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Famurewa AC, George MY, Ukwubile CA, Kumar S, Kamal MV, Belle VS, Othman EM, Pai SRK. Trace elements and metal nanoparticles: mechanistic approaches to mitigating chemotherapy-induced toxicity-a review of literature evidence. Biometals 2024:10.1007/s10534-024-00637-7. [PMID: 39347848 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-024-00637-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Anticancer chemotherapy (ACT) remains a cornerstone in cancer treatment, despite significant advances in pharmacology over recent decades. However, its associated side effect toxicity continues to pose a major concern for both oncology clinicians and patients, significantly impacting treatment protocols and patient quality of life. Current clinical strategies to mitigate ACT-induced toxicity have proven largely unsatisfactory, leaving a critical unmet need to block toxicity mechanisms without diminishing ACT's therapeutic efficacy. This review aims to document the molecular mechanisms underlying ACT toxicity and highlight research efforts exploring the protective effects of trace elements (TEs) and their nanoparticles (NPs) against these mechanisms. Our literature review reveals that the primary driver of ACT toxicity is redox imbalance, which triggers oxidative inflammation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, and dysregulation of signaling pathways such as PI3K/mTOR/Akt. Studies suggest that TEs, including zinc, selenium, boron, manganese, and molybdenum, and their NPs, can potentially counteract ACT-induced toxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress-mediated pathways, including NF-κB/TLR4/MAPK/NLRP3, STAT-3/NLRP3, Bcl-2/Bid/p53/caspases, and LC3/Beclin-1/CHOP/ATG6, while also upregulating protective signaling pathways like Sirt1/PPAR-γ/PGC-1α/FOXO-3 and Nrf2/HO-1/ARE. However, evidence regarding the roles of lncRNA and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in ACT toxicity remains inconsistent, and the impact of TEs and NPs on ACT efficacy is not fully understood. Further research is needed to confirm the protective effects of TEs and their NPs against ACT toxicity in cancer patients. In summary, TEs and their NPs present a promising avenue as adjuvant agents for preventing non-target organ toxicity induced by ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola C Famurewa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria.
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of P harmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Science, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
| | - Mina Y George
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Cletus A Ukwubile
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Maiduguri, Bama Road, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria
| | - Sachindra Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Science, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Mehta V Kamal
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijetha S Belle
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Eman M Othman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
- Cancer Therapy Research Center, Department of Biochemistry-I, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, BiocenterWürzburg, Germany
| | - Sreedhara Ranganath K Pai
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Science, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
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Guven C, Taskin E, Aydın Ö, Kaya ST, Sevgiler Y. Diazoxide attenuates DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in cultured rat myocytes. Biotech Histochem 2024; 99:113-124. [PMID: 38439686 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2024.2324368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity is a well known clinical problem, and many investigations have been made of its possible amelioration. We have investigated whether diazoxide (DIA), an agonist at mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels (mitoKATP), could reverse DOX-induced apoptotic myocardial cell loss, in cultured rat cardiomyocytes. The role of certain proteins in this pathway was also studied. The rat cardiomyocyte cell line (H9c2) was treated with DOX, and also co-treated with DOX and DIA, for 24 h. Distribution of actin filaments, mitochondrial membrane potential, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total oxidant and antioxidant status (TOS and TAS, respectively), and some protein expressions, were assessed. DOX significantly decreased SOD activity, increased ERK1/2 protein levels, and depolarised the mitochondrial membrane, while DIA co-treatment inhibited such changes. DIA co-treatment ameliorated DOX-induced cytoskeletal changes via F-actin distribution and mitoKATP structure. Co-treatment also decreased ERK1/2 and cytochrome c protein levels. Cardiomyocyte loss due to oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis is a key event in DOX-induced cytotoxicity. DIA had protective effects on DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, via mitoKATP integrity, especially with elevated SUR2A levels; but also by a cascade including SOD/AMPK/ERK1/2. Therefore, DIA may be considered a candidate agent for protecting cardiomyocytes against DOX chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celal Guven
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Eylem Taskin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Özgül Aydın
- Department of Biology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Salih Tunç Kaya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Sevgiler
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
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Yang HB, Lu ZY, Yuan W, Li WD, Mao S. Selenium Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity Through Nrf2-NLRP3 Pathway. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2848-2856. [PMID: 34462843 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02891-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Selenium (Se), an essential nutrient for humans, has been reported to possess cardioprotective effect. However, the protective effects of Se against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity and the underlying mechanism are rarely reported. In this study, we sought to explore whether Se protected against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting Nrf2-NLRP3 pathway. We found that Se treatment effectively alleviated DOX-induced myocardial dysfunctions, decreasing plasma markers associated with myocardial injury. Moreover, Se treatment significantly inhibited DOX-induced oxidative damages and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in heart tissues. Furthermore, Se treatment markedly promoted the expression of Nrf2 and prevented the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Importantly, suppression of Nrf2 abolished the cardioprotective effects of Se and diminished the inhibition of Se on NLRP3 inflammasome. Collectively, our study demonstrated that Se might protect against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity via regulating Nrf2-NLRP3 pathway. Se supplementation may be a potential therapeutic strategy to protect against DOX-induced cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Yingshang First Hospital, Yingli Road, Fuyang, 236000, China.
