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Rahim A, Sibaoueih M, Essamadi A, El Amiri B. An interventional clinical trial investigating the effects of Spirulina platensis on dental fluorosis and antioxidant system in lambs reared in endemic areas. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16858. [PMID: 37803131 PMCID: PMC10558506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of Spirulina platensis primary against dental fluorosis and secondary against oxidative stress in lambs reared in endemic fluorosis areas. Forty-eight lambs aged 5 months were divided into four equal groups (each one including 6 males and 6 females). Groups I and II served as controls belonging respectively to fluorosis-free (Settat) and endemic fluorosis (El Fokra) areas, while the other two Groups III and IV (belonging to El Fokra) received respectively a fixed daily intake of 250 and 500 mg/kg bodyweight (BW) of Spirulina platensis. The experiment was carried out for 13 months until the adult incisors appeared for all animals. According to the Dean's Fluorosis Index (DFI), 500 mg/kg BW/day of Spirulina platensis (Group IV) protected against dental fluorosis. Moreover, in both male and female lambs, this dose significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced the plasmatic levels of fluoride, proteins, GSH, and MDA compared to the Group II. Furthermore, enzymatic activities of catalase and SOD increased significantly (p < 0.0001) in male and female lambs of the Group IV as compared to Group II. In conclusion, our findings support the potential use of Spirulina platensis as a valuable solution for addressing fluorosis in sheep, warranting further clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Rahim
- Animal Production Unit, Regional Center Agricultural Research of Settat, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Avenue EnnasrRabat Principal, P.O. Box 415, 10090, Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan First University of Settat, P.O. Box 577, 26000, Settat, Morocco
| | - Mounia Sibaoueih
- Animal Production Unit, Regional Center Agricultural Research of Settat, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Avenue EnnasrRabat Principal, P.O. Box 415, 10090, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Adekhalid Essamadi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan First University of Settat, P.O. Box 577, 26000, Settat, Morocco
| | - Bouchra El Amiri
- Animal Production Unit, Regional Center Agricultural Research of Settat, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Avenue EnnasrRabat Principal, P.O. Box 415, 10090, Rabat, Morocco.
- African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), 70000, Laayoune, Morocco.
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Kuang P, Cui H, Yu L. Sodium fluoride suppresses spleen development through MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113764. [PMID: 35709673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have documented that excessive fluoride intake could cause pathological damage and functional disorder in organisms. Nevertheless, the systemic mechanism of fluorosis inhibiting the proliferation and development of splenic cell is still scarce. The preliminary studies have confirmed that high-dose NaF could inhibit splenic lymphocytes proliferation in vitro and cause toxic effects on spleen development in vivo. Here this study continued to explore the signaling pathway with the methods of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot (WB), revealing the mechanism of fluorosis in the growth system. Mice in 4 groups (control, 12 mg/kg, 24 mg/kg, 48 mg/kg) were gavage administrated with NaF solution continuously for 42 days. The results suggested that NaF more than 12 mg/kg slowed down the growth of mice, inhibited spleen growth and development, which was characterized by decreasing spleen volume, and inducing splenic cell apoptosis. For the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway, the mRNA and protein expression levels of Ras were significantly elevated, and the phosphorylated protein expression levels of Raf (B-Raf, C-Raf) were increased. Meanwhile, mice mRNA expression levels were increased in a time and dose-dependent manner on the 21st and 42nd days of the experiment. Additionally, the mRNA and protein levels of MEK1/2 were increased on the 21st day of the experiment, while reduced on the 42nd day. The ERK1/2 levels were significantly decreased at both 21st and 42nd days of the experiment. This study showed that NaF activated Ras to induce downstream Raf-MEK-ERK cascade reaction, but failed to activate ERK eventually, the proliferation signal from the cell surface could not transmit to the nucleus, interfering with the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, meiosis, and suppressed spleen development ultimately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Kuang
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Guangdong 518060, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Li Yu
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Guangdong 518060, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.
