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Meng P, Liu H, Liu L, Wen Y, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Jia Y, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Guo X. Activation of Notch Signaling Pathway is involved in Extracellular Matrix Degradation in human induced pluripotent stem cells chondrocytes induced by HT-2 toxin. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 189:114724. [PMID: 38734200 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Notch signaling regulates cartilage formation and homeostasis. Kashin-Beck Disease (KBD), an endemic osteochondropathy, is characterized by severe cartilage degradation. The etiology of KBD is related to the exposure of HT-2 toxin, a mycotoxin and primary metabolite of T-2 toxin. This study aims to explore the role of HT-2 toxin in the Notch signaling regulation and extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism of hiPSCs-Chondrocytes. Immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR were employed to investigate the expression of Notch pathway molecules in KBD articular cartilage and primary chondrocytes. hiPSCs-Chondrocytes, derived from hiPSCs, were treated with 100 ng/mL HT-2 toxin and the γ-secretase inhibitor (DAPT) for 48h, respectively. The markers related to the Notch signaling pathway and ECM were assessed using qRT-PCR and Western blot. Notch pathway dysregulation was prominent in KBD cartilage. HT-2 toxin exposure caused cytotoxicity in hiPSCs-Chondrocytes, and activated Notch signaling by increasing the mRNA and protein levels of NOTCH1 and HES1. HT-2 toxin also upregulated ECM catabolic enzymes and downregulated ECM components (COL2A1 and ACAN), indicating ECM degradation. DAPT-mediated Notch signaling inhibition suppressed the mRNA and protein level of ADAMTS5 expression while enhancing ECM component expression in hiPSCs-Chondrocytes. This study suggests that HT-2 toxin may induce ECM degradation in hiPSCs-Chondrocytes through activating Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Meng
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health Commission and Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health Commission and Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health Commission and Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Yan Wen
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health Commission and Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Feng'e Zhang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health Commission and Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health Commission and Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Yumeng Jia
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health Commission and Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Yingang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics of the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Feng Zhang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health Commission and Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, Xi'an, 710061, PR China.
| | - Xiong Guo
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health Commission and Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; Clinical Research Center for Endemic Disease of Shaanxi Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, PR China.
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Yao C, Hao S, Zhang C, Liu L, Jia Y, Meng P, Wu C, Guo X. Modulatory interactions of T-2 and deoxynivalenol mycotoxins on murine femoral development and osteological integrity. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114630. [PMID: 38604577 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we conducted a systematic assessment of the effectsof deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 mycotoxins (T-2) on the developmental processes and structural integrity of murine femurs, considering both the isolated and synergistic effects of these toxins. To this end, we divided 72 male mice into nine groups, each subjected to varying dosages of T-2, DON, or their combinations. Over a four-week experimental period, meticulous monitoring was undertaken regarding the mice's body weight, biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption, and the activity of relevant cells. To comprehensively evaluate alterations in bone structure, we employed biomechanical analysis, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and transmission electron microscopy.Our findings unveiled a significant revelation: the mice exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in body weight upon exposure to individual mycotoxins, while the combined use of these toxins manifested an atypical antagonistic effect. Furthermore, we observed variations in the levels of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D, as well as adjustments in the activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, all intricately linked to the dosage and ratio of the toxins. Alterations in biomechanical properties were also noted to correlate with the dosage and combination of toxins. Analyses via micro-CT and transmission electron microscopy further corroborated the substantial impact of toxin dosage and combinations on both cortical and trabecular bone structures.In summation, our research unequivocally demonstrates the dose- and ratio-dependent detrimental effects of DON and T-2 mycotoxins on the growth and structural integrity of murine femurs. These insights accentuate the importance of a profound understanding of the potential risks these toxins pose to bone health, offering pivotal guidance for future toxicological research and public health preventative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Yao
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University; NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China; Nursing Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi 'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuichu Hao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi 'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi 'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University; NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yumeng Jia
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University; NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Peilin Meng
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University; NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Cuiyan Wu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University; NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Xiong Guo
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University; NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Lin X, Liu H, Qiao L, Deng H, Bao M, Yang Z, He Y, Xiang R, He H, Han J. Chondrocyte autophagy mediated by T-2 toxin via AKT/TSC/Rheb/mTOR signaling pathway and protective effect of CSA-SeNP. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2024:S1063-4584(24)01206-8. [PMID: 38815737 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) is an endemic, degenerative, and cartilage-damaging disease for which low selenium and T-2 toxins are considered environmental pathogenic factors. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of autophagy in cartilage damage caused by T-2 toxin and the protective effect of chondroitin sulfate A nano-elemental selenium (CSA-SeNP) on the cartilage. METHODS KBD chondrocytes and C28/I2 human chondrocyte cell lines were used. T-2 toxin, AKT inhibitor, and CSA-SeNP treatment experiments were conducted separately, with a treatment time of 24 h. Autophagy was monitored using MDC staining, and mRFP-GFP-LC3 adenovirus, respectively. RT-qPCR and western blotting were used to detect the expression of the relevant genes and proteins. RESULTS The suppression of autophagy observed in KBD chondrocytes was replicated by applying 10 ng/mL T-2 toxin to C28/I2 chondrocytes for 24 h. The AKT/TSCR/Rheb/mTOR signaling pathway was activated by T-2 toxin, which inhibits autophagy. The supplementation with CSA-SeNP alleviated the inhibition of autophagy by T-2 toxin through the AKT/TSCR/Rheb/mTOR signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Loss of autophagy regulated by the AKT/TSCR/Rheb/mTOR signaling pathway plays an important role in cartilage damage caused by T-2 toxin. CSA-SeNP supplementation attenuated inhibition of autophagy in chondrocytes by T-2 toxin by modulating this signaling pathway. These findings provide promising new targets for the prevention and treatment of cartilage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Global Health Institute, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 712000, China; Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| | - Haobiao Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Global Health Institute, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 712000, China; Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Lichun Qiao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Global Health Institute, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 712000, China; Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| | - Huan Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Global Health Institute, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 712000, China; Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| | - Miaoye Bao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Global Health Institute, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 712000, China; Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| | - Zhihao Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Global Health Institute, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 712000, China; Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| | - Yujie He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Global Health Institute, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 712000, China; Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| | - Rongqi Xiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Global Health Institute, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 712000, China; Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| | - Huifang He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Global Health Institute, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 712000, China; Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Global Health Institute, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 712000, China; Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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Qi F, Cui SL, Zhang B, Li HN, Yu J. T-2 toxin-induced damage to articular cartilage in rats coincided with impaired autophagy linked to the HIF-1α/AMPK signaling axis. Toxicon 2024; 243:107735. [PMID: 38670500 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is one of the most toxic mycotoxins. People are primarily exposed to T-2 toxin through the consumption of spoiled food, typically over extended periods and at low doses. T-2 toxin can cause damage to articular cartilage. However, the exact mechanism is not fully understood. In this experiment, 36 male rats were divided into a control group, a solvent control group, and a T-2 toxin group. The rats in the T-2 toxin group were orally administered the toxin at a dosage of 100 ng/g BW/Day. The damage to articular cartilage and key proteins associated with the autophagy process and the HIF-1α/AMPK signaling axis was assessed at 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. Our findings indicate that T-2 toxin-induced damage to articular cartilage in rats coincided with impaired autophagy linked to the HIF-1α/AMPK signaling pathway. This study offers novel insights into the precise mechanism underlying T-2 toxin-induced damage to articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Qi
- Institute for Kashin-Beck Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China; National Healthy Commission and Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University (23618504), Heilongjiang Provincial Laboratory of Trace Element and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Si-Lu Cui
- Institute for Kashin-Beck Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China; National Healthy Commission and Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University (23618504), Heilongjiang Provincial Laboratory of Trace Element and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Institute for Kashin-Beck Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China; National Healthy Commission and Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University (23618504), Heilongjiang Provincial Laboratory of Trace Element and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; School of Public Health, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, Jilin, China
| | - Hao-Nan Li
- Institute for Kashin-Beck Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China; National Healthy Commission and Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University (23618504), Heilongjiang Provincial Laboratory of Trace Element and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute for Kashin-Beck Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China; National Healthy Commission and Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University (23618504), Heilongjiang Provincial Laboratory of Trace Element and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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Jiang T, Yan J, Tan H, Pu Z, Wang O, Liu T, Chen Z, Gao J, Wang J, Lin J, Huo J, Huang J. Prevalence of T-2 Toxin in the Food and Beverages of Residents Living in a Kashin-Beck-Disease Area of Qamdo, Tibet. Nutrients 2024; 16:1449. [PMID: 38794687 PMCID: PMC11123768 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been strongly suggested that selenium deficiency and T-2 toxin contamination have a strong relationship with the occurrence and development of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD). In order to provide information for understanding the high prevalence of KBD in Tibet, this study collected the responses to a cubital venous blood and dietary questionnaire of 125 subjects including 75 KBD patients and 50 healthy controls in a KBD-prevalent county (Luolong County) in Tibet, China. A total of 10 household local families were randomly selected in this area, and local diet samples of brick tea, Zanba powder, milk residue, and hulless Barley were collected from these residents. Selenium content in blood was detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The T-2 toxin contamination level in food sample was assayed using an ELISA kit. The selenium levels of patients and controls were 42.0 ± 19.8 and 56.06 ± 22.4 μg/L, respectively. The serum selenium level in controls was higher than that in patients, but there was no significant difference, and the serum selenium level both in patients and controls in Tibet was lower than the normal range. The results of the dietary survey showed that the number of respondents who consumed butter tea was large; 46.67% of patients indicated that they drank buttered tea every day, which was significantly higher than in controls. The contents of T-2 toxin in Zanba powder, milk residue, hulless barley and drinking water samples were below the detection limit (0.05 μg/kg); this result was labeled Tr. Unexpectedly, the contents of T-2 toxin in brick tea were higher, with average levels of 424 ± 56 μg/kg in Detong village and 396 ± 24 μg/kg in Langcuo village. For the first time, we report the presence of an extremely high concentration of T-2 toxin in brick tea of Tibet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Jiang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (T.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Public Nutrition and Health, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Junan Yan
