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Kuang P, Cui H, Yu L. Sodium fluoride suppresses spleen development through MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113764. [PMID: 35709673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have documented that excessive fluoride intake could cause pathological damage and functional disorder in organisms. Nevertheless, the systemic mechanism of fluorosis inhibiting the proliferation and development of splenic cell is still scarce. The preliminary studies have confirmed that high-dose NaF could inhibit splenic lymphocytes proliferation in vitro and cause toxic effects on spleen development in vivo. Here this study continued to explore the signaling pathway with the methods of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot (WB), revealing the mechanism of fluorosis in the growth system. Mice in 4 groups (control, 12 mg/kg, 24 mg/kg, 48 mg/kg) were gavage administrated with NaF solution continuously for 42 days. The results suggested that NaF more than 12 mg/kg slowed down the growth of mice, inhibited spleen growth and development, which was characterized by decreasing spleen volume, and inducing splenic cell apoptosis. For the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway, the mRNA and protein expression levels of Ras were significantly elevated, and the phosphorylated protein expression levels of Raf (B-Raf, C-Raf) were increased. Meanwhile, mice mRNA expression levels were increased in a time and dose-dependent manner on the 21st and 42nd days of the experiment. Additionally, the mRNA and protein levels of MEK1/2 were increased on the 21st day of the experiment, while reduced on the 42nd day. The ERK1/2 levels were significantly decreased at both 21st and 42nd days of the experiment. This study showed that NaF activated Ras to induce downstream Raf-MEK-ERK cascade reaction, but failed to activate ERK eventually, the proliferation signal from the cell surface could not transmit to the nucleus, interfering with the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, meiosis, and suppressed spleen development ultimately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Kuang
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Guangdong 518060, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Li Yu
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Guangdong 518060, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
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2
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Kuang P, Deng H, Liu H, Cui H, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, Li Y, Wang X, Zhao L. Sodium fluoride induces splenocyte autophagy via the mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in growing mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:1649-1665. [PMID: 30036188 PMCID: PMC6075432 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride is known to impair organism’s development and function via adverse effects, and autophagy plays a regulation role in human or animal health and disease. At present, there are no reports focused on fluoride-induced autophagy in the animal and human spleen. The objective of this study was to investigate sodium fluoride (NaF)-induced splenocyte autophagy and the potential mechanism via regulation of p-mTOR in growing mice by using the methods of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunohistochemistry (IHC), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot. A total of 240 ICR mice were equally allocated into four groups with intragastric administration of distilled water in the control group and 12, 24, 48 mg/kg NaF solution in the experimental groups for 42 days. Results revealed that NaF increased autophagosomes or autolysosomes in spleen. Simultaneously, the autophagy marker LC3 brown punctate staining was increased with NaF dosage increase. On the other hand, NaF caused inhibition of mTOR activity, which was characterized by down-regulation of PI3K, Akt and mTOR mRNA and protein expression levels. And the suppression of mTOR activity in turn resulted in the significantly increased of ULK1 and Atg13 expression levels. Concurrently, NaF increased the levels of mRNA and protein expression of autophagy markers LC3, Beclin1, Atg16L1, Atg12, Atg5 and decreased the mRNA and protein expression levels of p62. The above-mentioned findings verify that NaF induces autophagy via mTOR signaling pathway. The inhibition of mTOR activity and alteration of autophagy-related genes and proteins are the potential molecular mechanism of NaF-induced splenocyte autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Kuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural information engineering of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Jing Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yinglun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
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3
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Deng H, Kuang P, Cui H, Chen L, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, Wang X, Zhao L. Sodium fluoride induces apoptosis in cultured splenic lymphocytes from mice. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67880-67900. [PMID: 27655720 PMCID: PMC5356527 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Though fluorine has been shown to induce apoptosis in immune organs in vivo, there has no report on fluoride-induced apoptosis in the cultured lymphocytes. Therefore, this study was conducted with objective of investigating apoptosis induced by sodium fluoride (NaF) and the mechanism behind that in the cultured splenic lymphocytes by flow cytometry, western blot and Hoechst 33258 staining. The splenic lymphocytes were isolated from 3 weeks old male ICR mice and exposed to NaF (0, 100, 200, and 400 μmol/L) in vitro for 24 and 48 h. When compared to control group, flow cytometry assay and Hoechst 33258 staining showed that NaF induced lymphocytes apoptosis, which was promoted by decrease of mitochondria transmembrane potential, up-regulation of Bax, Bak, Fas, FasL, caspase 9, caspase 8, caspase 7, caspase 6 and caspase 3 protein expression (P < 0.05 or P <0.01), and down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL protein expression (P <0.05 or P <0.01). The above-mentioned data suggested that NaF-induced apoptosis in splenic lymphocytes could be mediated by mitochondrial and death receptor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Ping Kuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an, China