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3
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Kuang P, Deng H, Liu H, Cui H, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, Li Y, Wang X, Zhao L. Sodium fluoride induces splenocyte autophagy via the mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in growing mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:1649-1665. [PMID: 30036188 PMCID: PMC6075432 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride is known to impair organism’s development and function via adverse effects, and autophagy plays a regulation role in human or animal health and disease. At present, there are no reports focused on fluoride-induced autophagy in the animal and human spleen. The objective of this study was to investigate sodium fluoride (NaF)-induced splenocyte autophagy and the potential mechanism via regulation of p-mTOR in growing mice by using the methods of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunohistochemistry (IHC), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot. A total of 240 ICR mice were equally allocated into four groups with intragastric administration of distilled water in the control group and 12, 24, 48 mg/kg NaF solution in the experimental groups for 42 days. Results revealed that NaF increased autophagosomes or autolysosomes in spleen. Simultaneously, the autophagy marker LC3 brown punctate staining was increased with NaF dosage increase. On the other hand, NaF caused inhibition of mTOR activity, which was characterized by down-regulation of PI3K, Akt and mTOR mRNA and protein expression levels. And the suppression of mTOR activity in turn resulted in the significantly increased of ULK1 and Atg13 expression levels. Concurrently, NaF increased the levels of mRNA and protein expression of autophagy markers LC3, Beclin1, Atg16L1, Atg12, Atg5 and decreased the mRNA and protein expression levels of p62. The above-mentioned findings verify that NaF induces autophagy via mTOR signaling pathway. The inhibition of mTOR activity and alteration of autophagy-related genes and proteins are the potential molecular mechanism of NaF-induced splenocyte autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Kuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural information engineering of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Jing Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yinglun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
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Ameeramja J, Kanagaraj VV, Perumal E. Protocatechuic acid methyl ester modulates fluoride induced pulmonary toxicity in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:235-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Suppressive effects of sodium fluoride on cultured splenic lymphocyte proliferation in mice. Oncotarget 2018; 7:61905-61915. [PMID: 27542206 PMCID: PMC5308699 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoride-induced immunotoxicity has been documented in vivo, but limited reports have focused on the effects of fluoride on lymphocytes in vitro. Therefore, we have examined the suppressive effects of sodium fluoride on cultured splenic lymphocytes in mice. CD3+ T lymphocytes, CD19+ B lymphocytes, cytokines, and cell-cycle markers were analyzed through the use of a cell-counting kit, western blot, and flow cytometery. Splenic lymphocytes were isolated from 3-week-old male ICR mice and exposed to sodium fluoride (0, 100, 500, and 1000 μmol/L) for 24 h. The percentages of CD3+, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+ T lymphocytes and CD19+ B lymphocytes were decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01) in the sodium fluoride-exposed cells. This finding was correlated with the alterations in expression levels of cytokine proteins and with evidence of cell-cycle arrest. Thus, protein expression levels of IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β were decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and IL-10 protein expression levels were increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The percentage of lymphocyte in G1 phase was significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while expression levels of cyclin E/D and CDK2/4 were markedly decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). These findings demonstrate that sodium fluoride exposure suppresses splenic lymphocyte proliferation, which is represented by reducing populations and activation of splenic T and B lymphocytes. Alterations of cytokine protein expression and cell cycle arrest are the molecular basis of the sodium fluoride-suppressed splenic lymphocyte proliferation, while reduction of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes is the explanation of sodium fluoride-decreased splenic immune function in vitro.
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Sharma D, Singh A, Verma K, Paliwal S, Sharma S, Dwivedi J. Fluoride: A review of pre-clinical and clinical studies. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 56:297-313. [PMID: 29091818 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride is ubiquitous in environment and profound in bones, teeth and calcified tissues of human body. Fluoride has been the topic of regular discussion and investigations. Besides its toxicity, fluoride has also been examined for its beneficial effects like prevention and treatment of tooth decay, microbial infection, inflammation, cancer, occurrence of renal stone and many more. Since last many decades, several efforts have been made at pre-clinical and clinical level to understand role of fluoride in biological system. The present review gives a brief account of prevalence, sources of fluoride toxicity and pre-clinical and clinical studies carried out on effects of fluoride in last six decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, India
| | - Aarti Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali, India
| | - Kanika Verma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, India
| | - Sarvesh Paliwal
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, India
| | - Swapnil Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, India.
