in infertility. This work emphasizes the mechanism and pathophysiology of the aforementioned heavy metals and metalloids in reproductive toxicity. Additionally, this work aims to cover the classical protective mechanisms of zinc, melatonin, chelation therapy, and other trending methods to prevent heavy metal-induced reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India; Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
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Effects of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury on the Structure and Function of Reproductive Organs. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8040094. [PMID: 33137881 PMCID: PMC7711607 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive organs are essential not only for the life of an individual but also for the survival and development of the species. The response of reproductive organs to toxic substances differs from that of other target organs, and they may serve as an ideal “barometer” for the deleterious effects of environmental pollution on animal and human health. The incidence of infertility, cancers, and associated maladies has increased in the last fifty years or more, while various anthropogenic activities have released into the environment numerous toxic substances, including cadmium, lead, and mercury. Data from epidemiological studies suggested that environmental exposure to cadmium, lead, and mercury may have produced reproductive and developmental toxicity. The present review focused on experimental studies using rats, mice, avian, and rabbits to demonstrate unambiguously effects of cadmium, lead, or mercury on the structure and function of reproductive organs. In addition, relevant human studies are discussed. The experimental studies reviewed have indicated that the testis and ovary are particularly sensitive to cadmium, lead, and mercury because these organs are distinguished by an intense cellular activity, where vital processes of spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and folliculogenesis occur. In ovaries, manifestation of toxicity induced by cadmium, lead, or mercury included decreased follicular growth, occurrence of follicular atresia, degeneration of the corpus luteum, and alterations in cycle. In testes, toxic effects following exposure to cadmium, lead, or mercury included alterations of seminiferous tubules, testicular stroma, and decrease of spermatozoa count, motility and viability, and aberrant spermatozoa morphology.
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Elevated blood mercury level has a non-linear association with infertility in U.S. women: Data from the NHANES 2013-2016. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 91:53-58. [PMID: 31756438 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mercury is a ubiquitous toxic heavy metal associated with an increased risk of female infertility; however, the evidence supporting this is limited and controversial. We aimed to explore the relationship between the total blood mercury and infertility in 1796 selected participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2013-2016). We found no significant association between mercury and infertility based on a fully-adjusted model (OR 1.04; 95 % CI 0.91, 1.19), and the results remained robust in a series of sensitive analysis. However, a non-linear relationship was detected. By a two-piecewise linear regression model and recursive algorithm, we identified an inflection point of 5.278 μg/L, when blood mercury was >5.278 μg/L, a 1-unit increase in mercury (log2) was associated with 157 % greater adjusted odds of infertility (OR 2.57; 95 % CI 1.12, 5.87). Our findings provide new insights to advance the research of the link between mercury and infertility.
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Henriques MC, Loureiro S, Fardilha M, Herdeiro MT. Exposure to mercury and human reproductive health: A systematic review. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 85:93-103. [PMID: 30831212 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidences from human and animal studies suggest that reproductive function may be affected by mercury. The aim of this review was to explore the mercury influence on human fertility. METHODS A systematic search was made in PubMED for papers published between 1975-2017, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. RESULTS Increased mercury levels were associated with infertility or subfertility status. Further, infertile subjects with unexplained infertility showed higher levels of mercury in hair, blood and urine than fertile ones. Mercury exposure induced sperm DNA damage and abnormal sperm morphology and motility. Additionally, mercury levels were related with higher incidence of menstrual and hormonal disorders and increased rates of adverse reproductive outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Our review showed that mercury negatively impacts human reproduction, affecting the reproductive and endocrine systems in both male and female. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the mercury-associated decline on fertility remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Carvalho Henriques