| | - Lian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Jing Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an, China
| | - Xun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an, China
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4
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Pornprasert S, Wanachantararak P, Kantawong F, Chamnanprai S, Kongpan C, Pienthai N, Yanola J, Duangmano S, Prasannarong M. Excessive fluoride consumption increases haematological alteration in subjects with iron deficiency, thalassaemia, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2017; 39:751-758. [PMID: 27318827 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9845-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Excessive fluoride consumption leads to accelerated red blood cell death and anaemia. Whether that increases the haematological alteration in subjects with haematological disorders (iron deficiency, thalassaemia, and G-6-PD deficiency) is still unclear. The fluoride in serum and urine and haematological parameters of students at Mae Tuen School (fluoride endemic area) were analysed and compared to those of students at Baan Yang Poa and Baan Mai Schools (control areas). Iron deficiency, thalassaemia, and G-6-PD deficiency were also diagnosed in these students. The students at Mae Tuen School had significantly (P < 0.001) higher levels of mean fluoride in the serum and urine than those in control areas. In both control and fluoride endemic areas, students with haematological disorders had significantly lower levels of Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH, and MCHC than those without haematological disorders. Moreover, the lowest levels of Hb, MCH, and MCHC were observed in the students with haematological disorders who live in the fluoride endemic area. Thus, the excessive fluoride consumption increased haematological alteration in subjects with iron deficiency, thalassaemia, and G-6-PD deficiency and that may increase the risk of anaemia in these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakorn Pornprasert
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intawaroros Road, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | | | - Fahsai Kantawong
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intawaroros Road, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | | | | | - Nattasit Pienthai
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intawaroros Road, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Jintana Yanola
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intawaroros Road, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Suwit Duangmano
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intawaroros Road, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Mujalin Prasannarong
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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5
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Varol E. Does excess fluoride exposure via drinking water affect the platelet indices in humans? Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 161:1-2. [PMID: 25062889 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ercan Varol
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey,
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6
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Effect of resveratrol on hematological and biochemical alterations in rats exposed to fluoride. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:698628. [PMID: 24995323 PMCID: PMC4068056 DOI: 10.1155/2014/698628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the protective effects of resveratrol on hematological and biochemical changes induced by fluoride in rats. A total of 28 rats were divided into 4 groups: control, resveratrol, fluoride, and fluoride/resveratrol (n = 7 each), for a total of 21 days of treatment. Blood samples were taken and hematological and biochemical parameters were measured. Compared to the control group, the fluoride-treated group showed significant differences in several hematological parameters, including decreases in WBC, RBC, and PLT counts and neutrophil ratio. The group that received resveratrol alone showed a decrease in WBC count compared to the control group. Furthermore, in comparison to the control group, the fluoride group showed significantly increased ALT enzyme activity and decreased inorganic phosphorus level. The hematological and biochemical parameters in the fluoride + resveratrol treated group were similar to control group. In the fluoride + resveratrol group, resveratrol restored the changes observed following fluoride treatment, including decreased counts of WBC, RBC, and PLT, decreased neutrophil ratio and inorganic phosphorus levels, and elevated ALT enzyme activity. The present study showed that fluoride caused adverse effects in rats and that resveratrol reduced hematological and biochemical alterations produced by fluoride exposure.