| | - Jaya Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali, India
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Yadav SS, Kumar R, Khare P, Tripathi M. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in the Freshwater Fish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) Exposed to Sodium Fluoride: Antioxidant Defense and Role of Ascorbic Acid. Toxicol Int 2016; 22:71-6. [PMID: 26862264 PMCID: PMC4721180 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6580.172261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study highlights fluoride -induced toxicity and the protective role of ascorbic acid in the liver and ovary of freshwater fish, Heteropneustis fossilis. The fish specimens were exposed to different concentrations (35 mg F/L and 70 mg F/L) of fluoride. Parameters related to oxidative stress were studied at the end of the experiment. The biomarkers selected for the study were thiobarbituric acid reactive substances for assessing the extent of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant defense system such as reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase (CAT) glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities. The fluoride exposure significantly elevated the level of LPO, CAT, SOD, and GST in the tissues of treated group as well as modulated the activities of GSH and level of GPx after exposure as compared to the control. A significant decrease in GPx activity was found in these tissues suggesting that fluoride exposure increases the level of free radical, as well as CAT activity. Pre- and post treatment with ascorbic acid decreased the LPO, SOD, CAT, GST level, and increased GSH, GPx levels in the liver and ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Shankar Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Aquatic Toxicology Research Laboratory, University of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Aquatic Toxicology Research Laboratory, University of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Puneet Khare
- Developmental Toxicology Division (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhu Tripathi
- Department of Zoology, Aquatic Toxicology Research Laboratory, University of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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V. Zohoori F, Innerd A, Azevedo LB, Whitford GM, Maguire A. Effect of exercise on fluoride metabolism in adult humans: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16905. [PMID: 26581340 PMCID: PMC4652279 DOI: 10.1038/srep16905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An understanding of all aspects of fluoride metabolism is critical to identify its biological effects and avoid fluoride toxicity in humans. Fluoride metabolism and subsequently its body retention may be affected by physiological responses to acute exercise. This pilot study investigated the effect of exercise on plasma fluoride concentration, urinary fluoride excretion and fluoride renal clearance following no exercise and three exercise intensity conditions in nine healthy adults after taking a 1-mg Fluoride tablet. After no, light, moderate and vigorous exercise, respectively, the mean (SD) baseline-adjusted i) plasma fluoride concentration was 9.6(6.3), 11.4(6.3), 15.6(7.7) and 14.9(10.0) ng/ml; ii) rate of urinary fluoride excretion over 0-8 h was 46(15), 44(22), 34(17) and 36(17) μg/h; and iii) rate of fluoride renal clearance was 26.5(9.0), 27.2(30.4), 13.1(20.4) and 18.3(34.9) ml/min. The observed trend of a rise in plasma fluoride concentration and decline in rate of fluoride renal clearance with increasing exercise intensity needs to be investigated in a larger trial. This study, which provides the first data on the effect of exercise with different intensities on fluoride metabolism in humans, informs sample size planning for any subsequent definitive trial, by providing a robust estimate of the variability of the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh V. Zohoori
- Health and Social Care Institute, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Alison Innerd
- School of Social Sciences, Business & Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Liane B. Azevedo
- Health and Social Care Institute, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Gary M. Whitford
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, US
| | - Anne Maguire
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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Lombarte M, Fina BL, Lupo M, Buzalaf MA, Rigalli A. Physical exercise ameliorates the toxic effect of fluoride on the insulin-glucose system. J Endocrinol 2013; 218:99-103. [PMID: 23660080 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Daily intake of water with fluoride concentrations >1.5 mg/l produces insulin resistance (IR). On the other hand, physical activity increases insulin sensitivity in the muscle. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of physical activity on IR in rats treated with sodium fluoride (NaF) in drinking water. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups (n=10/group): Control (drinking water without NaF), NaF (drinking water with NaF 15 mg/l for 30 days), and Exercise (daily running on a treadmill for 60 min at 2.25 m/min and drinking water with NaF 15 mg/l for 30 days). IR was evaluated with the homeostasis model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR) index using fasting plasma levels of glucose and insulin. IR increased in rats treated with 15 mg/l NaF in drinking water. A decrease in IR was observed in rats that performed physical activity and drank water with 15 mg/l NaF; the Exercise group also showed an increase in the amounts of bone fluoride. The variation in the HOMA-IR values could be the consequence of variation in the sensitivity of tissues to insulin or decrease in plasma fluoride levels due to bone fluoride intake. These findings indicate that the performance of daily physical activity could reduce the negative effects of the chronic ingestion of NaF on glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Lombarte
- Bone Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, Argentina.
