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Li H, Murugesan A, Shoaib M, Sheng W, Chen Q. Functionalized metal-organic frameworks with biomolecules for sensing and detection applications of food contaminants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-33. [PMID: 39323356 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2406482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
The increasing demand for toxin-free food, driven by the rise in fast food consumption and changing dietary habits, necessitates advanced and efficient detection methods to address the potential risks associated with contaminated food. Nanomaterial-based detection methods have shown significant promise, particularly using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) combined with biomolecules. This review article provides an overview of recent advancements in using functionalized metal-organic frameworks (FMOFs) with biomolecules to detect various food contaminants, including heavy metals, antibiotics, pesticides, bacteria, mycotoxins and other chemical contaminants. We discuss the fundamental principles of detecting food contaminants, evaluate existing analytical techniques, and explore the development of biomacromolecule-functionalized MOF-based sensors encompassing colorimetric, optical, electrochemical, and portable variants. The review also examines sensing mechanisms, uses FMOFs as signal probes and carriers for capture probes, and assesses sensitivity. Additionally, we explore the opportunities and challenges in producing FMOFs with biomacromolecules for food contaminant assessment. Future directions include improving sensor sensitivity and specificity, developing more cost-effective production methods, and integrating these technologies into real-world food safety monitoring systems. This work aims to pave the way for innovative and reliable solutions to ensure the safety of our food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Arul Murugesan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Muhammad Shoaib
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Wei Sheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Quansheng Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, PR China
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Zondo SG. Metal content, bioaccumulation, translocation, and health risk assessment of root vegetables grown in KwaZulu-Natal small-scale farms of South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:752. [PMID: 39028326 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12920-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Metal uptake by vegetables is becoming a threat to the life of consumers. Therefore, continuous monitoring of metals in vegetables and soils is becoming a necessity. In this study, the occurrence of 18 metals in amadumbe (Colocasia esculenta L.), sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.), potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), and carrots (Daucus carrota L.) grown in small-scale South African agricultural farms was monitored using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. All the 18 investigated elements were detected in soils and different vegetative plants parts. Bioaccumulation factors indicated the transfer of selected metals from soils into the plant roots. Toxic metals Cd, Cr, and Pb had their concentrations exceeding the maximum permissible levels set by the World Health Organization in the edible parts of all root vegetables. Cd and Pb varied between 18.89 and 19.19 mg kg-1 and 10.46 and 11.46 mg kg-1, respectively, while Cr remained constant at 16.78 mg kg-1. The exact metals together with As and Ni had their total hazard quotients exceeding the threshold value of 1, which indicated that the daily consumption of the investigated root vegetables is likely to pose health risks to both adults and children. Therefore, this study points out to a possibility of toxic health effects that could arise when these vegetables are consumed daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandisiwe G Zondo
- KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Private Bag X6005, Hilton, 3245, South Africa.
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Rezvani Ghalhari M, Rezaei Rahimi N, Fahiminia M, Noruzzade E, Azhdarpoor A, Koochakzadeh Z, Vakili H, Fouladi-Fard R. Analyzing heavy metal contamination for one of the high-rate consumption fruits in Iran: A probabilistic health risk assessment. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30392. [PMID: 38737238 PMCID: PMC11088310 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Good health and well-being is one of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) that can be achieved through fruit consumption. This study measured cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) heavy metal concentrations. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used to analyze the samples for heavy metal content. The uncertainty and sensitivity analyses of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic heavy metal intake via cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) consumption were assessed by Monte Carlo simulation. The mean ± SD levels of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and As were determined to be 157.87 ± 128.54, 33.81 ± 6.27, 288.46 ± 114.59, 35.22 ± 18.67, and 33.6 ± 18.1 μg/kg, respectively. The 95th percentile of HI related to heavy metal intake via cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) among children and adults were 2.64 and 1.75, respectively. Also, the 95th percentile of ELCR related to heavy metal were 8.26E-4 and 4.14E-3 among children and adults, respectively. The 95th percentile of LTCR of As among adults and As, Cd, and Pb among children were in the WHO target range (1E-04 to 1E-06) so reducing the concentration of them can help to reduce overall LTCR. When HQ and LTCR are below the cut limits, reducing heavy metals in high-consumption meals is a good way to lower them. In general, due to the wide consumption of various fruits, such as cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), the concentration of environmental pollutants in their edible tissues should be monitored regularly, and the concentration of pollutants in these tissues should be minimized by proper planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rezvani Ghalhari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student's Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nayereh Rezaei Rahimi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fahiminia
- Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Elahe Noruzzade
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abooalfazl Azhdarpoor
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zeynab Koochakzadeh
- Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Habib Vakili
- Department of Health, Safety and Environment, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Fouladi-Fard
- Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Environmental Health Research Center, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Adhikari S, Struwig M. Concentrations and health risks of selected elements in leafy vegetables: a comparison between roadside open-air markets and large stores in Johannesburg, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:170. [PMID: 38236350 PMCID: PMC10796695 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
This study compared concentrations and health risks of selected elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) in leafy vegetables (coriander, lettuce, mint, spring onion, swiss chard) from roadside open-air markets (OM) and large stores (supermarkets: SM, vegetable markets: VM) in Johannesburg, South Africa. Along with washed leaves (OMW, SMW, VMW), unwashed OM leaves (OMUW) were assessed to investigate the contribution of deposition. The findings revealed that OMUW leaves had the highest concentrations of all elements. Furthermore, compared with washed leaves, OMUW leaves showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) mean concentrations of Cd, Hg, Ni and Pb, elements that typify the composition of polluted urban air. Bi- and multivariate analysis indicated anthropogenic origin of most elements in OM leaves and several in SMW and VMW leaves. Although only OMUW leaves exhibited hazard quotient above the safe threshold of 1 for Cd, Cr, As and Ni, hazard index exceeded this safe limit in all samples (OMUW (11.77) > OMW (1.83) > SMW (1.29) > VMW (1.01)). Determined cancer risk for Cd and As was greater than 1 × 10-6 in both washed and unwashed leaves, and the greatest cancer risk was estimated for OM leaves. Thorough washing of OM vegetables with water reduced non-carcinogenic risk (84%) and cancer risk (74‒87%) markedly. In conclusion, residents primarily relying on open-air markets for their regular leafy vegetable supplies might face far more severe lifelong health implications compared to customers of large stores in Johannesburg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutapa Adhikari
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2790, South Africa.
| | - Madeleen Struwig
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2790, South Africa
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Tavassoli M, Khezerlou A, Khalilzadeh B, Ehsani A, Kazemian H. Aptamer-modified metal organic frameworks for measurement of food contaminants: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:371. [PMID: 37646854 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05937-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of food contaminants faces a great challenge owing to the increasing demand for safe food, increasing consumption of fast food, and rapidly changing patterns of human consumption. As different types of contaminants in food products can pose different levels of threat to human health, it is desirable to develop specific and rapid methods for their identification and quantification. During the past few years, metal-organic framework (MOF)-based materials have been extensively explored in the development of food safety sensors. MOFs are porous crystalline materials with tunable composition, dynamic porosity, and facile surface functionalization. The construction of high-performance biosensors for a range of applications (e.g., food safety, environmental monitoring, and biochemical diagnostics) can thus be promoted through the synergistic combination of MOFs with aptamers. Accordingly, this review article delineates recent innovations achieved for the aptamer-functionalized MOFs toward the detection of food contaminants. First, we describe the basic concepts involved in the detection of food contaminants in terms of the advantages and disadvantages of the commonly used analytical methods (e.g., DNA-based methods (PCR/real-time PCR/multiplex PCR/digital PCR) and protein-based methods (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay/immunochromatography assay/immunosensor/mass spectrometry). Afterward, the progress in aptamer-functionalized MOF biosensors is discussed with respect to the sensing mechanisms (e.g., the role of MOFs as signal probes and carriers for loading signal probes) along with their performance evaluation (e.g., in terms of sensitivity). We finally discuss challenges and opportunities associated with the development of aptamer-functionalized MOFs for the measurement of food contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Tavassoli
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arezou Khezerlou
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Balal Khalilzadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center (SCRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51666-14711, Iran
| | - Ali Ehsani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hossein Kazemian
- Materials Technology & Environmental Research (MATTER) Lab, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada.