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology & Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do MAR (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Herdeiro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Shroff H, Diedrichs PC, Craddock N. Skin Color, Cultural Capital, and Beauty Products: An Investigation of the Use of Skin Fairness Products in Mumbai, India. Front Public Health 2018; 5:365. [PMID: 29410952 PMCID: PMC5787082 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of skin fairness products that frequently contain toxic ingredients is associated with significant adverse health side effects. Due to the high prevalence of use in Asian and African countries, skin fairness product use is recognized as a growing public health concern. The multi-million-dollar skin fairness product industry has also been criticized for perpetuating racism and social inequalities by reinforcing beliefs about the benefits of skin fairness for cultural capital. No quantitative studies have assessed people’s beliefs about fairness and reasons for using or not using these products in India, one of the largest global markets for skin fairness products. The current study explored skin fairness product use among 1,992 women and men aged 16–60 years in the city of Mumbai, India using a self-report questionnaire. A total of 37.6% of the sample reported currently using skin fairness products, with women being two times more likely to use these products. Among current users, 17% reported past experiences of adverse side effects, and “Media/TV/Adverts” were the most common prompts for using fairness products, followed by “Friends” and “Family.” Men were significantly more likely than women to endorse beliefs about fairness being more attractive and were more likely to perceive family and peers as viewing fairness as beneficial for cultural capital. There were no differences between women and men currently using products in their desire to look as fair as media celebrities. Among non-users, women were significantly more likely than men to report concerns about product efficacy and side effects as reasons for non-use, while men were significantly more likely to report socioeconomic reasons for non-use. Implications of these findings are discussed in light of growing public health concerns about the use of fairness products, and potential for advocacy and public health interventions to address the use of skin fairness products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemal Shroff
- Centre for Health and Social Sciences, School of Health Systems Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Phillippa C Diedrichs
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Craddock
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Alqadami AA, Naushad M, Abulhassan Abdalla M, Khan MR, Alothman ZA, Wabaidur SM, Ghfar AA. Determination of heavy metals in skin-whitening cosmetics using microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. IET Nanobiotechnol 2017; 11:597-603. [PMID: 28745295 PMCID: PMC8676359 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2016.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the determination of noxious heavy metals, cadmium (Cd), bismuth (Bi), mercury (Hg), titanium (Ti), lead (Pb) and metalloid arsenic (As) in skin-whitening cosmetics were examined using microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry method. A complete digestion of cosmetics samples was achieved using a mixture of hydrofluoric acid/hydrogen peroxide/nitric acid. The quantification of the target compounds was done by standard addition method. The excellent quality parameters for instance, detection limits, As (4.6 ppb), Bi (7.9 ppb), Cd (0.45 ppb), Hg (3.3 ppb), Pb (3.8 ppb), Ti (4.3 ppb), linearity (r2 > 0.999) and run-to-run and day-to-day precisions with relative standard deviations <3% were obtained. The recovery rates for standard reference materials were found between 90 and 105%. The average concentration of heavy metals in cosmetics samples were in the range of 1.0-12.3 (μg g-1, As), 33-7097 (μg g-1, Bi), 0.20-0.6 (μg g-1, Cd), 0.70-2700 (μg g-1, Hg), 1.20-143 (μg g-1, Pb) and 2.0-1650 (μg g-1, Ti).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub Abdullah Alqadami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Bld#5, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mu Naushad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Bld#5, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Mohammad Rizwan Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Bld#5, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeid Abdullah Alothman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Bld#5, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saikh Mohammad Wabaidur
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Bld#5, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman Abdel Ghfar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Bld#5, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Rattan S, Zhou C, Chiang C, Mahalingam S, Brehm E, Flaws JA. Exposure to endocrine disruptors during adulthood: consequences for female fertility. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:R109-R129. [PMID: 28356401 PMCID: PMC5479690 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals are ubiquitous chemicals that exhibit endocrine disrupting properties in both humans and animals. Female reproduction is an important process, which is regulated by hormones and is susceptible to the effects of exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals. Disruptions in female reproductive functions by endocrine disrupting chemicals may result in subfertility, infertility, improper hormone production, estrous and menstrual cycle abnormalities, anovulation, and early reproductive senescence. This review summarizes the effects of a variety of synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals on fertility during adult life. The chemicals covered in this review are pesticides (organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, and triazines), heavy metals (arsenic, lead, and mercury), diethylstilbesterol, plasticizer alternatives (di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and bisphenol A alternatives), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, nonylphenol, polychlorinated biphenyls, triclosan, and parabens. This review focuses on the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary, and uterus because together they regulate normal female fertility and the onset of reproductive senescence. The literature shows that several endocrine disrupting chemicals have endocrine disrupting abilities in females during adult life, causing fertility abnormalities in both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniya Rattan