- Shenzhen Chronic Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Hongxing Tan
- Shenzhen Chronic Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zhu Pu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Luolong County, Chamdo 855400, China
| | - Ou Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (T.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Public Nutrition and Health, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Shenzhen Chronic Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zhaoyu Chen
- The Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jiaxiang Gao
- The Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Shenzhen Chronic Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jianhao Lin
- The Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Junsheng Huo
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (T.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Public Nutrition and Health, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jian Huang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (T.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Public Nutrition and Health, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100050, China
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Shi Y, Wang R, Li Y, Cui Y, He Y, Wang H, Liu Y, Zhang M, Chen Y, Jia M, Chen K, Ruan X, Tian J, Ma T, Chen J. Involvement of TLRs/NF-κB/ESE-1 signaling pathway in T-2 toxin-induced cartilage matrix degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123114. [PMID: 38081376 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
T-2 toxin, a highly toxic type A monotrichothecene mycotoxin, has been found in many different types of cereals and is considered to be one of the most dangerous naturally occurring forms of food contamination. Globally, consuming grain-based food tainted with T-2 toxin poses significant risks to animal and human health. Prior research has indicated that the presence of T-2 toxin may lead to the demise of chondrocytes and the deterioration of the extracellular matrix of cartilage in degenerative bone and joint conditions, such as Kashin-Beck disease. However, the mechanisms by which T-2 toxin exerts its biological toxicity on the degradation of the extracellular matrix in cartilage are not well understood. In the current study, we found original results that demonstrate an upregulation of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR-2, TLR-4) and ESE-1 expression levels in the articular cartilage of a rat model subjected to T-2 toxin exposure. Furthermore, it was revealed that the exposure to T-2 toxin resulted in an increase in the expression of TLR-2, TLR-4, and ESE-1 in human C28/I2 chondrocytes. The findings of this study indicate that the increased expression of TLR-2, TLR-4, and ESE-1 may contribute to the development of degenerative osteoarthritic disease caused by T-2 toxin. Consistent with our hypotheses, we discovered that T-2 toxin increased the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-13 in human C28/I2 chondrocytes. We used a luciferase reporter gene assay to measure the activity of the ESE-1 promoter and transfected cells with plasmids encoding TLR-2 and TLR-4 to investigate their effects on this activity. TLR-2 and TLR-4 can activate ESE-1 transcriptional gene expression, and this expression is mediated through the NF-κB pathway, additional evidence is provided for the participation of the TLRs/NF-κB/ESE-1 signaling pathway in T-2 toxin-induced cartilage matrix degradation. Together, the findings indicated that the TLRs/NF-κB/ESE-1 signaling pathway played an essential part in T-2 toxin-induced cartilage matrix degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Shi
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710018, China
| | - Yanan Li
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Yixin Cui
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Ying He
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yinan Liu
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yonghui Chen
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Mingzhao Jia
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Kunpan Chen
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Xingran Ruan
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Jing Tian
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Tianyou Ma
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Jinghong Chen
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
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7
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Liu H, Lin X, Chilufya MM, Qiao L, Bao M, Wen X, Xiang R, He H, Li M, Han J. Synergistic effects of T-2 toxin and selenium deficiency exacerbate renal fibrosis through modulation of the ERα/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115748. [PMID: 38029582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
As common pathogenic agents in the world and widely distributed globally, T-2 toxin and selenium deficiency might exacerbate toxic effects by combined exposure, posing a dramatic health hazard to humans and animals. In this study, we aim to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of renal fibrosis triggered by T-2 toxin and selenium deficiency exposure. A total of thirty-two rats are randomly divided into the normal control, T-2 toxin, selenium deficiency, and combined intervention groups. T-2 toxin (100 ng/g) is intragastric gavaged to the rats in compliance with the body weight. Both the standard (containing selenium 0.20 mg/Kg) and selenium-deficient (containing selenium 0.02 mg/Kg) diets were manufactured adhering to the AIN-93 formula. After 12 weeks of intervention, renal tissue ultrastructural and pathological changes, inflammatory infiltration, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition are evaluated, respectively. Metabolomics analysis is conducted to explore the underlying pathology of renal fibrosis, followed by the validation of potential mechanisms at gene and protein levels. T-2 toxin and selenium deficiency exposure results in podocyte foot process elongation or fusion, tubular vacuolization and dilatation, and collagen deposition in the kidneys. Additionally, it also increases inflammatory infiltration, EMT conversion, and ECM deposition. Metabolomics analysis suggests that T-2 toxin and selenium deficiency influence amino acid and cholesterol metabolism, respectively, and the estrogen signaling pathway is probably engaged in renal fibrosis progression. Moreover, T-2 toxin and selenium deficiency are found to regulate the expressions of the ERα/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. In conclusion, T-2 toxin and selenium deficiency synergistically exacerbate renal fibrosis through regulating the ERα/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and inflammatory infiltration, EMT and ECM deposition are involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobiao Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xue Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Mumba Mulutula Chilufya
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Lichun Qiao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Miaoye Bao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xinyue Wen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Rongqi Xiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Huifang He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Miaoqian Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Global Health Institute, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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8
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Alexander J, Olsen AK. Selenium - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. Food Nutr Res 2023; 67:10320. [PMID: 38187789 PMCID: PMC10770655 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v67.10320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace element in humans, critical to the normal physiology in all animal species. The main form of selenium in food is selenomethionine, selenocysteine and a variety of organic compounds, while inorganic salts mainly occur in food supplements. In animals and humans, selenium occurs as selenocysteine in selenoproteins encoded by 25 genes (specific selenium pool). Several selenoproteins are part of the antioxidant enzyme system and serve as oxido-reductases and in thyroid hormone regulation. SelenoproteinP (SELENOP) transports selenium to peripheral tissues, is the main plasma selenoprotein, and has been used as biomarker of selenium status and intake. SELENOP in plasma represents a saturable pool of selenium and is maximised at a selenium concentration in plasma of about 110 µg/L or an intake of selenomethionine at about 1.2 µg/kg body weight in adults. In Finland, with an estimated selenium intake of 88 µg/day in men and 68 µg/day in women, the average selenium concentration in plasma is about 110 µg/L. Imported wheat from selenium rich areas is an important dietary source in Norway. Dietary intakes in the Nordic and Baltic area vary from 39 to 88 µg/day in men and 22 to 68 µg/day in women, the highest levels were from Finland. Most intervention trials on the effect of selenium supplementation on health outcomes have been carried out in 'selenium-replete'-populations and show no beneficial effect, which from a nutritional point of view would rather not be expected. Some intervention studies conducted in populations low in selenium have showed a beneficial effect. Observational studies suggest an inverse relationship between selenium status and risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer and all-cause mortality, and some other outcomes at low levels of intake (<55 µg/day) or in plasma or serum (<100 µg/L). However, a lack of quantitative data and inconsistencies between studies precludes these studies to be used to derive dietary reference values. At high intakes above 330 to 450 µg/day selenium may cause toxic effects affecting liver, peripheral nerves, skin, nails, and hair. An upper tolerable level (UL) of 255 µg selenium/day in adults was established by EFSA.
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9
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Gao S, Wang K, Xiong K, Xiao S, Wu C, Zhou M, Li L, Yuan G, Jiang L, Xiong Q, Yang L. Unraveling the Nrf2-ARE Signaling Pathway in the DF-1 Chicken Fibroblast Cell Line: Insights into T-2 Toxin-Induced Oxidative Stress Regulation. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:627. [PMID: 37999490 PMCID: PMC10674583 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The T-2 toxin (T2) poses a major threat to the health and productivity of animals. The present study aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanism of Nrf2 derived from broilers against T2-induced oxidative damage. DF-1 cells, including those with normal characteristics, as well as those overexpressing or with a knockout of specific components, were exposed to a 24 h treatment of 50 nM T2. The primary objective was to evaluate the indicators associated with oxidative stress and the expression of downstream antioxidant factors regulated by the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway, at both the mRNA and protein levels. The findings of this study demonstrated a noteworthy relationship between the up-regulation of the Nrf2 protein and a considerable reduction in the oxidative stress levels within DF-1 cells (p < 0.05). Furthermore, this up-regulation was associated with a notable increase in the mRNA and protein levels of antioxidant factors downstream of the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway (p < 0.05). Conversely, the down-regulation of the Nrf2 protein was linked to a marked elevation in oxidative stress levels in DF-1 cells (p < 0.05). Additionally, this down-regulation resulted in a significant decrease in both the mRNA and protein expression of antioxidant factors (p < 0.05). This experiment lays a theoretical foundation for investigating the detrimental impacts of T2 on broiler chickens. It also establishes a research framework for employing the Nrf2 protein in broiler chicken production and breeding. Moreover, it introduces novel insights for the prospective management of oxidative stress-related ailments in the livestock and poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lingchen Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China; (S.G.); (K.W.); (K.X.); (S.X.); (C.W.); (M.Z.); (L.L.); (G.Y.); (L.J.); (Q.X.)
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10
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Chen F, Wang Y, Chen Y, Fan J, Zhang C, He X, Yang X. JNK molecule is a toxic target for IPEC-J2 cell barrier damage induced by T-2 toxin. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115247. [PMID: 37453270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The most prevalent contaminated mycotoxin in feed and grain is T-2 toxin. The T-2 toxin's primary action target is the gut because it is the main organ of absorption. T-2 toxin can cause intestinal damage, but, few molecular mechanisms have been elucidated. It is important to discover the key pathways by which T-2 toxin causes enterotoxicity. In this research, IPEC-J2 cells are used as a cell model to investigate the function of the MAPK signaling pathway in T-2 toxin-induced intestinal epithelial cell damage. Throughout this research, T-2 toxin results in functional impairment in IPEC-J2 cells by reducing the TJ proteins Claudin, Occludin-1, ZO-1, N-cadherin, and CX-43 expression. T-2 toxin significantly reduced the survival of IPEC-J2 cells and increased LDH release in a dose-dependent way. T-2 toxin induced IPEC-J2 cell oxidative stress by raising ROS and MDA content, and mitochondrial damage was indicated by a decline in MMP and an increase in the opening degree of MPTP. T-2 toxin upregulated the expression of ERK, P38 and JNK, which triggered the MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, T-2 toxin caused IPEC-J2 cell inflammation responses reflected by increased the levels of inflammation-related factors IL-8, p65, P-p65 and IL-6, and down-regulated IL-10 expression level. Inhibition JNK molecule can ease IPEC-J2 cell functional impairment and inflammatory response. In conclusion, as a consequence of the T-2 toxin activating the JNK molecule, oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage are induced, which impair cellular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002 Henan, China
| | - Youshuang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002 Henan, China
| | - Yunhe Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002 Henan, China
| | - Jiayan Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002 Henan, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002 Henan, China
| | - Xiuyuan He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002 Henan, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002 Henan, China.