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7
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Yasmin S, Ranjan S, D'Souza D. Haematological changes in fluorotic adults and children in fluoride endemic regions of Gaya district, Bihar, India. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2014; 36:421-425. [PMID: 24026572 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-013-9570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater used for drinking and cooking was analysed for fluoride (F), and health surveys were conducted in Bodh Gaya, Amas and Bankebazaar blocks of the Gaya district, Bihar, India. Amas and Bankebazaar blocks were F endemic areas with mean F = 2.36 ± 0.23 mg/L (N = 27). Bodh Gaya was considered as control area with mean F = 0.59 ± 0.03 mg/L (N = 11). Health survey showed that more than 50 % of adults and more than 55 % of children had complaints of gastro-intestinal (GI) disturbances in the F endemic areas, while less than 20 % of adults and less than 10 % of children complained of GI problems in the control areas. Haematological analyses were conducted on age- and sex-matched fluorotic subjects (N = 93) of F endemic areas, and non-fluorotic subjects (N = 52) of control area showed lowered haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration in the fluorotic subjects, suggesting the occurrence of anaemia in the fluorotic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Yasmin
- Department of Zoology, Patna Women's College, Patna, 800001, India,
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8
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Deng Y, Cui H, Peng X, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, Luo Q. Effects of high dietary fluorine on erythrocytes and erythrocyte immune adherence function in broiler chickens. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 155:247-52. [PMID: 23955484 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride can exert toxic effects on soft tissues, giving rise to a broad array of symptoms and pathological changes. The aim of this study was to investigate on erythrocytes and erythrocyte immune adherence function in broiler chickens fed with high fluorine (F) diets by measuring the total erythrocyte count (TEC), the contents of hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volumn (PCV), erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF), erythrocyte C3b receptor rosette rate (E-C3bRR), and erythrocyte immune complex rosette rate (E-ICRR). A total of 280 1-day-old healthy avian broiler chickens were randomly allotted into four equal groups of 70 birds each and fed with a corn-soybean basal diet containing 22.6 mg F/kg (control group) or same basal diets supplemented with 400, 800, and 1,200 mg F/kg (high F groups I, II, and III) in the form of sodium fluoride for 42 days. Blood samples were collected for the abovementioned parameters analysis at 14, 28, and 42 days of age during the experiment. The experimental results indicated that TEC, Hb, and PCV were significantly lower (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01), and EOF was higher (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) in the high F groups II and III than that in the control group from 14 to 42 days of age. The E-C3bRR was significantly decreased (p < 0.01) in the three high F groups, whereas the E-ICRR was markedly increased (p < 0.01) in the high F groups II and III from 14 to 42 days of age. It was concluded that dietary F in the range of 800 to 1, 200 mg/kg could significantly cause anemia and impair the integrity of erythrocyte membrane, the transport capacity of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and erythrocyte immune adherence function in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
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9
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Luo Q, Cui H, Peng X, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, Liu J, Deng Y. Intestinal IgA⁺ cell numbers as well as IgA, IgG, and IgM contents correlate with mucosal humoral immunity of broilers during supplementation with high fluorine in the diets. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 154:62-72. [PMID: 23740525 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride (F), a well-recognized harmful substance, is easily absorbed by the intestinal mucosa. The intestinal mucosal immune system is equipped with unique innate and adaptive defense mechanisms that provide a first line of protection against infectious agents. Meanwhile, immunoglobulins are the major secretory products of the adaptive immune system and their levels can be a strong indicator of a disease or condition. In this study, therefore, we investigated the effects of high dietary fluorine on the numbers of immunoglobulin A-positive (IgA(+)) cells in the lamina propria of intestines (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) by immunohistochemistry as well as on the contents of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) in