- Department of Comparative BiosciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Changqing Zhou
- Department of Comparative BiosciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Catheryne Chiang
- Department of Comparative BiosciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sharada Mahalingam
- Department of Comparative BiosciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Emily Brehm
- Department of Comparative BiosciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative BiosciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Mercury contamination in facial skin lightening creams and its health risks to user. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 88:72-76. [PMID: 28554823 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to determine concentrations of mercury in facial skin lightening cream according to different price categories (category I: <RM29.99, category II: RM30.00-RM59.99, category III: RM60.00-RM99.99 and category IV: ≥RM100.00) and their potential health risks to users. Prices of skin lightening creams were determined during a preliminary market survey. Thereafter, twenty samples were purchased from various locations such as cosmetic stalls, beauty shops, pharmacies and street vendors based on their stratified price categories. Samples were extracted using microwave digester and analyzed using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS). Non-carcinogenic chronic health risks for application of facial skin lightening cream were calculated using Dermal Absorption Dose (DAD) and Hazard Quotient (HQ). Concentrations of mercury in samples were less than the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) permitted trace levels (<1 ppm) except for one sample from category III which was manufactured in China. Concentrations of mercury in facial skin lightening creams ranged from not detected to 1.13 mg kg-1. There was no significant association between concentrations of mercury with price categories (p = 0.12). There was no significant non-carcinogenic health risk due to daily application of the facial skin lightening creams based on assumption of 30 years exposure period (HQ < 1).
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13
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Al-Saleh I. Potential health consequences of applying mercury-containing skin-lightening creams during pregnancy and lactation periods. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:468-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Al-Saleh I, Abduljabbar M, Al-Rouqi R, Eltabache C, Al-Rajudi T, Elkhatib R, Nester M. The extent of mercury (Hg) exposure among Saudi mothers and their respective infants. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:678. [PMID: 26450688 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A total of 1016 healthy Saudi mothers and their respective infants (aged 3-12 months) were recruited from 57 Primary Health Care Centers (PHCCs) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to evaluate the extent of mercury (Hg) exposure and predict its sources in the healthy Saudi population. Total Hg levels were measured in maternal urine, breast milk, blood, and hair and in the infants' urine and hair. Only 1.9% of the mothers had urinary Hg (UHg)>10 μg/l, the limit for asymptomatic adults recommended by the World Health Organization, but the median (0.99 μg/l) was higher than in other countries. Also, 49.3% of the mothers had UHg>1 μg/l, the German reference value for adults. Median infant UHg was 0.729 μg/l, and 77 and 93 % of the infants had levels higher than 0.4 and 0.1 μg/l, the reference values of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and for Germany, respectively. The median Hg level in breast milk was 0.884 μg/l. Even though 43.2% of the milk samples were above the background level for Hg in human milk (1 μg/l), our results were lower than those reported from other countries. Median maternal total Hg in blood was 0.637 μg/l, and only 0.4 and 6.9% of samples were higher than the Hg reference levels of 5.8 μg/l of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and of 2 μg/l for Germany, respectively. Total Hg levels in hair (HHg) varied widely among mothers and infants, but only 3.9% of the mothers and 2.8% of the infants had HHg>1 μg/g (the EPA reference level). Median HHg values were 0.117 μg/g dry weight in mothers and 0.1 μg/g dry weight in infants; both were lower than in other countries. The Hg levels in mothers and their respective infants were relatively low, but our results were consistent with other studies indicating that dental amalgam fillings and fish consumption were the main predictors of maternal Hg exposure. Among the several biomarkers of Hg exposure, Hg levels in maternal hair and urine were the strongest predictors of infant exposure. The lack of an association between Hg in breast milk and Hg in infant urine and hair suggested that the infants were exposed to Hg predominately during pregnancy rather than during breastfeeding. We expect that our data can serve as a baseline for further biomonitoring and follow-up studies, particularly of the long-term impact of Hg on childhood neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Al-Saleh
- Environmental Health Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mai Abduljabbar
- Environmental Health Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Al-Rouqi
- Environmental Health Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chafica Eltabache
- Environmental Health Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahreer Al-Rajudi
- Environmental Health Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rola Elkhatib