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11
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He Y, Shi Y, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Cao L, Liu Y, Ma T, Chen J. T-2 toxin-induced chondrocyte apoptosis contributes to growth plate damage through Smad2 and Smad3 signaling. Toxicon 2023:107193. [PMID: 37423522 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The growth plate cartilage is one of the most common areas that Kashin-Beck Disease attacks. However, the exact mechanism of growth plate damage remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that Smad2 and Smad3 were closely associated with the differentiation of chondrocytes. Reduction of Smad2 and Smad3 were found both in T-2 toxin-induced human chondrocytes in vitro and in T-2 toxin-induced rat growth plate in vivo. Blunting Smad2 or Smad3 both strikingly induced human chondrocytes apoptosis, implying a plausible signaling pathway to clarify the mechanism of T-2 toxin-induced oxidative damage. Furthermore, decreased Smad2 and Smad3 were also observed in the growth plates of KBD children. Collectively, our findings clearly illustrated that T-2 toxin-induced chondrocyte apoptosis contributes to growth plate damage through Smad2 and Smad3 signaling, which refines the pathogenesis of endemic osteoarthritis and provides two potential targets for the prevention and repairment of endemic osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, Shaanxi, China; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yawen Shi
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruotong Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yinan Liu
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianyou Ma
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jinghong Chen
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, Shaanxi, China.
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12
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Song W, Wang Y, Huang T, Liu Y, Chen F, Chen Y, Jiang Y, Zhang C, Yang X. T-2 toxin metabolism and its hepatotoxicity: New insights on the molecular mechanism and detoxification. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121784. [PMID: 37169237 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin, a type A trichothecene, is a secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium poae, Fusarium sporotrichioides, and Fusarium tricinctum. As the most toxic trichothecenes, T-2 toxin causes severe damage to multiple organs, especially to liver. However, the contamination of T-2 toxin covers a wide range of plants, including nuts, grains, fruits and herbs globally. And due to chemical stability of T-2 toxin, it is difficult to be completely removed from the food and feeds, which poses a great threat to human and animal health. Liver is the major detoxifying organ which also makes it the main target of T-2 toxin. After being absorbed by intestine, the first pass effect will reduce the level of T-2 toxin in blood indicating that liver is the main metabolic site of T-2 toxin in vivo. In this review, updated researches on the hepatotoxicity of T-2 toxin were summarized. The metabolic characteristic of T-2 toxin in vivo was introduced. The main hepatotoxic mechanisms of T-2 toxin are oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, autophagy and apoptosis. Recent research of the main hepatotoxic mechanisms of T-2 toxin and the interactions between these mechanisms were summarized. The remission of the hepatotoxicity induced by T-2 toxin was also studied in this review followed by new findings on the detoxification of hepatotoxicity induced by T-2 toxin. The review aimed to offer a comprehensive view and proposes new perspectives in the field of hepatotoxicity induced by T-2 toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Youshuang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Tingyu Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Fengjuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yunhe Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yibao Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.
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13
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Differential Role of Active Compounds in Mitophagy and Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030202. [PMID: 36977093 PMCID: PMC10058020 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease or Parkinson’s disease, significantly reduce the quality of life of patients and eventually result in complete maladjustment. Disruption of the synapses leads to a deterioration in the communication of nerve cells and decreased plasticity, which is associated with a loss of cognitive functions and neurodegeneration. Maintaining proper synaptic activity depends on the qualitative composition of mitochondria, because synaptic processes require sufficient energy supply and fine calcium regulation. The maintenance of the qualitative composition of mitochondria occurs due to mitophagy. The regulation of mitophagy is usually based on several internal mechanisms, as well as on signals and substances coming from outside the cell. These substances may directly or indirectly enhance or weaken mitophagy. In this review, we have considered the role of some compounds in process of mitophagy and neurodegeneration. Some of them have a beneficial effect on the functions of mitochondria and enhance mitophagy, showing promise as novel drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative pathologies, while others contribute to a decrease in mitophagy.
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14
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Taroncher M, Halbig F, Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Ruiz MJ. Stressful Effects of T-2 Metabolites and Defense Capability of HepG2 Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120841. [PMID: 36548737 PMCID: PMC9784688 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-2 toxin (T-2), a mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium which belongs to group A of trichothecenes, is rapidly metabolized, and its main metabolites are HT-2, Neosolaniol (Neo), T2-triol and T2-tetraol. In this work, the antioxidant defense system of HepG2 cells against oxidative stress induced by T-2 and its metabolites was evaluated. The results obtained demonstrated that there is an overall decrease in glutathione (GSH) levels after all mycotoxins exposure. Moreover, the GSH levels and the enzymatic activities related to GSH (GPx and GST) increased with NAC pre-treatment (glutathione precursor) and decreased with BSO pre-treatment (glutathione inhibitor). The GPx activity is increased by T2-tetraol. The GST activity increased after T-2 and T2-triol exposure; however, T2-tetraol decreased its activity. Furthermore, CAT activity increased after T-2 and T2-triol; nevertheless, Neo decreased its activity. Finally, SOD activity is increased by all mycotoxins, except after T-2 exposure. So, the damage associated with oxidative stress by T-2 and its metabolites is relieved by the antioxidant enzymes system on HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Taroncher
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fiona Halbig
- Department of Pharmacy, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - María-José Ruiz
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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15
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Zhang X, Li B, Huo S, Du J, Zhang J, Song M, Cui Y, Li Y. T-2 Toxin Induces Kidney Fibrosis via the mtROS-NLRP3-Wnt/β-Catenin Axis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13765-13777. [PMID: 36239691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin causes kidney fibrosis. Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes kidney fibrosis when sustained and activated. However, whether T-2-induced kidney fibrosis involves Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation has not been explored yet. T-2 toxin causes renal mitochondrial damage, leading to mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) overproduction and NLRP3-inflammasome activation. The activated NLRP3-inflammasome can mediate fibrosis. However, whether the NLRP3-inflammasome can be mediated by mtROS and further regulate T-2-induced kidney fibrosis through Wnt/β-catenin signaling is unclear. In this study, first, we confirmed that T-2 toxin caused Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation in mice kidneys and HK-2 cells. Second, we confirmed that mtROS activated the NLRP3-inflammasome in T-2-exposed mice kidneys and HK-2 cells. Third, we confirmed that the NLRP3-inflammasome regulated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling in T-2 toxin-exposed mice kidneys and HK-2 cells. Finally, we confirmed that Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulated fibrosis in T-2 toxin-exposed mice kidneys and HK-2 cells. The above results confirm that T-2 toxin induces kidney fibrosis via the mtROS-NLRP3-Wnt/β-catenin axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Siming Huo
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jiayu Du
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Miao Song
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yilong Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, 028000 Tongliao, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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16
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Dai C, Tian E, Hao Z, Tang S, Wang Z, Sharma G, Jiang H, Shen J. Aflatoxin B1 Toxicity and Protective Effects of Curcumin: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11102031. [PMID: 36290754 PMCID: PMC9598162 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most significant classes of mycotoxins, aflatoxins (AFTs), can cause a variety of detrimental outcomes, including cancer, hepatitis, aberrant mutations, and reproductive issues. Among the 21 identified AFTs, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most harmful to humans and animals. The mechanisms of AFB1-induced toxicity are connected to the generation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS), upregulation of CYP450 activities, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, necrosis, and inflammatory response. Several signaling pathways, including p53, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Nrf2/ARE, NF-κB, NLRP3, MAPKs, and Wnt/β-catenin have been shown to contribute to AFB1-mediated toxic effects in mammalian cells. Curcumin, a natural product with multiple therapeutic activities (e.g., anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and immunoregulation activities), could revise AFB1-induced harmful effects by targeting these pathways. Therefore, the potential therapeutic use of curcumin against AFB1-related side effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms are summarized. This review, in our opinion, advances significant knowledge, sparks larger discussions, and drives additional improvements in the hazardous examination of AFTs and detoxifying the application of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongshan Dai
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Erjie Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Zhihui Hao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shusheng Tang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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17
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T-2 Toxin Induces Apoptotic Cell Death and Protective Autophagy in Mouse Microglia BV2 Cells. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080761. [PMID: 35893129 PMCID: PMC9330824 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin exposure could cause neurotoxicity; however, the precise molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated T-2 toxin-induced cytotoxicity and underlying molecular mechanisms using a mouse microglia BV2 cell line. The results show that T-2 toxin treatment-induced cytotoxicity of BV2 cells was dose- and time-dependent. Compared to the control, T-2 toxin treatment at 1.25–5 ng/mL significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and triggered oxidative stress. T-2 toxin treatment also caused mitochondrial dysfunction in BV2 cells, which was evidenced by decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential, upregulated expression of Bax protein, and decreased expression of Bcl-2 protein. Meanwhile, T-2 toxin treatment upregulated the expression of cleaved-caspase-3, cleaved-PARP-1 proteins, and downregulated the expression of HO-1 and nuclear Nrf2 proteins, finally inducing cell apoptosis in BV2 cells. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation significantly attenuated T-2 toxin-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, T-2 toxin treatment activated autophagy and upregulated autophagy flux, and the inhibition of autophagy significantly promoted T-2 toxin-induced cell apoptosis. Taken together, our results reveal that T-2 toxin-induced cytotoxicity in BV2 cells involves the production of ROS, the activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, and the inhibition of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Our study offers new insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms in T-2 toxin-mediated neurotoxicity.