| | - Zhao-Yang Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jie Fang Road 438, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Wei-Dong Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jie Fang Road 438, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Shang Mao
- Department of Cardiology, Yingshang First Hospital, Yingli Road, Fuyang, 236000, China
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Zhu H, Wang X, Meng X, Kong Y, Li Y, Yang C, Guo Y, Wang X, Yang H, Liu Z, Wang F. Selenium Supplementation Improved Cardiac Functions by Suppressing DNMT2-Mediated GPX1 Promoter DNA Methylation in AGE-Induced Heart Failure. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5402997. [PMID: 35432721 PMCID: PMC9007686 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5402997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are featured metabolites associated with diabetic cardiomyopathy which is characterized by heart failure caused by myocyte apoptosis. Selenium was proved cardioprotective. This study was aimed at investigating the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of selenium supplementation on AGE-induced heart failure. Methods Rats and primary myocytes were exposed to AGEs. Selenium supplementation was administrated. Cardiac functions and myocyte apoptosis were evaluated. Oxidative stress was assessed by total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and GPX activity. Expression levels of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) were evaluated. DNA methylation of the GPX1 promoter was analyzed. Results AGE exposure elevated intracellular ROS generation, induced myocyte apoptosis, and impaired cardiac functions. AGE exposure increased DNMT1 and DNMT2 expression, leading to the reduction of GPX1 expression and activity in the heart. Selenium supplementation decreased DNMT2 expression, recovered GPX1 expression and activity, and alleviated intracellular ROS generation and myocyte apoptosis, resulting in cardiac function recovery. DNA methylation analysis in primary myocytes indicated that selenium supplementation or DNMT inhibitor AZA treatment reduced DNA methylation of the GPX1 gene promoter. Selenium supplementation and AZA administration showed synergic inhibitory effect on GPX1 gene promoter methylation. Conclusions Selenium supplementation showed cardioprotective effects on AGE-induced heart failure by suppressing ROS-mediated myocyte apoptosis. Selenium supplementation suppressed ROS generation by increasing GPX1 expression via inhibiting DNMT2-induced GPX1 gene promoter DNA methylation in myocytes exposed to AGEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huolan Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xuyang Meng
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yiya Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenguang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiqiang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Haini Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhongwei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
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Wang S, Nong X, Yang G. Selenium-Rich Diet Induces Myocardial Structural and Functional Abnormalities by Activating Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 in Gpx-1P198L-Overexpression Transgenic Mice. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:61-70. [PMID: 30602716 PMCID: PMC6327778 DOI: 10.12659/msm.911120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Selenium (Se) deficiency and supplementation result in multiple effects. GPx-1 (Pro198Leu) polymorphism is associated with Se deficiency. This study aimed to observe associations between Se-deficiency/supplement and GPx-1-198Leu overexpression in myocardial injuries. Material/Methods GPx-1P198L transgenic (Tg) mice and non-transgenic wild-type (WT) littermates were divided into Control (CON, 0.1–0.2 mg/kg), Se-deficiency (SD, <0.02 mg/kg), and Se-supplement (SS, 0.4 mg/kg) groups. Cardiac functions were observed with animal M-mode echocardiography. Se level was measured using 2,3-diamino Kenai fluorospectrophotometry. Total cardiac GPx activity was also measured. Myocardial histopathology was determined with HE and Masson’s trichrome staining. Caspase-9 and caspase-3 were measured with Western blot analysis. Results In WT Se-deficient mice, cardiac GPx activity was significantly decreased, and was not elevated by overexpression of GPx-1-198Leu gene. Increased GPx activity was observed in WT Se-supplemented mice and Tg Se-supplemented mice (much more). Se deficiency as well as supplementation resulted in cardiac systolic dysfunction, which was not affected by GPx-1-198Leu gene. Se deficiency led to myocardial fibrosis and pathological changes accompanied by increased activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. Se supplementation significantly reduced pathological changes, as well as caspase-9 and caspase-3 levels in the presence of increased myocardial fibrosis. In Se-deficient mice, GPx-1-198Leu overexpression did not significantly decrease myocardial pathological injuries and fibrosis. In Se-supplemented Tg mice, myocardial fibrosis and caspase-9 level were increased, although pathological injuries and caspase-3 were similar to that in Se-supplemented WT mice. Conclusions Se deficiency as well as supplementation induced myocardial structural and functional abnormalities through activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 in GPx-1P198L overexpression transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland).,Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Xiting Nong
- Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