- Environmental Health Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Nester
- Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Copan L, Fowles J, Barreau T, McGee N. Mercury Toxicity and Contamination of Households from the Use of Skin Creams Adulterated with Mercurous Chloride (Calomel). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:10943-54. [PMID: 26364641 PMCID: PMC4586653 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120910943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic mercury, in the form of mercurous chloride, or calomel, is intentionally added to some cosmetic products sold through informal channels in Mexico and the US for skin lightening and acne treatment. These products have led to multiple cases of mercury poisoning but few investigations have addressed the contamination of cream users’ homes. We report on several cases of mercury poisoning among three Mexican-American families in California from use of mercury-containing skin creams. Each case resulted in widespread household contamination and secondary contamination of family members. Urine mercury levels in cream users ranged from 37 to 482 µg/g creatinine and in non-users from non-detectable to 107 µg/g creatinine. Air concentrations of up to 8 µg/m3 of mercury within homes exceeded the USEPA/ATSDR health-based guidance and action level of <1.0 μg/m3. Mercury contamination of cream users’ homes presented a multi-pathway exposure environment to residents. Homes required extensive decontamination, including disposal of most household items, to achieve acceptable air levels. The acceptable air levels used were not designed to consider multi-pathway exposure scenarios. These findings support that the calomel is able to change valence form to elemental mercury and volatilize once exposed to the skin or surfaces in the indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Copan
- California Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Investigations Branch, Richmond, CA 94706, USA.
| | - Jeff Fowles
- California Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Investigations Branch, Richmond, CA 94706, USA.
| | - Tracy Barreau
- California Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Investigations Branch, Richmond, CA 94706, USA.
| | - Nancy McGee
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Enforcement and Emergency Response Division, Sacramento, CA 95826-3200, USA.
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16
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Rana SVS. Perspectives in endocrine toxicity of heavy metals--a review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 160:1-14. [PMID: 24898714 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An attempt has been made to review the endocrine/hormonal implications of a few environmentally significant metals, viz, lead, mercury, cadmium, copper, arsenic and nickel, in man and animals. Special emphasis has been given to the adrenals, thyroid, testis, ovary and pancreas. Toxic metals can cause structural and functional changes in the adrenal glands. Their effects on steroidogenesis have been reviewed. It has been reported that thyroid hormone kinetics are affected by a number of metallic compounds. Occupational exposure to a few of these metals can cause testicular injury and sex hormone disturbances. Protective effects of a few antioxidants on their reproductive toxicity have also been discussed. Information gathered on female reproductive toxicity of heavy metals shows that exposure to these metals can lead to disturbances in reproductive performance in exposed subjects. Certain metals can cause injury to the endocrine pancreas. Exposure to them can cause diabetes mellitus and disturb insulin homeostasis. The need to develop molecular markers of endocrine toxicity of heavy metals has been suggested. Overall information described in this review is expected to be helpful in planning future studies on endocrine toxicity of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V S Rana
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, C. C. S. University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250 004, India,
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17
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Spectrometric analysis of mercury content in 549 skin-lightening products: is mercury toxicity a hidden global health hazard? J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 70:281-7.e3. [PMID: 24321702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cosmetic skin lightening is practiced worldwide. Mercury is a well-documented melanotoxin added to some lightening products. However, mercury can cause many dermatologic, renal, and neurologic problems. The Food and Drug Administration limits the amount of mercury in cosmetic products to trace amounts, 1 ppm. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate a large international sample of lightening products for mercury content, focusing on products available to US consumers either online or in stores. METHODS A total of 549 skin-lightening products, manufactured in 32 countries, were purchased online in the United States, Taiwan, and Japan and in stores in the United States, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Japan, and Sri Lanka. Cosmetics were screened for mercury content above 200 ppm using a low-cost portable x-ray fluorescence spectrometer. RESULTS Of the 549 tested products, 6.0% (n = 33) contained mercury above 1000 ppm. In all, 45% of mercury-containing samples contained mercury in excess of 10,000 ppm. Of lightening products purchased in the United States, 3.3% were found to contain mercury in excess of 1000 ppm. LIMITATIONS Our study did not evaluate creams for other melanosuppressive ingredients. Only 1 sample of each product was tested. CONCLUSION Our study confirms the national and global presence of mercury in skin-lightening products.