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Dai C, Das Gupta S, Wang Z, Jiang H, Velkov T, Shen J. T-2 toxin and its cardiotoxicity: New insights on the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 167:113262. [PMID: 35792220 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is one of the most toxic and common trichothecene mycotoxins, and can cause various cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge-base and challenges as it relates to T-2 toxin related cardiotoxicity. The molecular mechanisms and potential treatment approaches were also discussed. Pathologically, T-2 toxin-induced cardiac toxicity is characterized by cell injury and death in cardiomyocyte, increased capillary permeability, necrosis of cardiomyocyte, hemorrhage, and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the heart. T-2 toxin exposure can cause cardiac fibrosis and finally lead to cardiac dysfunction. Mechanistically, T-2 toxin exposure-induced cardiac damage involves the production of ROS, mitochondrial dysfunction, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) signaling pathway, endoplasmic reticulum (ER stress), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)/smad family member 2/3 (Smad2/3) signaling pathway, and autophagy and inflammatory responses. Antioxidant supplementation (e.g., catalase, vitamin C, and selenium), induction of autophagy (e.g., rapamycin), blockade of inflammatory signaling (e.g., methylprednisolone) or treatment with PPAR-γ agonists (e.g., pioglitazone) may provide protective effects against these detrimental cardiac effects caused by T-2 toxin. We believe that our review provides new insights in understanding T-2 toxin exposure-induced cardiotoxicity and fuels effective prevention and treatment strategies against this important food-borne toxin-induced health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongshan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Subhajit Das Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75230, USA
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing, 100193, PR China
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Li HN, Jin BM, Wang KW. YAP plays a protective role in T-2 toxin-induced inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation and matrix degradation. Toxicon 2022; 215:49-56. [PMID: 35697129 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that T-2 toxin can damage cartilage, resulting in a disease phenotype similar to osteoarthritis. The precise molecular mechanism by which T-2 toxin causes chondrocyte injury, however, is unknown. The purpose of this study was to look into the role of YAP in T-2 toxin-induced rat chondrocyte injury. Based on research results, T-2 toxin decreased the levels of collagen II and PCNA while increasing the expression of matrix metalloproteinase MMP13. These findings supported the T-2 toxin's detrimental effect on chondrocytes. YAP's role in T-2 toxin-induced chondrocyte injury was also investigated. Total YAP and related nuclear proteins were found to decrease as the concentration of T-2 toxin increased. While PYAP expression was not significantly altered in response to T-2 toxin, the PYAP/YAP ratio decreased as the T-2 toxin concentration increased, implying that the HIPPO signaling pathway was activated. Furthermore, the YAP-specific inhibitor Verteporfin was used to investigate the role of YAP in T-2 toxin-induced chondrocyte injury. YAP inhibition increased MMP13 expression while decreasing COL2 and PCNA levels. In summary, the current study found that T-2 toxin decreased the levels of COL2 and PCNA while increasing the expression of MMP13 in chondrocytes after inhibiting YAP, providing a new insight into the mechanism of T-2 toxin-induced cartilage damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Nan Li
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; National Health Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University (23618504), Harbin, 150081, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health,; Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; Institute of Cell Biotechnology, China and Russia Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Bai-Ming Jin
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; National Health Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University (23618504), Harbin, 150081, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health,; Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; Institute of Cell Biotechnology, China and Russia Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; Department of Preventive Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Ke-Wei Wang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; National Health Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University (23618504), Harbin, 150081, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health,; Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; Institute of Cell Biotechnology, China and Russia Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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Hydrochemical characteristics of surface waters and their relationships to the Kashin-Beck Disease in Longzi County, Tibet. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7819. [PMID: 35552427 PMCID: PMC9098842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies have been reported between the Kashin-Beck Disease (KBD) epidemic and the hydrochemical characteristics of surface waters, the etiology of the disease remains unclear. In the present study, we comprehensively investigated the relationship between the KBD and the hydrochemical characteristics of surface waters in Longzi County. Results show that, the pH (mean = 7.27 ± 0.30), total hardness (TH, mean = 57.08 ± 45.74 mg L-1), total dissolved solids (TDS, mean = 67.56 ± 44.00 mg L-1) and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP, mean = 84.11 ± 23.55 mV) of surface waters in KBD endemic areas are lower than those in the non-KBD endemic areas (means of pH = 7.49 ± 0.30; TH = 262.06 ± 123.29 mg L-1; TDS = 253.25 ± 100.39 mg L-1; ORP = 215.90 ± 55.99 mV). These results suggest that long-term consumption of low TDS, essential trace elements (e.g., nickel, cobalt, iron, selenium, zinc, molybdenum, and iodine) deficient, and potential toxic elements (e.g., arsenic) enriched waters by humans likely causes the KBD. Environmental factors such as the geology and geomorphology may produce biogeochemical imbalance, geomorphic, vegetation types and local climatic conditions may have significant impact on food fungi toxin poisoning and water organic compound poisoning, and these also impact the KBD occurrence.
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He Y, Fan L, Aaron N, Feng Y, Fang Q, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Wang H, Ma T, Sun J, Chen J. Reduction of Smad2 caused by oxidative stress leads to necrotic death of hypertrophic chondrocytes associated with an endemic osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:440-451. [PMID: 33769459 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The occurrence and development of an endemic OA, Kashin-Beck disease (KBD), is closely related to oxidative stress induced by free radicals. The aim of the study was to find the key signalling molecules or pathogenic factors as a potential treatment strategy for KBD. METHODS Real-time PCR and western blotting were performed to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels in cells and tissues. Immunohistochemical staining was assayed in rat models and human samples obtained from children. The type of cell death was identified by annexin V and propidium iodide staining with flow cytometry. RESULTS Oxidative stress decreased levels of Smad2 and Smad3 in hypertrophic chondrocytes both in vitro and in vivo. In the cartilage of KBD patients, the expression of Smad2 and Smad3 proteins in the middle and deep zone was significantly decreased with an observed full deletion in the deep zone of some samples. Reduction of Smad2 protein induced necrotic death of hypertrophic chondrocytes, while reduction of Smad3 protein induced apoptosis. The reduction of Smad2 protein was not accompanied by Smad3 protein reduction in hypertrophic chondrocyte necrosis. Furthermore, the reduction of Smad2 also impaired the construction of tissue-engineered cartilage in vitro. CONCLUSION These studies reveal that oxidative stress causes necrosis of hypertrophic chondrocytes by downregulating Smad2 protein, which increases the pathogenesis of KBD cartilage. The importance of Smad2 in the development of KBD provides a new potential target for the treatment of KBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Graduate Students Teaching Experiment Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lihong Fan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Nicole Aaron
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yiping Feng
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Fang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianyou Ma
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinghong Chen
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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22
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Zhang Y, Mu Y, He Y, Li Z, Mi G, Liu Y, Zhang M, Wang H, Feng Y, Fang Q, Ma T, Deng X, Chen J. Upregulated expression of transforming growth factor-β receptor I/II in an endemic Osteoarthropathy in China. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:1051. [PMID: 34930205 PMCID: PMC8690967 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kashin–Beck disease (KBD) is a chronic, deforming, endemic osteochondropathy that begins in patients as young as 2–3 years of age. The pathogenesis of KBD remains unclear, although selenium (Se) deficiency and T-2 toxin food contamination are both linked to the disease. In the present study, we evaluated transforming growth factor-β receptor (TGF-βR I and II) levels in clinical samples of KBD and in pre-clinical disease models. Methods Human specimens were obtained from the hand phalanges of eight donors with KBD and eight control donors. Animal models of the disease were established using Sprague–Dawley rats, which were fed an Se-deficient diet for 4 weeks and later administered the T-2 toxin. Cartilage cellularity and morphology were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Expression and localization of TGF-βRI and II were evaluated using immunohistochemical staining and western blotting. Results In the KBD samples, chondral necrosis was detected based on cartilage cell disappearance and alkalinity loss in the matrix ground substance. In the necrotic areas, TGF-βRI and II staining were strong. Positive percentages of TGF-βRI and II staining were higher in the cartilage samples of KBD donors than in those of control donors. TGF-βRI and II staining was also increased in cartilage samples from rats administered T-2 toxin or fed on Se-deficient plus T-2 toxin diets. Conclusion TGF-βRI and II may be involved in the pathophysiology of KBD. This study provides new insights into the pathways that contribute to KBD development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12891-021-04939-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- The Institute of Endemic Disease, School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China.,School of Nursing, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yudong Mu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tumor Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Affiliated to the Medical Collage of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ying He
- The Institute of Endemic Disease, School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Zhengzheng Li
- The Institute of Endemic Disease, School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ge Mi
- The Institute of Endemic Disease, School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yinan Liu
- The Institute of Endemic Disease, School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- The Institute of Endemic Disease, School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- The Institute of Endemic Disease, School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Feng
- The Institute of Endemic Disease, School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qian Fang
- The Institute of Endemic Disease, School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Tianyou Ma
- The Institute of Endemic Disease, School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xianghua Deng
- Research Division, HSS, Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, and Weill Cornell Medical College, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Jinghong Chen
- The Institute of Endemic Disease, School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P.R. China.