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Zhang C, Ren C, Chen H, Geng R, Fan H, Zhao H, Guo K, Geng D. The analog of Ginkgo biloba extract 761 is a protective factor of cognitive impairment induced by chronic fluorosis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 153:229-36. [PMID: 23605048 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 is widely used to treat patients with learning and memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease in China. However, it is not yet clear whether the analog of EGb761 (EGb) has a protective effect on the learning and memory damage induced by chronic fluorosis. In this study, 30 Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: a control group, a sodium fluoride (NaF) + EGb group, and a NaF group. The rats were administered 0.5 ml water containing NaF (100 mg/l) and EGb (120 mg/kg) per day via gavage. After 3 months, the rats' capacity for learning and memory was tested using a Y-maze. Damage to hippocampal neurons was evaluated by histological examination of the CA3 area. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. Furthermore, the expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax and the levels of cleaved Caspase3 in the hippocampus were evaluated by RT-PCR and Western blotting. The results showed that EGb could improve learning and memory abilities, enhance the activities of SOD and GSH-Px, attenuate the level of MDA, upregulate the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, and downregulate the level of cleaved Caspase3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Huaihai Road No.99, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221000, China
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Luo Q, Cui H, Peng X, Fang J, Zuo Z, Liu J, Wu B, Deng Y. The association between cytokines and intestinal mucosal immunity among broilers fed on diets supplemented with fluorine. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 152:212-8. [PMID: 23354543 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine (F) bioaccumulation has been reported in the organs and tissues of organisms, including intestine. The intestinal mucosa is very important to the immune development. Meanwhile, cytokines are present in the normal intestinal mucosal and play an important role in the immune function. Thus, changes of the cytokine contents are related to the state of intestinal mucosal immunity. In this study, we investigated the changes in contents of cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) induced by dietary high F in the mucosa of different parts of intestines (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A total of 280 one-day-old healthy avian broilers were randomly divided into four groups and fed on a corn-soybean basal diet as control diet (F 22.6 mg/kg) or the same basal diet supplemented with 400, 800, and 1,200 mg F/kg (high F groups I, II, and III) in the form of sodium fluoride for 42 days. The experimental data showed that the contents of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in the intestinal mucosa were significantly decreased in the high F groups II and III when compared with those of the control group from 14 to 42 days of age. It was concluded that dietary F in the range of 800-1,200 mg/kg significantly reduced the contents of aforementioned cytokines in the intestinal mucosa of broilers, which could impact the function of intestinal mucosal immunity through the pathways that decreased the lymphocyte population and/or lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
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12
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Effects of single exposure of sodium fluoride on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in salivary glands of rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:674593. [PMID: 23738039 PMCID: PMC3655635 DOI: 10.1155/2013/674593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many studies suggest that fluoride exposure can inhibit the activity of various enzymes and can generate free radicals, which interfere with antioxidant defence mechanisms in living systems. To further the understanding of this issue, this present study examined the effects of low-dose fluoride treatment on the activity of enzymatic antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), as well as the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the parotid (PA) and submandibular (SM) salivary glands of rats. Rats were injected with a single dose of sodium fluoride (NaF) (15 mg F(-)/kg b.w.) then euthanized at various time intervals up to 24 hours (h) following exposure. NaF exposure did not cause significant differences in SOD or CAT activity or LPO levels in PA glands compared to control. Conversely, SM glands presented increased SOD activity after 3 h and decreased SOD activity after 1, 12, and 24 h, while LPO was increased after 6, 12, and 24 h of the NaF injection. There were no significant differences in the CAT activity in the groups studied. Our results demonstrated that NaF intoxication caused oxidative stress in salivary glands few hours after administration. These changes were more pronounced in SM than in PA gland.
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Basha PM, Sujitha NS. Combined impact of exercise and temperature in learning and memory performance of fluoride toxicated rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 150:306-13. [PMID: 22918786 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, we investigated a link between high fluoride exposure and functional IQ deficits in rats. This study is an extension conducted to explore the combined influence of physical exercise and temperature stress on the learning ability and memory in rats and to assess whether any positive modulation could be attenuated due to exercise regimen subjected to F-toxicated animals at different temperatures. Accumulation of ingested fluoride resulted significant inhibition in acetylcholinesterase activity (P < 0.05), plasma cortisol levels (P < 0.05), and impaired the acquisition, performance, latency time, and retention in fluoride-exposed animals. Fluoride-toxicated rats took more number of sessions during the learning phase [F (5, 35) = 19.065; P < 0.05] and post hoc analysis on the number of correct choices revealed that there was a significant effect of treatments [F (5, 30) = 15.763; P < 0.05]; sessions [F (8, 240) = 58.698; P < 0.05]; and also significant difference in the interactions [F (40, 240) = 1.583; P < 0.05]. The latency data also revealed a significant difference between groups [F (5, 30) = 28.085; P < 0.05]; time = [F (8, 240) = 136.314; P < 0.05]; and there was a significant difference in the interactions [F (40, 240) = 2.090; P < 0.05]. In order to ascertain if interdependence between fluoride concentrations and the foregoing free radical parameters, respective correlation coefficients were calculated and results clearly emphasize the positive role of exercise in the promotion of cognitive functions by decreasing fluoride levels in rat hippocampus. A significant recovery in cognitive function was noticed in all the exercised animals due to reduced burden of brain oxidative stress. In comparison to exercise regimens performed at different temperatures, high (35 °C) and low temperatures (20 °C) led to a slower acquisition and poor retention of the task when compared to thermo neutral temperatures (25 and 30 °C). Thus exercise up-regulate antioxidant defenses and promote learning abilities in fluorotic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mahaboob Basha
- Department of Zoology, Bangalore University, Bangalore, 560 056, India.
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