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18
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Courbiere B, Auffan M, Rollais R, Tassistro V, Bonnefoy A, Botta A, Rose J, Orsière T, Perrin J. Ultrastructural interactions and genotoxicity assay of cerium dioxide nanoparticles on mouse oocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:21613-28. [PMID: 24185910 PMCID: PMC3856024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141121613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerium dioxide nanoparticles (C(e)O₂ ENPs) are on the priority list of nanomaterials requiring evaluation. We performed in vitro assays on mature mouse oocytes incubated with C(e)O₂ ENPs to study (1) physicochemical biotransformation of ENPs in culture medium; (2) ultrastructural interactions with follicular cells and oocytes using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM); (3) genotoxicity of C(e)O₂ ENPs on follicular cells and oocytes using a comet assay. DNA damage was quantified as Olive Tail Moment. We show that ENPs aggregated, but their crystal structure remained stable in culture medium. TEM showed endocytosis of C(e)O₂ ENP aggregates in follicular cells. In oocytes, C(e)O₂ ENP aggregates were only observed around the zona pellucida (ZP). The comet assay revealed significant DNA damage in follicular cells. In oocytes, the comet assay showed a dose-related increase in DNA damage and a significant increase only at the highest concentrations. DNA damage decreased significantly both in follicular cells and in oocytes when an anti-oxidant agent was added in the culture medium. We hypothesise that at low concentrations of C(e)O₂ ENPs oocytes could be protected against indirect oxidative stress due to a double defence system composed of follicular cells and ZP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Courbiere
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Biogénotoxicologie–Santé humaine et environnement (UMR CNRS 7263–FR CNRS 3098), Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France; E-Mails: (R.R.); (V.T.); (A.Bon.); (A.Bot.); (T.O.); (J.P.)
- Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Reproduction, Gynepole, AP-HM La Conception, Marseille 13005, France
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: or ; Tel.: +33-4-91-38-37-13; Fax: +33-4-91-38-39-71
| | - Mélanie Auffan
- Centre Européen de Recherche et d’Enseignement des Géosciences de l’Environnement (CEREGE), UMR CNRS 7330, Technopôle de l’Arbois-Méditerranée BP80, 13545 Aix en Provence cedex 4, France; E-Mails: (M.A.); (J.R.)
- iCEINT, international consortium for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Technopôle de l’Environnement Arbois Méditerranée, Avenue Louis Philibert, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Raphaël Rollais
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Biogénotoxicologie–Santé humaine et environnement (UMR CNRS 7263–FR CNRS 3098), Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France; E-Mails: (R.R.); (V.T.); (A.Bon.); (A.Bot.); (T.O.); (J.P.)
| | - Virginie Tassistro
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Biogénotoxicologie–Santé humaine et environnement (UMR CNRS 7263–FR CNRS 3098), Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France; E-Mails: (R.R.); (V.T.); (A.Bon.); (A.Bot.); (T.O.); (J.P.)