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Liu Z, Zheng S, Wang X, Qiu C, Guo Y. Novel ASK1 inhibitor AGI-1067 improves AGE-induced cardiac dysfunction by inhibiting MKKs/p38 MAPK and NF-κB apoptotic signaling. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:1445-1456. [PMID: 30186746 PMCID: PMC6120242 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure has been identified as one of the clinical manifestations of diabetic cardiovascular complications. Excessive myocardium apoptosis characterizes cardiac dysfunctions, which are correlated with an increased level of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). In this study, we investigated the participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the involvements of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinases (MKKs)/p38 MAPK and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways in AGE-induced apoptosis-mediated cardiac dysfunctions. The antioxidant and therapeutic effects of a novel ASK1 inhibitor, AGI-1067, were also studied. Myocardium and isolated primary myocytes were exposed to AGEs and treated with AGI-1067. Invasive hemodynamic and echocardiographic assessments were used to evaluate the cardiac functions. ROS formation was evaluated by dihydroethidium fluorescence staining. A terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling assay was used to detect the apoptotic cells. ASK1 and NADPH activities were determined by kinase assays. The association between ASK1 and thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) was assessed by immunoprecipitation. Western blotting was used to evaluate the phosphorylation and expression levels of proteins. Our results showed that AGE exposure significantly activated ASK1/MKKs/p38 MAPK, which led to increased cardiac apoptosis and cardiac impairments. AGI-1067 administration inhibited the activation of MKKs/p38 MAPK by inhibiting the disassociation of ASK1 and Trx1, which suppressed the AGE-induced myocyte apoptosis. Moreover, the NF-κB activation as well as the ROS generation was inhibited. As a result, cardiac functions were improved. Our findings suggested that AGI-1067 recovered AGE-induced cardiac dysfunction by blocking both ASK1/MKKs/p38 and NF-κB apoptotic signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong University China.,Department of Cardiology Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital Xi'an China.,Department of Vascular Surgery Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA
| | - Shixiang Zheng
- Department of Vascular Surgery Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA.,Department of Critical Care Medicine Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
| | - Chuan Qiu
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine Tulane University New Orleans LA USA
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong University China
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Wang Y, Liu X, Deng G, Sun J, Yuan H, Li Q, Wang Q, Lu J. Se@SiO 2-FA-CuS nanocomposites for targeted delivery of DOX and nano selenium in synergistic combination of chemo-photothermal therapy. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:2866-2875. [PMID: 29367975 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09237g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a versatile tumor-targeted and multi-stimuli-responsive drug delivery vehicle (Se particle@porous silica-folic acid-copper sulfide/doxorubicin (Se@SiO2-FA-CuS/DOX)) was fabricated for combined photothermal therapy with chemotherapy in cancer treatment. Due to excellent targeting ability, the Se@SiO2-FA-CuS/DOX nanocomposites actively accumulated in tumor tissues and thus provided photothermal therapy under NIR irradiation and chemotherapy through the release of DOX and Se. Owing to the synergistic effect of chemotherapy (Se and DOX) and photothermal therapy, the Se@SiO2-FA-CuS/DOX nanocomposites could efficiently inhibit cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo and even completely eliminate tumors. Moreover, as the toxicity of DOX could be reduced by Se, the treatment using Se@SiO2-FA-CuS/DOX nanocomposites exhibited no appreciable adverse reactions. Thus, the Se@SiO2-FA-CuS/DOX nanocomposites have great potential as a multifunctional nanoplatform in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeying Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
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Liu X, Deng G, Wang Y, Wang Q, Gao Z, Sun Y, Zhang W, Lu J, Hu J. A novel and facile synthesis of porous SiO2-coated ultrasmall Se particles as a drug delivery nanoplatform for efficient synergistic treatment of cancer cells. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:8536-8541. [PMID: 27072410 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr02298g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel and facile synthetic route has been developed to fabricate porous SiO2-coated ultrasmall Se particles (Se@SiO2 nanospheres) as a drug delivery nanoplatform which combines Se quantum dots and doxorubicin (DOX) for efficient synergistic treatment of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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Liu Z, Cai H, Dang Y, Qiu C, Wang J. Adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels and cardiomyopathies (Review). Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1447-54. [PMID: 26707080 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathies have been indicated to be one of the leading causes of heart failure. Though it was indicated that genetic defects, viral infection and trace element deficiency were among the causes of cardiomyopathy, the etiology has remained to be fully elucidated. Cardiomyocytes require large amounts of energy to maintain their normal biological functions. Adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels (KATP), composed of inward-rectifier potassium ion channel and sulfonylurea receptor subunits, are present on the cell surface and mitochondrial membrane of cardiac muscle cells. As metabolic sensors sensitive to changes in intracellular energy levels, KATP adapt electrical activities to metabolic challenges, maintaining normal biological functions of myocytes. It is implied that malfunctions, mutations and altered expression of KATP are associated with the pathogenesis of conditions including c hypertrophy, diabetes as well as dilated, ischemic and endemic cardiomyopathy. However, the current knowledge is only the tip of the iceberg and the roles of KATP in cardiomyopathies largely remain to be elucidated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Hui Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yonghui Dang
- College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chuan Qiu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans 70112‑2705, LA, USA
| | - Junkui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
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