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Deng H, Chilufya MM, Liu J, Qiao L, Xiao X, Zhao Y, Guo Z, Lv Y, Wang W, Zhang J, Han J. Effect of Low Nutrition and T-2 Toxin on C28/I2 Chondrocytes Cell Line and Chondroitin Sulfate-Modifying Sulfotransferases. Cartilage 2021; 13:818S-825S. [PMID: 34151604 PMCID: PMC8804821 DOI: 10.1177/19476035211023555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of low nutrition and trichothecenes-2 toxin (T-2) on human chondrocytes cell line C28/I2 and the gene expression levels of some chondroitin sulfate (CS)-modifying sulfotransferases. METHODS The chondrocytes were divided into 4 intervention groups: (a) control group (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/Nutrient Mixture F-12 [DMEM/F-12] with fetal bovine serum [FBS]), (b) low-nutrition group (DMEM/F-12 without FBS), (c) T-2 group (DMEM/F-12 with FBS plus 20 ng/mL T-2), and (d) combined group (DMEM/F-12 without FBS plus 20 ng/mL T-2). Twenty-four hours postintervention, ultrastructural changes in the chondrocytes were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Live cell staining and methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay were performed to observe cell viability. The expression of CS-modifying sulfotransferases, including carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3, 12, 13, 15 (CHST-3, CHST-12, CHST-13, and CHST-15, respectively), and uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (UST) were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. RESULTS The cells in the T-2 group and combined group had significantly lower live cell counts and relative survival rates than the control group. TEM pictures revealed decreased electron density of mitochondria in the low-nutrition group. The T-2 group and combined group both caused mitochondrial swelling, damage, and reduction in mitochondrial number. RT-qPCR showed a trend of altered expression of CHST and increased expression of UST genes under low-nutrition, T-2 toxin and combined interventions. CONCLUSIONS These results show early-stage Kashin-Beck disease chondrocyte pathophysiology, consisting of chondrocyte cell damage and compensatory upregulation of CHST and UST genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Deng
- School of Public Health, Health Science
Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mumba Mulutula Chilufya
- School of Public Health, Health Science
Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- School of Public Health, Health Science
Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lichun Qiao
- School of Public Health, Health Science
Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- School of Public Health, Health Science
Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Health Science
Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Guo
- School of Public Health, Health Science
Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yizhen Lv
- School of Public Health, Health Science
Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenyue Wang
- School of Public Health, Health Science
Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaheng Zhang
- School of Public Health, Health Science
Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Han
- School of Public Health, Health Science
Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China,Jing Han, College of Public Health, Xi’an
Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 76 West Yanta Road, Xi’an,
Shaanxi Province, 710061, People’s Republic of China.
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Shi T, Fu X, Wang F, Zhang X, Cai Y, Wu X, Sun L. The WNT/β-catenin signalling pathway induces chondrocyte apoptosis in the cartilage injury caused by T-2 toxin in rats. Toxicon 2021; 204:14-20. [PMID: 34742779 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether the WNT/β-catenin signalling pathway is involved in paediatric Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) and T-2-toxin-induced cartilage injury in rats to better understand the mechanism of KBD. One hundred twenty-two children were selected and assigned to the case (31), internal control (41), and external control (50) groups. The serum β-catenin and bone morphogenetic protein 2(BMP2)levels in each group were measured and compared. Thirty-six rats were randomly assigned to three groups, which received no intervention, T-2 toxin, or solvent. After 18 weeks, the expression of LDL receptor related proteins 5 (LRP5), β-catenin, BMP2, BAX, BCL2, APAF1, and caspase 9 was measured and compared. The serum BMP2 levels were significantly elevated in the children with KBD and in the rats treated with T-2 toxin. In the T-2 toxin group, LRP5 and β-catenin expression was reduced, whereas BAX, APAF1, and caspase 9 expression was increased. In conclusion, the WNT/β-catenin signalling pathway is suppressed in KBD, which induces chondrocyte apoptosis, leading to cartilage injury. Therefore, BMP2 may play a role in the pathogenesis of KBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongkun Shi
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Fu
- College of Public Health, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Fenghua Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yun Cai
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xianhao Wu
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315010, China
| | - Liyan Sun
- School of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China; Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University; Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, China.
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Wang H, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Wang M, Liu Y, Liao Y, Li Z, Feng Y, Chen J. The decreased expression of integrin αv is involved in T-2 toxin-induced extracellular matrix degradation in chondrocytes. Toxicon 2021; 199:109-116. [PMID: 34139256 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is one of the most toxic and common mycotoxins in grains and related products. It is considered a risk factor for Kashin-Beck disease (KBD), an endemic osteoarthritis. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that T-2 toxin can cause extracellular matrix degradation; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Integrins have been found to regulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), the 'scissors' of matrix proteins. In this study, we investigated whether integrin αv played a role in T-2 toxin-induced matrix degradation. Results from our study showed that the expression of integrin αv in the cartilage of rats fed T-2 toxin was reduced compared to that in rats fed a normal diet. Integrin αv was downregulated in T-2 toxin-treated C28/I2 chondrocytes, and selenium was found to have a protective effect. The expression of MMP-1, -3, -10, and -13 increased whereas that of type II collagen (Col II) protein decreased in C28/I2 cells treated with an integrin αv inhibitor. In conclusion, T-2 toxin can downregulate integrin αv expression in chondrocytes. Reduced integrin αv signalling could induce the release of MMPs, leading to matrix degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yinan Liu
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengying Wang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yucheng Liao
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengzheng Li
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiping Feng
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinghong Chen
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases in the Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Awuchi CG, Ondari EN, Ogbonna CU, Upadhyay AK, Baran K, Okpala COR, Korzeniowska M, Guiné RPF. Mycotoxins Affecting Animals, Foods, Humans, and Plants: Types, Occurrence, Toxicities, Action Mechanisms, Prevention, and Detoxification Strategies-A Revisit. Foods 2021; 10:1279. [PMID: 34205122 PMCID: PMC8228748 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are produced by fungi and are known to be toxic to humans and animals. Common mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, zearalenone, patulin, sterigmatocystin, citrinin, ergot alkaloids, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, trichothecenes, Alternaria toxins, tremorgenic mycotoxins, fusarins, 3-nitropropionic acid, cyclochlorotine, sporidesmin, etc. These mycotoxins can pose several health risks to both animals and humans, including death. As several mycotoxins simultaneously occur in nature, especially in foods and feeds, the detoxification and/or total removal of mycotoxins remains challenging. Moreover, given that the volume of scientific literature regarding mycotoxins is steadily on the rise, there is need for continuous synthesis of the body of knowledge. To supplement existing information, knowledge of mycotoxins affecting animals, foods, humans, and plants, with more focus on types, toxicity, and prevention measures, including strategies employed in detoxification and removal, were revisited in this work. Our synthesis revealed that mycotoxin decontamination, control, and detoxification strategies cut across pre-and post-harvest preventive measures. In particular, pre-harvest measures can include good agricultural practices, fertilization/irrigation, crop rotation, using resistant varieties of crops, avoiding insect damage, early harvesting, maintaining adequate humidity, and removing debris from the preceding harvests. On the other hand, post-harvest measures can include processing, chemical, biological, and physical measures. Additionally, chemical-based methods and other emerging strategies for mycotoxin detoxification can involve the usage of chitosan, ozone, nanoparticles, and plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinaza Godswill Awuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda;
- School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Kampala International University, Kampala P.O. Box 20000, Uganda
| | - Erick Nyakundi Ondari
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda;
| | - Chukwuka U. Ogbonna
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta P.M.B. 2240, Ogun State, Nigeria;
| | - Anjani K. Upadhyay
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751019, Odisha, India;
| | - Katarzyna Baran
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Korzeniowska
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Raquel P. F. Guiné
- CERNAS Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
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Pei X, Jiang H, Liu X, Li L, Li C, Xiao X, Li D, Tang S. Targeting HMGB1 inhibits T-2 toxin-induced neurotoxicity via regulation of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 151:112134. [PMID: 33762183 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin, a food-derived mycotoxin, has been identified as a neurotoxin. Nonetheless, T-2 toxin-induced neuroinflammation has never been revealed. As an important therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases and cancers, the role of high mobility group B1 (HMGB1) in mycotoxin-mediated neurotoxicity remains a mystery. In current study, we found that PC12 cells were sensitive to trace amounts of T-2 toxin less than 12 ng/mL, distinguished by decreased cell viability and increased release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage were observed in PC12 cells, manifested as accumulation of oxidative stress products, up-regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), leading to mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Meanwhile, we first discovered that tiny amounts of T-2 toxin triggered neuroinflammation directly, including raising the expression and translocation of NF-κB and promoting secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1β. Most interestingly, the increased of HMGB1 was detected both inside and outside the cells. Conversely, HMGB1 siRNA reduced T-2 toxin-mediated oxidative stress, apoptosis and neuroinflammatory outbreak, accompanied by lessened caspase-3 and caspase-9, and decreased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, T-2 toxin-stimulated PC12 cells simultaneously displayed apoptosis and inflammation, whereas HMGB1 played a critical role in these neurotoxic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyao Pei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Jinjing Road No.22, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Liuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Jinjing Road No.22, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Cun Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Jinjing Road No.22, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xilong Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Daowen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Jinjing Road No.22, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Shusheng Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Shi M, He Y, Zhang Y, Guo X, Lin J, Wang W, Chen J. LncRNA MIAT regulated by selenium and T-2 toxin increases NF-κB-p65 activation, promoting the progress of Kashin-Beck Disease. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:869-881. [PMID: 33233966 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120975122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
LncRNA myocardial infarction associated transcript (MIAT) has been shown to be involved in osteoarthritis (OA), but its role in Kashin-Beck Disease (KBD) has rarely been reported. In this study, rats were administered with low selenium and/or T-2 toxin for 4 weeks to establish a KBD animal model. The serum selenium level, TNF-α and IL-1β contents, phosphorylated p65 (p-p65) and MIAT expression were increased in each intervention group. Next, we isolated the primary epiphyseal chondrocytes, and found that selenium treatment reversed the effects of T-2 toxin on chondrocyte injury, p-p65 and MIAT expression. In addition, MIAT overexpression or T-2 toxin treatment led to increased cell death, apoptosis, inflammation, NF-κB-p65 pathway activation and MIAT expression, which was rescued by selenium treatment or MIAT siRNA transfection. Our results suggested that lncRNA MIAT regulated by selenium and T-2 toxin increased the activation of NF-κB-p65, thus being involved in the progress of KBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- College of Medicine, 562560Xi'an Peihua University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying He
- College of Medicine, 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Medicine, 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaobo Guo
- Department of Hematology, 255275Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Hematology, 255275Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Medicine, 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinghong Chen
- College of Medicine, 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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The combination of T-2 toxin and acrylamide synergistically induces hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity via the activation of oxidative stress and the mitochondrial pathway. Toxicon 2020; 189:65-72. [PMID: 33227324 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a common fungal toxin, which is not only widely found in wheat, barley, corn, and other food crops and their related products, but also in various animal feeds. Acrylamide (ACR) is mainly formed by the free amino acid, asparagine and reducing sugars, such as glucose and fructose, and is commonly found in potato chips, French fries, toast, coffee, and other foods. Therefore, people are highly likely to consume food via their daily diets that are contaminated with both T-2 toxin and ACR. Since liver and kidneys were possible toxic targets of both T-2 toxin and ACR, this study assessed whether combined exposure could increase hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity using both cell cultures and animal models. We used L02 and MARC-145 cells and treated with T-2 toxin (5-15 nM) and ACR (1-3 mM) alone or in combination with a fixed ratio of 1:200 (T-2 toxin/ACR). ACR (50 mg/kg, i.g., 5d) and T-2 toxin (5 mg/kg, i.g., 5d) were used to assess the biochemical, proteins and histplogical changes in C57BL/6N mice. Results showed the combination resulted in synergistic cytotoxicity in vitro, while significantly increasing liver and kidney toxicity in vivo. Mechanistically, T-2 toxin decreased Manganese superoxide dismutase expression, while ACR reduced catalase expression. These two mechanisms were converged in response to the combination, leading to enhanced oxidative stress generation. The findings highlighted the necessity to consider the combined toxicity during the safety assessment of these food-borne contaminants.