the mucosa of intestines (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 280 1-day-old healthy avian broilers were randomly divided into four groups and fed on a corn-soybean basal diet as control diet (fluorine 22.6 mg/kg) or the same basal diet supplemented with 400, 800, and 1,200 mg/kg fluorine (high fluorine groups I, II, and III) in the form of sodium fluoride (NaF) for 42 days. The experimental data showed that the numbers of IgA(+) cells as well as the IgA, IgG, and IgM contents were significantly decreased (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) in the high fluorine groups II and III when compared with those of the control group. It was concluded that dietary fluorine in the range of 800-1,200 mg/kg significantly reduced the numbers of the IgA(+) cells and the contents of aforementioned immunoglobulins in the intestines (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) of broilers, which could finally impact the mucosal humoral immune function in the intestines by a way that reduces the lymphocyte population and/or lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
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Agalakova NI, Gusev GP. Excessive fluoride consumption leads to accelerated death of erythrocytes and anemia in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 153:340-9. [PMID: 23673526 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to evaluate an overall effect of long-term consumption of excessive fluoride (F) amounts by rats on their erythrocytes. The animals were administered regular drinking water (0.4 ppm F) or the same water supplemented with 2, 10, and 20 ppm F (as NaF) for 12 months. Chronic exposure of the rats to increasing F doses induced a progressive rise of the plasma F concentration accompanied by a dose-dependent fall of hematocrit and decrease in the mean erythrocyte volume. Consumption of 10 and 20 ppm F resulted in appearance of morphologically abnormal cells (stomatocytes and echinocytes) in the peripheral blood. Rise of the water F concentration to 20 ppm F led to significant increase in the number of phosphatidylserine-exposing erythrocytes, although suppression of cell viability was revealed in all three groups of F-poisoned rats. A compensatory enhanced release of reticulocytes was not sufficient to compensate for erythrocyte loss. Dose-dependent accumulation of free cytosolic Ca(2+) appears to be a major pathophysiological process underlying the development of F-induced death processes in rat erythrocytes. In addition, 10 and 20 ppm F induced ATP depletion and generation of peroxides in erythrocytes, whereas superoxide and glutathione levels were not altered. Thus, long-term intoxication of the rats with F triggers premature death of their erythrocytes due to intrinsic death-associated biochemical defects and development of anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ivanovna Agalakova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 M. Thorez pr., Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia.
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Luo Q, Cui H, Peng X, Fang J, Zuo Z, Liu J, Wu B, Deng Y. The association between cytokines and intestinal mucosal immunity among broilers fed on diets supplemented with fluorine. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 152:212-8. [PMID: 23354543 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine (F) bioaccumulation has been reported in the organs and tissues of organisms, including intestine. The intestinal mucosa is very important to the immune development. Meanwhile, cytokines are present in the normal intestinal mucosal and play an important role in the immune function. Thus, changes of the cytokine contents are related to the state of intestinal mucosal immunity. In this study, we investigated the changes in contents of cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) induced by dietary high F in the mucosa of different parts of intestines (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A total of 280 one-day-old healthy avian broilers were randomly divided into four groups and fed on a corn-soybean basal diet as control diet (F 22.6 mg/kg) or the same basal diet supplemented with 400, 800, and 1,200 mg F/kg (high F groups I, II, and III) in the form of sodium fluoride for 42 days. The experimental data showed that the contents of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in the intestinal mucosa were significantly decreased in the high F groups II and III when compared with those of the control group from 14 to 42 days of age. It was concluded that dietary F in the range of 800-1,200 mg/kg significantly reduced the contents of aforementioned cytokines in the intestinal mucosa of broilers, which could impact the function of intestinal mucosal immunity through the pathways that decreased the lymphocyte population and/or lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
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