| | - Aurélie Bonnefoy
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Biogénotoxicologie–Santé humaine et environnement (UMR CNRS 7263–FR CNRS 3098), Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France; E-Mails: (R.R.); (V.T.); (A.Bon.); (A.Bot.); (T.O.); (J.P.)
| | - Alain Botta
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Biogénotoxicologie–Santé humaine et environnement (UMR CNRS 7263–FR CNRS 3098), Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France; E-Mails: (R.R.); (V.T.); (A.Bon.); (A.Bot.); (T.O.); (J.P.)
| | - Jérôme Rose
- Centre Européen de Recherche et d’Enseignement des Géosciences de l’Environnement (CEREGE), UMR CNRS 7330, Technopôle de l’Arbois-Méditerranée BP80, 13545 Aix en Provence cedex 4, France; E-Mails: (M.A.); (J.R.)
- iCEINT, international consortium for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Technopôle de l’Environnement Arbois Méditerranée, Avenue Louis Philibert, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Thierry Orsière
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Biogénotoxicologie–Santé humaine et environnement (UMR CNRS 7263–FR CNRS 3098), Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France; E-Mails: (R.R.); (V.T.); (A.Bon.); (A.Bot.); (T.O.); (J.P.)
| | - Jeanne Perrin
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Biogénotoxicologie–Santé humaine et environnement (UMR CNRS 7263–FR CNRS 3098), Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France; E-Mails: (R.R.); (V.T.); (A.Bon.); (A.Bot.); (T.O.); (J.P.)
- Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Reproduction, Gynepole, AP-HM La Conception, Marseille 13005, France
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19
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Application of solid phase extraction on multiwalled carbon nanotubes of some heavy metal ions to analysis of skin whitening cosmetics using ICP-AES. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:361-74. [PMID: 23343988 PMCID: PMC3564147 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10010361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel and highly sensitive method for the determination of some heavy metals in skin whitening cosmetics creams using multiwalled carbon nanotubes MWCNTs as solid phase extraction sorbent for the preconcentration of these heavy metals prior to their determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry is described. Different practical parameters have been thoroughly investigated and the optimum experimental conditions were employed. The developed method was then applied for the determination of arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, mercury, lead and titanium in samples of skin whitening cosmetics. The detection limits under these conditions for As, Bi, Cd, Pb, Hg and Ti were 2.4, 4.08, 0.3, 2.1, 1.8, and 1.8 ng·mL-1, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were found to be less than 2.0%. For validation, a certified reference material of NIST SRM 1570a spinach leaves was analyzed and the determined values were in good agreement with the certified values. The recoveries for spiked samples were found to be in the range of 89.6-104.4%.
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20
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Hamed SH, Tayyem R, Nimer N, Alkhatib HS. Skin-lightening practice among women living in Jordan: prevalence, determinants, and user's awareness. Int J Dermatol 2010; 49:414-20. [PMID: 20465697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use and misuse of skin-lightening products among women living in Arab communities have not been documented previously. This study investigates the determinants, the prevalence and users awareness associated with the use and misuse of skin-lightening products among women living in Jordan. METHOD Female customers arriving at selected pharmacy stores were randomly asked to complete a questionnaire. RESULTS A total of 318 women completed the questionnaire, of which 60.7% reported the use of skin-lightening products. Users included women from different age and economic groups. Main reasons for use were preference of lighter skin tone, the treatment of hyperpigmentary disorders or both. More than a third of the users were not aware of the potential side effects of these products. A significantly larger proportion of skin-lightening product users believed that lighter skin tone plays a role in self-esteem, perception of beauty and youth, marriage and employment opportunities when compared with nonusers. CONCLUSION Skin lightening is a common practice among women living in Jordan. It is reinforced by the association of lighter skin tone with a number of perceived benefits including perception of beauty, job and marriage opportunity. User's awareness regarding the safety of skin-lightening products and instructions for proper use are important considerations when developing interventions to control the misuse of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saja H Hamed
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, the Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.
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