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Yang L, Wang S, Zhao G, Wang X, Guo X. Comparison of the toxic mechanism of T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol on human chondrocytes by microarray and bioinformatics analysis. Toxicol Lett 2019; 321:61-68. [PMID: 31863870 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) are two representative mycotoxins that are commonly found in cereals and agricultural products. As T-2 toxin and DON are considered the cause of Kashin-Beck disease, a special osteoarticular disease, chondrocytes would be a vital target site for these toxins. To fully understand the toxicity effects of T-2 toxin and DON on chondrocytes, the present study investigated and compared the gene expression profiles and underlying mechanisms of T-2 toxin and DON on cultured human chondrocytes by microarray and bioinformatics analysis. Normal human chondrocytes were treated with T-2 toxin at 0.01 μg/ml and DON at 1.0 μg/ml for 72 h and analyzed by microarray using Affymetrix Human Gene Chip. Comprehensive analysis, including gene ontology, pathways and gene-gene networks was performed to identify the crucial gene functions, related signal pathways and key genes. A total of 175 and 237 differentially expressed genes were identified in human chondrocytes for T-2 toxin and DON treatment, respectively. Of these, 47 had the same expression tendencies in the two groups. The protein-protein interaction network analysis showed that the 10 hub genes were different between the two groups. Our results provide a comprehensive understanding of the toxic mechanism of T-2 toxin and DON on human chondrocytes and suggest that although T-2 toxin and DON showed some similar toxic mechanisms in human chondrocytes, they also had different toxic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- School of Nursing, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China; School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Suiqin Wang
- Yanan University Affiliated Hospital, Yanan, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Guanghui Zhao
- Hong Hui Hospital, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiong Guo
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Dai D, Pan Y, Zeng C, Liu S, Yan Y, Wu X, Xu Z, Zhang L. Activated FXR promotes xenobiotic metabolism of T-2 toxin and attenuates oxidative stress in broiler chicken liver. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 316:108912. [PMID: 31830458 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transmission of T-2 toxin and its metabolites into the edible tissues of poultry has potential effects on human health. The bile acid and xenobiotic system composes an intricate physiological network of chemoprotective and transporter-related functions, which ensures the detoxification and removal of harmful xenobiotic and endobiotic compounds from the body. This study revealed that cholic acid (CA), as one of the bile acids, promoted the metabolism of T-2 toxin in vivo by inducing the xenobiotic metabolism enzymes expression, thereby increasing the stress resistance and attenuating the oxidative stress. This study also indicated that dietary supplementation of 1% CA alleviated the mortality caused by T-2 toxin. Liver histology results demonstrated that CA supplementation significantly reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, sinusoidal expansion and congestion. Biochemistry results showed that the elevations of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities and the increase in concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in liver induced by the T-2 toxin were decreased by dietary supplementation of 1% CA. Additionally, CA supplementation led to the increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, but the decrease in catalase (CAT) activity in broiler chicken livers. Based on these findings, we propose that activation of FXR promotes T-2 toxin xenobiotic metabolism, and FXR plays a hepatoprotection role in liver injury induced by T-2 toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depeng Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - CuiPing Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shenghui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yi Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zaiyan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lisheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Sun L, Cui S, Deng Q, Liu H, Cao Y, Wang S, Yu J. Selenium Content and/or T-2 Toxin Contamination of Cereals, Soil, and Children's Hair in Some Areas of Heilongjiang and Gansu Provinces, China. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 191:294-299. [PMID: 30607701 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been strongly suggested that selenium deficiency and T-2 contamination in cereals are responsible for the development of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD). In order to assess these risk factors of KBD in the internal and external environments, our team undertook a two-stage survey in some areas of Heilongjiang and Gansu Provinces, China. The selenium content in children's hair (293), cereal (192), and soil (46) samples were determined using the 2, 3-diamino-naphthalene fluorometric assay technique. The T-2 toxin contamination level in the cereal samples (704) was assayed using an ELISA kit. There were no clinical KBD cases identified in this survey. The selenium statuses of the children in all the investigated regions during the first phase were at the medium selenium nutrition level. During the second phase, the selenium status of the children in Weiyuan County, Ning County, and Shangzhi City was at the medium selenium nutrition level, at the edge of selenium deficiency, and selenium deficient, respectively. Furthermore, the selenium contents in the cereal and soil samples were low. During the first phase, the average T-2 toxin contamination level in the family staple food samples for all the investigated regions was about 10 ng/g. However, the T-2 toxin contamination levels in eight homegrown corn samples were higher than 100 ng/g. During the second phase, all the average T-2 toxin contamination levels in the flour and corn samples from the three investigated regions were less than 10 ng/g. Risk factors that affect the prevalence of KBD still remain in the internal and external environments of some areas in Heilongjiang and Gansu Provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Sun
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (23618504), Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Silu Cui
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (23618504), Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Qing Deng
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (23618504), Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (23618504), Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yanhong Cao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (23618504), Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Shaoping Wang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (23618504), Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China.
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (23618504), Harbin, 150081, China.
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Guo Y, Zhou Y, Yan S, Qu C, Wang L, Guo X, Han J. Decreased Expression of CHST-12, CHST-13, and UST in the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Cartilage of School-Age Children with Kashin-Beck Disease: an Endemic Osteoarthritis in China Caused by Selenium Deficiency. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 191:276-285. [PMID: 30661165 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-1642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate changes in the expression of enzymes involved in chondroitin sulfate (CS) sulfation in distal articular surface of proximal interphalangeal joint isolated from school-age children patients with Kashin-Beck disease (KBD), using normal children as controls. Articular cartilage samples were collected from four normal and four KBD children (7-12 years old), and these children were assigned to control and KBD groups. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), toluidine blue (TB), and immunohistochemical (IHC) stainings were utilized to evaluate changes in joint pathology and expression of enzymes involved in CS sulfation, including carbohydrate sulfotransferase 12 (CHST-12), carbohydrate sulfotransferase 13 (CHST-13), and uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (UST). The correspondence results were examined by semi-quantitative analysis. Compared with the control group, the KBD group showed the following: a significant decrease of total chondrocytes in superficial, middle, and deep layers and deposition of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in extracellular matrix of KBD cartilage were observed; positive staining chondrocytes of CHST-12, CHST-13, and UST were significantly less in superficial zone of KBD cartilage; and CHST-13 positive staining chondrocytes was reduced in deep zone of KBD cartilage. In contrast, the positive staining rates of CHST-12, CHST-13, and UST in KBD were significantly higher than those in the control group. The decreased expression of these enzymes and the physiologic compensatory reaction may be the signs of early-stage KBD. The alterations of CS structure modifying sulfotransferases in finger articular cartilage might play an important role in the onset and pathogenesis of school-age KBD children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Guo
- Key laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Key laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Siqi Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjuan Qu
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Liyun Wang
- Key laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- College of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong Guo
- Key laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Han
- Key laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
- College of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
- Shenzhen Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Dai C, Xiao X, Sun F, Zhang Y, Hoyer D, Shen J, Tang S, Velkov T. T-2 toxin neurotoxicity: role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3041-3056. [PMID: 31570981 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are highly diverse secondary metabolites produced in nature by a wide variety of fungi. Mycotoxins cause animal feed and food contamination, resulting in mycotoxicosis. T-2 toxin is one of the most common and toxic trichothecene mycotoxins. For the last decade, it has garnered considerable attention due to its potent neurotoxicity. Worryingly, T-2 toxin can cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in the central nervous system (CNS) to cause neurotoxicity. This review covers the current knowledge base on the molecular mechanisms of T-2 toxin-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the CNS. In vitro and animal data have shown that induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress plays a critical role during T-2 toxin-induced neurotoxicity. Mitochondrial dysfunction and cascade signaling pathways including p53, MAPK, Akt/mTOR, PKA/CREB and NF-κB contribute to T-2 toxin-induced neuronal cell death. T-2 toxin exposure can also result in perturbations of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex and mitochondrial biogenesis. T-2 toxin exposure decreases the mitochondria unfolded protein response and dampens mitochondrial energy metabolism. Antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC), activation of Nrf2/HO-1 and autophagy have been shown to provide a protective effect against these detrimental effects. Clearly, translational research and the discovery of effective treatment strategies are urgently required against this common food-borne threat to human health and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongshan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China. .,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 5323, USA.
