Hemoglobin regeneration efficiency in anemic rats: effects on bone mineral composition and biomechanical properties

Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia: Potential Risk Factors in Bone Loss

Iron is one of the essential mineral elements for the human body and this nutrient deficiency is a worldwide public health problem. Iron is essential in oxygen transport, participates in many enzyme systems in the body, and is an important trace element in maintaining basic cellular life activities. Iron also plays an important role in collagen synthesis and vitamin D metabolism. Therefore, decrease in intracellular iron can lead to disturbance in the activity and function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, resulting in imbalance in bone homeostasis and ultimately bone loss. Indeed, iron deficiency, with or without anemia, leads to osteopenia or osteoporosis, which has been revealed by numerous clinical observations and animal studies. This review presents current knowledge on iron metabolism under iron deficiency states and the diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia (IDA). With emphasis, studies related to iron deficiency and bone loss are discussed, and the potential mechanisms of iron deficiency leading to bone loss are analyzed. Finally, several measures to promote complete recovery and prevention of iron deficiency are listed to improve quality of life, including bone health.

Correlation of hemoglobin with osteoporosis in elderly Chinese population: A cross-sectional study

Introduction

In the elder population, both low hemoglobin (Hb)/anemia and osteoporosis (OP) are highly prevalent. However, the relationship between Hb and OP is still poorly understood. This study was to evaluate the correlation between Hb and OP in Chinese elderly population.

Methods

One thousand and sisty-eight individuals aged 55-85 years were enrolled into this cross-sectional study during June 2019-November 2019. Data on the demographics and clinical characteristics were recorded. Detections of complete blood count, liver/kidney function, glucose metabolism and lipid profile, and thoracolumbar X-ray were performed, and bone mineral density (BMD) at lumbar spine 1-4, femur neck, and total hip was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were employed to evaluate the correlation between Hb with BMD T-score. Logistic regression analysis was performed to access the correlation between different Hb levels and the odds ratio (OR) for OP.

Results

Compared with non-OP group, OP patients had lower level of Hb. Univariate linear regression analysis indicated Hb level was positively related to the BMD of lumbar spine 1-4, femur neck and total hip, and this relationship remained after adjusting confounding variables [gender, age, body mass index (BMI), diabetes mellitus (DM) and morphological vertebral fracture]. Logistic regression analysis showed the ORs for OP decreased with the increase of Hb. Compared with the subjects with the lowest quartile of Hb, the OR for OP in the highest quartile group was 0.60 (0.41-0.89) after adjusting for gender, age and BMI, and the OR for OP was 0.62 (0.41-0.92) after further adjustment for gender, age, BMI, DM, and lipid indexes.

Discussion

In conclusion, Lower Hb level is related to lower BMD in the elderly population. However, whether Hb level could be used to predict the risk of OP needs to be further determined in more longitudinal clinical studies.

The potential of the iron concentrated germinated wheat in wheat flour fortification: an alternative to the conventional expensive iron fortification

Investigation of the effect of the Fe abiotic stress on the germination rate, iron accumulation, root and shoot elongation of wheat (Triticum aestivum) was carried out. The grains were exposed to different experimental concentrations of ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄) (0-15 mM). The effect of the treatment on the shoot and root elongation of the seeds were reported. There is a linear relationship between the treatment and the inhibition of shoot elongation. The half-inhibition dose (ID₅₀) of FeSO₄ on inhibition of shoot elongation was 7.3 mM. Each treatment groups (3-15 mM) were used to fortify the wheat flour at 0.1 mg Fe/g. The effect of fortification on rheology (farinograph, extensograph, and amylograph), quality of pasta and iron bioavailability was studied. The pasta cooking properties, texture and sensory properties of 12 and 15 mM composite pasta were equally acceptable as wheat without fortification, or NaFeEDTA fortified pasta. The iron dialysability of 3-15 mM composite pasta was similar to the NaFeEDTA fortified pasta. The iron bioavailability (in vivo) of 15 mM group based pasta was evaluated in the anemic rats. The pasta at 4% (Fe 0.026 mg/g) in iron-deficient diet fed to anemic rats for 2 weeks showed percentage iron absorption (PIA) and hemoglobin regeneration efficiency (HRE) of 85.3% and 44.4% respectively which is higher than the NaFeEDTA. In conclusion, iron-fortified pasta is the promising food fortificant with more iron bioavailability in the prevention of iron deficiency anemia.

Hemoglobin and hip fracture risk in older non-Hispanic white adults

SUMMARY

The relationship between hemoglobin and hip fracture was examined in older non-Hispanic white adults from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Both low and high hemoglobin values were associated with increased hip fracture risk before and after adjusting for selected risk factors.

INTRODUCTION

The few studies to date that have examined the relationship between hemoglobin and fracture risk have focused on low hemoglobin values. The present study examined hip fracture risk across the hemoglobin distribution in older non-Hispanic white adults from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-1994).

METHODS

Hemoglobin was measured using a Coulter S-plus Jr.® (Coulter Electronics, Hialeah, FL) in 2,122 non-Hispanic whites age 65 years and older. Hip fracture cases were identified using linked Medicare and mortality records obtained through 2007. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the best-fitting model and to estimate the hazards ratio (HR) for hip fracture by hemoglobin decile before and after adjusting for selected confounders.

RESULTS

There were 239 hip fracture cases in the analytic sample. The best fitting model was quadratic. When compared to values in the middle of the distribution, those with hemoglobin in the lowest and highest deciles had increased hip fracture risk (HRlowest decile = 2.96, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.44-6.08; HRhighest decile = 2.06, 95 % CI 1.09-3.92) after adjusting for age and sex. Both HRs remained significant after adjusting for additional confounders (HRlowest decile = 2.24, 95 % CI 1.09-3.92; HRhighest decile = 2.37, 95 % CI 1.35-4.16).

CONCLUSIONS

Both low and high hemoglobin values were associated with increased hip fracture risk. The mechanism underlying the relationship is not clear, but there were some suggestions that it may differ for low versus high hemoglobin.

The efficacy of the use of IR laser phototherapy (LPT) on bone defect grafted with biphasic ceramic on rats with iron deficiency anemia: Raman spectroscopy analysis

The aim of this study was to evaluate bone repair in anemic and non-anemic rats submitted or not to laser phototherapy and hydroxyapatite graft. Animals were divided in eight groups of five animals: Clot; Laser; Graft; Graft + Laser; iron deficiency anemia (IDA) + Clot; IDA + Laser; IDA + graft; IDA + graft + Laser. When appropriate irradiation with infrared laser was done during 15 days at a 48-h interval. Animals were killed at day 30; samples were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy. Three shifts were studied and statistically analyzed: ~960, ~1,070, and ~1,454 cm(-1). Graft + laser showed highest ~960 peak was statistically different from all other healthy groups. No statistical difference was found between Clot and IDA + Clot in any shift. The IDA + Graft and IDA + Graft + Laser groups had low mean peak values for shifts ~960, ~1,070, and ~1,454 cm(-1). The results in this study indicate that using hydroxyapatite (HA) and laser irradiation in healthy subjects is favorable to mineral deposition and bone maturation, this being of importance for some groups at risk, such as astronauts. In iron deficiency anemia cases, the use of graft, associated or not to laser irradiation, resulted in low collagen and low carbonate and phosphate HA.