| | - Xilong Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shusheng Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Wang M, Xue S, Fang Q, Zhang M, He Y, Zhang Y, Lammi MJ, Cao J, Chen J. Expression and localization of the small proteoglycans decorin and biglycan in articular cartilage of Kashin-Beck disease and rats induced by T-2 toxin and selenium deficiency. Glycoconj J 2019; 36:451-459. [PMID: 31478096 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09889-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) is an endemic degenerative osteoarthropathy of uncertain etiology. Our study sought to identify a correlation between small proteoglycans decorin and biglycan expression and Kashin-Beck Disease. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the decorin and biglycan levels in cartilage specimens from both child KBD patients, and rats fed with T-2 toxin under a selenium-deficient condition. Real-time PCR and Western blot were used to assess mRNA and protein levels of decorin and biglycan in rat cartilages, as well as in C28/I2 chondrocytes stimulated by T-2 toxin and selenium in vitro. The result showed that decorin was reduced in all zones of KBD articular cartilage, while the expression of biglycan was prominently increased in KBD cartilage samples. Increased expression of biglycan and reduced expression of decorin were observed at mRNA and protein levels in the cartilage of rats fed with T-2 toxin and selenium- deficiency plus T-2 toxin diet, when compared with the normal diet group. Moreover, In vitro stimulation of C28/I2 cells with T-2 toxin resulted in an upregulation of biglycan and downregulation of decorin, T-2 toxin induction of biglycan and decorin levels were partly rescued by selenium supplement. This study highlights the focal nature of the degenerative changes that occur in KBD cartilage and may suggest that the altered expression pattern of decorin and biglycan have an important role in the onset and pathogenesis of KBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Wang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Senhai Xue
- Xijing Hospital, Medical University of the Air Force, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Fang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying He
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Mikko J Lammi
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Junling Cao
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghong Chen
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Wang K, Yu J, Liu H, Liu Y, Liu N, Cao Y, Zhang X, Sun D. Endemic Kashin-Beck disease: A food-sourced osteoarthropathy. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2019; 50:366-372. [PMID: 31548049 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) is an endemic osteoarthropathy, which causes disability and heavy socioeconomic burdens. The preventive measures have been taken in the past few decades. However, recent KBD-epidemiological trend and comprehensive effect of its preventive measures need to be evaluated. METHODS By employing typical survey, cross-sectional survey, case-control study, intervention trial, and national surveillance, the present study summarizes comprehensive role of KBD-preventive measures. RESULTS The endemic KBD is distributed in a long and narrow area of the world. The latest epidemic began in the late 1950s and lasted until the end of 1980s. Epidemiology of the KBD was characterized by early-onset, gender equality, agricultural area, regional discrepancy, family aggregation, annual fluctuation, etc. Multivariate regression analysis suggested that etiology of the KBD was food-related factors such as fungal contamination of grains, selenium deficiency, imbalance of protein intake, etc. A series of intervention measures for KBD control had been implemented since 1990s, and involved more than 300 million residents. National incidences were 22.1% in 1990, 16.0% in 1995, 12.3% in 2000, 5.5% in 2005, 0.38% in 2010, and 0.18 in 2015, respectively. Although new patients were annually decreased, it still affected 22,567,600 inhabitants and there were 574,925 patients in 2016. CONCLUSIONS Etiology of the KBD is food-sourced. Its decreased incidence may attribute to an effective implementation of preventive measures. It is possible to eradicate KBD from the earth in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Wang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China; China and Russia Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China; Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China; China and Russia Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China; Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China; China and Russia Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China; Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China; China and Russia Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China; Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China; China and Russia Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China; Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Cao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China; China and Russia Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China; Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xufeng Zhang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China; China and Russia Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China; Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianjun Sun
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China; China and Russia Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China; Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
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Li Y, Mo X, Xiong Y. The Study on Polymorphism of TrxR and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway in Kaschin-Beck Disease. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 190:303-308. [PMID: 30474788 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1566-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Kaschin-Beck disease (KBD) is an endemic, chronic, and degenerative osteoarthropathy, which seriously impairs the quality of patients' life. We detected the expression of TrxR by ELISA and found that TrxR was lower in KBD than in normal control group significantly (P < 0.001); this result indicated that TrxR must be related to KBD. We retrieved cSNPs in NCBI SNP database and used three bioinformatics programmers, including SIFT, PolyPhen, and SNP3d, to help select the researched nsSNP. Then, we used PCR-RFLP to analyze the relationship between the SNP site rs5746841 in TrxR2 gene and susceptibility of KBD and detected the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 by western blot. The results showed that the genotype of rs5746841 in 93 normal controls and 103 KBD subjects were C/C totally, but A/A and A/C were not found, which indicated preliminarily that there was no correlation between rs5746841 in TrxR2 gene and susceptibility of KBD. The expression of TrxR was lower in KBD than in normal control group significantly, while the expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 were higher in KBD than in normal control group. These results indicated that the low expression of selenoprotein TrxR may be a candidate factor of KBD, which related to Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Mo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongmin Xiong
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Wu R, Zhang R, Xiong Y, Sun W, Li Y, Yang X, Liu J, Jiang Y, Guo H, Mo X, Cao J. The study on polymorphisms of Sep15 and TrxR2 and the expression of AP-1 signaling pathway in Kashin-Beck disease. Bone 2019; 120:239-245. [PMID: 29653292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the association between rs5859 in Sep15, rs1139793 in TrxR2 polymorphisms with the risks of KBD and to detect the expression of AP-1 pathway in KBD subjects and in vitro. 208 KBD and 206 control subjects were included. PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), Amplification Refractory Mutation Specific-PCR (ARMS-PCR) and Western Blotting were conducted. The results showed the minor A-allele frequency of rs5859 in KBD was statistically significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The cases carrying A-allele had a 2-fold (95%CI: 1.064-3.956) increased risk of developing KBD compared with the G-allele carriers. There was no significant difference in genotype and allele distribution of rs1139793 between KBD patients and controls (P > 0.05). The frequency of the minor A allele of rs5859 was significantly different in Chinese healthy population compared with European, African and American. The frequency of the minor A allele of rs1139793 showed significant difference when compared with African and American. The levels of JunB, JunD, P65 proteins in KBD group were higher than those in control group (P < 0.0001). The expression of JunB, JunD, P65 proteins all increased in tBHP-induced C28/I2 oxidative damage model compared with control group (P < 0.05) and decreased after Se supplementation. Our finding indicated Sep15 is a possible candidate susceptibility gene for KBD. Combined with the in vitro study, our studies reveal novel insights into the mechanism of Se supplementation as an antioxidant via inhibiting the AP-1 signaling pathway in patients with KBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- RuiPeng Wu
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - RongQiang Zhang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - YongMin Xiong
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - WenYan Sun
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - YuanYuan Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - XiaoLi Yang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - JiFeng Liu
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Hao Guo
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - XiaoYan Mo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - JunLing Cao
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Commission of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
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Ecological analysis of Kashin-Beck osteoarthropathy risk factors in Tibet's Qamdo City, China. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2471. [PMID: 30792469 PMCID: PMC6385338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied Tibet’s Qamdo City, which currently hosts the most serious prevalence of Kashin-Beck osteoarthropathy (KB) in China. This study utilizes the geographical detector (GeoDetector) algorithm to measure the individual and interactive influences of risk factors on KB and to quantify the highest potential risk subzones of each principal factor. With a comprehensive consideration of 13 possible related factors, namely, the tectonic division, stratum, moisture index, gross domestic product, mean annual precipitation, soil type, groundwater type, elevation, mean annual temperature, vegetation type, geomorphic type, slope degree and slope aspect, our results indicate that the main exposure factors for KB in Qamdo City are geological factors (tectonic division and stratum), wetting factors (moisture index and mean annual precipitation), and an economic factor (gross domestic product). In contrast, other factors have little effect on the prevalence of KB in Qamdo City. All 13 factors either nonlinearly or bivariately enhance each other, and the interactions between these factors can increase the prevalence of KB. Consequently, it can be inferred that KB in Qamdo City is caused primarily by a set of multiple and interrelated disease risk factors.
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Han L, Yang X, Sun W, Li Z, Ren H, Li B, Zhang R, Zhang D, Shi Z, Liu J, Cao J, Zhang J, Xiong Y. The study of GPX3 methylation in patients with Kashin-Beck Disease and its mechanism in chondrocyte apoptosis. Bone 2018; 117:15-22. [PMID: 30153510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Selenium deficiency is a risk factor for Kashin-Beck Disease (KBD), an endemic osteoarthropathy. Although promoter hypermethylation of glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) (a selenoprotein) has been identified in several cancers, little is known about promoter methylation and expression of GPX3 and their relation to selenium in KBD. The present study was thus conducted to investigate this research question. METHODS Methylation and expressions of GPX3 in whole blood drawn from 288 KBD patients and 362 healthy controls and in chondrocyte cell line were evaluated using methylation-specific PCR and qRT-PCR, respectively. The protein levels of PI3K/Akt/c-fos signaling in the whole blood and chondrocyte cell line were determined with Western blotting. Chondrocytes apoptosis were detected by Hoechst 33342 and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. RESULTS GPX3 methylation was increased, GPX3 mRNA was decreased, and protein levels in the PI3K/Akt/c-fos signaling pathway were up-regulated in the whole blood collected from KBD patients as compared with healthy controls. Similar results were obtained for chondrocytes injured by oxidative stress. There was a significant, decreasing trend in GPX3 expression across groups of unmethylation, partial methylation, and complete methylation for GPX3, in sequence. Compared with unmethylation group, protein levels in PI3K/Akt/c-fos pathway were enhanced in partial and complete methylation groups. Treatment of chondrocytes with sodium selenite resulted in reduced methylation and increased expression of GPX3 as well as down-regulated level of PI3K/Akt/c-fos proteins. CONCLUSIONS The methylation and expression of GPX3 and expression of PI3K/Akt/c-fos pathway are altered in KBD and these changes are reversible by selenium supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiXin Han
- Institute of Endemic Diseases and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - XiaoLi Yang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - WenYan Sun
- Institute of Endemic Diseases and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - ZhaoFang Li
- Institute of Endemic Diseases and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Hao Ren
- Institute of Endemic Diseases and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - BaoRong Li
- Institute of Endemic Diseases and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - RongQiang Zhang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - DanDan Zhang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - ZiYun Shi
- Institute of Endemic Diseases and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - JiFeng Liu
- Institute of Endemic Diseases and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - JunLing Cao
- Institute of Endemic Diseases and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - JianJun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, 1050 Wishard Boulevard, IN 46202, USA
| | - YongMin Xiong
- Institute of Endemic Diseases and Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China.
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Lin X, Shao W, Yu F, Xing K, Liu H, Zhang F, Goldring MB, Lammi MJ, Guo X. Individual and combined toxicity of T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol on human C-28/I2 and rat primary chondrocytes. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:343-353. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xialu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Wanzhen Shao
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Fangfang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Ke Xing
- Xi’an Hong Hui Hospital, Health Science Center; Xi’an Jiaotong University; Xi’an Shaanxi 710054 China
| | - Huan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Feng'e Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Mary B. Goldring
- Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Cornell Medical College; New York NY USA
| | - Mikko J. Lammi
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology; University of Umeå; Umeå Sweden
| | - Xiong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Diseases and Health Promotion in Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
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42
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Mycotoxin contamination of food and feed in China: Occurrence, detection techniques, toxicological effects and advances in mitigation technologies. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Deyu H, Luqing C, Xianglian L, Pu G, Qirong L, Xu W, Zonghui Y. Protective mechanisms involving enhanced mitochondrial functions and mitophagy against T-2 toxin-induced toxicities in GH3 cells. Toxicol Lett 2018; 295:41-53. [PMID: 29870751 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is the most toxic member of trichothecene mycotoxin. So far, the mechanism of mitochondrial toxicity and protective mechanism in mammalian cells against T-2 toxin are not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the cellular and mitochondrial toxicity of T-2 toxin, and the cellular protective mechanisms in rat pituitary GH3 cells. We showed that T-2 toxin significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage and caused apoptosis in GH3 cells. T-2 toxin induced abnormal cell morphology, cytoplasm and nuclear shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation and formation of apoptotic bodies and autophagosomes. The mitochondrial degradative morphologies included local or total cristae collapse and small condensed mitochondria. T-2 toxin decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential. However, T-2 toxin significantly increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and expression of antioxidant genes glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx-1), catalase (CAT), mitochondria-specific SOD-2 and mitochondrial uncoupling protein-1, -2 and -3 (UCP-1, 2 and 3). Interestingly, T-2 toxin increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and mitochondrial complex I activity, and increased the expression of most of mitochondrial electron transport chain subunits tested and critical transcription factors controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication. T-2 toxin increased mitophagic activity by increasing the expression of mitophagy-specific proteins NIP-like protein X (NIX), PTEN-induced putative kinase protein 1 (PINK1) and E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin. T-2 toxin activated the protective protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway, which activated the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)/PINK1/Parkin pathway to mediate mitophagy. Taken together, our results suggested that the mammalian cells could increase their resistance against T-2 toxin by increasing the antioxidant activity, mitophagy and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Deyu
- Department of Animal Sciences & Technology, Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Cui Luqing
- Department of Animal Sciences & Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Liu Xianglian
- Department of Animal Sciences & Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Guo Pu
- Department of Animal Sciences & Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Lu Qirong
- Department of Animal Sciences & Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Wang Xu
- Department of Animal Sciences & Technology, Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Department of Animal Sciences & Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Yuan Zonghui
- Department of Animal Sciences & Technology, Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Department of Animal Sciences & Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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Ning Y, Wang X, Zhang P, Liu A, Qi X, Liu M, Guo X. Dietary exosome-miR-23b may be a novel therapeutic measure for preventing Kashin-Beck disease. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:3680-3686. [PMID: 29556257 PMCID: PMC5844000 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have identified a close association between diet and the prevalence of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD); however, the mechanisms via which the diet protects against KBD-associated cartilage injury has remained elusive. Recent international research studies have revealed a therapeutic role of dietary exosome micro (mi)RNAs in repairing chondrocyte lesions by regulating genes and proteins associated with cellular apoptosis and extracellular matrix. Vital molecules affecting bio-functions of chondrocytes, including miR-23b and protein kinase cyclic AMP-activated catalytic subunit β, were preliminarily identified to be dysregulated in cells and cartilage tissue of KBD patients. The function of dietary exosome in the repair of chondrocyte lesions in KBD is a novel topic in this field. It is worth exploring the protective role of dietary exosome-miR-23b against chondrocyte damage through the regulation of the protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway. The following aims are significant in future studies: i) To verify the association between exosome and cartilage damage in KBD patients; ii) to identify whether the protective mechanism of miR-23b in cartilage damage proceeds through regulating the PKA pathway; and iii) to explore the therapeutic role of dietary exosome-miR-23b in repairing chondrocyte lesions induced by environmental risk factors. These ideas may help establish the therapeutic role and mechanisms of dietary exosome-miR-23b in repairing chondrocyte lesions at the molecular, cellular and organismal level. These studies may simultaneously elucidate the disease pathogenesis and provide evidence for novel biomarkers and therapeutic methods for KBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ning
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xi Wang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Amin Liu
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xin Qi
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Meidan Liu
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Guo
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Guo P, Liu A, Huang D, Wu Q, Fatima Z, Tao Y, Cheng G, Wang X, Yuan Z. Brain damage and neurological symptoms induced by T-2 toxin in rat brain. Toxicol Lett 2018; 286:96-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liu X, Huang D, Guo P, Wu Q, Dai M, Cheng G, Hao H, Xie S, Yuan Z, Wang X. PKA/CREB and NF-κB pathway regulates AKNA transcription: A novel insight into T-2 toxin-induced inflammation and GH deficiency in GH3 cells. Toxicology 2017; 392:81-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Guo Y, Li H, Yang L, Li Y, Wei B, Wang W, Gong H, Guo M, Nima C, Zhao S, Wang J. Trace Element Levels in Scalp Hair of School Children in Shigatse, Tibet, an Endemic Area for Kaschin-Beck Disease (KBD). Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 180:15-22. [PMID: 28283952 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-0988-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Kaschin-Beck disease (KBD) is an endemic osteoarthritis, and the etiology is closely related with levels of trace elements in the human body. Currently, it is clear that the selenium (Se) status of children in KBD areas is lower than that in non-KBD areas in the Tibetan Plateau, whereas role of other elements are yet unknown. This study aimed to assess some essential trace elements (Se, Mo, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Co, and Sr) in children using scalp hair as a biomarker, and 157 samples from school children aged 8-14 years old were collected from both KBD and non-KBD areas in Shigatse, Tibet. Se and Mo were measured by inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the other elements were determined by inductive coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Compared with the non-KBD areas, Se, Mo, Mn, Fe, Zn, Co, and Sr levels of children in KBD areas were found to be significantly different (P < 0.05); while in linear discriminant analysis, only Se and Zn were found to contribute to the KBD prevalence in the study area. The hair Se level of children in KBD areas ranged from 0.115 to 0.299 mg/kg, while in non-KBD areas it ranged from 0.135 to 0.519 mg/kg. The Zn content of children's hair was between 83 and 207 mg/kg in KBD areas, while it was 37 and 219 mg/kg in non-KBD areas. Lower Se and higher Zn levels in children in KBD areas was found when compared with non-KBD groups. In addition, Mo levels were found to be different between KBD areas and non-KBD areas on the opposite side of the Yarlung Zangbo River, but no close relationship was shown because there was no difference compared with the non-KBD area on the same side of the river. Our observations suggest that Se deficiency is still an important factor for the occurrence and prevalence of KBD, while the relationship between Zn and KBD needs to be further explored in the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya'nan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hairong Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Linsheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Binggan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongqiang Gong
- The Institute of Endemic Disease Control, Tibet Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa, 850000, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Guo
- The Institute of Endemic Disease Control, Tibet Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa, 850000, People's Republic of China
| | - Cangjue Nima
- The Institute of Endemic Disease Control, Tibet Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa, 850000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengcheng Zhao
- The Institute of Endemic Disease Control, Tibet Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa, 850000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
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48
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Cellular responses to T-2 toxin and/or deoxynivalenol that induce cartilage damage are not specific to chondrocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2231. [PMID: 28533525 PMCID: PMC5440378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) and the risk of Kashin-Beck disease is still controversial since it is poorly known about their selectivity in cartilage damage. We aimed to compare the cytotoxicity of T-2 toxin and DON on cell lines representative of cell types encountered in vivo, including human chondrocytes (C28/I2), human hepatic epithelial cells (L-02) and human tubular epithelial cells (HK-2). In addition, we determined the distribution of T-2 toxin and DON in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats after a single dose exposure. T-2 toxin or DON decreased proliferation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and their combination showed a similar antagonistic effect in C28/I2, L-02 and HK-2 cells. Moreover, we observed cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, associated with increased oxidative stress and decline in mitochondrial membrane potential induced by T-2 toxin and/or DON. In vivo study showed that T-2 toxin and DON did not accumulate preferentially in the knee joint compared to liver and kidney after an acute exposure in SD rats. These results suggest that T-2 toxin and/or DON inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis through a possible mechanism involving reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial pathway that is not specific for chondrocytes in vitro or joint tissues in vivo.
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Deng Y, Wang Y, Sun L, Lu P, Wang R, Ye L, Xu D, Ye R, Liu Y, Bi S, Gooneratne R. Biotransformation enzyme activities and phase I metabolites analysis in Litopenaeus vannamei following intramuscular administration of T-2 toxin. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 41:113-122. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1320407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yaling Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Pengli Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Rundong Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Lin Ye
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Defeng Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Riying Ye
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Siyuan Bi
- Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotechnologies Co, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Centre for Food Research and Innovation, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
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Liu X, Guo P, Liu A, Wu Q, Xue X, Dai M, Hao H, Qu W, Xie S, Wang X, Yuan Z. Nitric oxide (NO)-mediated mitochondrial damage plays a critical role in T-2 toxin-induced apoptosis and growth hormone deficiency in rat anterior pituitary GH3 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 102:11-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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