- Northern Analytical Lab Services (Northern BC's Environmental and Climate Solutions Innovation Hub), University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada.
- Environmental Sciences Program, Faculty of Environment, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, V2N4Z9, Canada.
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Tokalıoğlu Ş. Bioaccessibility of Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn in Fruit and Vegetables by the In Vitro UBM and Statistical Evaluation of the Results. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:1538-1546. [PMID: 35505155 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The total, gastric, and gastro-intestinal Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn concentrations in eight fruit and vegetable samples were investigated. The unified bioaccessibility method (UBM) developed by BARGE (Bioaccessibility Research Group of Europe) was performed for in vitro bioaccessibility experiments. Total and bioaccessible concentrations of Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn were determined by ICP-OES and ICP-MS, respectively. The accuracy of the methods was verified using BGS 102 for the BARGE UBM and SRM 1573a for total analysis. The mean BF (%) order for Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn was Mn (101) > Zn (88) > Fe (60) > Cu (30) in gastric phase and Mn (78) > Zn (69) > Fe (46) > Cu (29) in gastro-intestinal phase. The results show that Mn and Zn in all the samples have the greatest bioaccessible values, while the values for Cu are much lower. The relationships among total, gastric, and gastro-intestinal element concentrations were investigated using statistical analysis such as correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis (CA). Total and bioaccessible Cu, Mn, and Zn concentrations were significantly correlated with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şerife Tokalıoğlu
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Erciyes University, TR, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
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Li Q, Han Z, Tian Y, Xiao H, Yang M. Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal in Farmlands and Crops Near Pb-Zn Mine Tailing Ponds in Niujiaotang, China. TOXICS 2023; 11:106. [PMID: 36850980 PMCID: PMC9960355 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To accurately evaluate the pollution and risk of heavy metals in crops and farmlands near mines, we determined the contents of Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, Pb, and Zn in 10 farmland soil sampling sites and six crops (pak choi, rice, spring onion, radish, Chinese cabbage, Chrysanthemum coronarium) in an area near the Niujiaotang Pb-Zn mine in Duyun City, China. Four evaluation methods were compared, including the potential ecological hazard index, Nemeiro comprehensive pollution assessment, risk assessment code, and the ratio of secondary phase to primary phase methods. The average concentration of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn exceeded the soil environmental background levels in Niujiaotang and Guizhou Province. Cd exceeded the standard substantially, and Zn pollution accumulation was the most evident. Heavy metal contamination of crops was in the order pak choi > Chinese cabbage > spring onion > paddy > radish > Chrysanthemum coronarium, whereas heavy metal concentration in crops were in the order Zn > As > Cr > Cd > Ni > Pb. The levels of all heavy metals except Cu exceeded Chinese food hygiene standards. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chemicals in crops present significant risks to adults and children. Risk evaluation considering the morphological contents of heavy metals rather than their total concentration was more accurate for environmental quality assessment of agricultural soils. Samples should be collected at different times to study the spatial and temporal distribution, and further studies on the migration transformation of heavy metals between the tailings pond-soil-crop should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyuan Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhiwei Han
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yutong Tian
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Han Xiao
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Miao Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Xu S, Yu C, Wang Q, Liao J, Liu C, Huang L, Liu Q, Wen Z, Feng Y. Chromium Contamination and Health Risk Assessment of Soil and Agricultural Products in a Rural Area in Southern China. TOXICS 2022; 11:27. [PMID: 36668753 PMCID: PMC9866242 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of industry, chromium (Cr) pollutants accumulate constantly in the soil, causing severe soil Cr pollution problems. Farmland Cr pollution hurts the safety of agricultural production and indirectly affects human health and safety. However, the current situation of Cr pollution in farmland soil and crops has not been detailed enough. In this study, the evaluation of Cr potential risk in soil-crop systems was conducted in a rural area that was affected by industry and historic sewage irrigation. Ten different crops and rhizosphere soils were sampled from four fields. The results showed that Cr contents in farmland soil exceeded the national standard threshold in China (>21.85%), and the Cr content in edible parts of some agricultural products exceeded that too. According to the PCA and relation analysis, the Cr accumulation in edible parts showed a significant correlation with soil Cr contents and available potassium contents. Except for water spinach, the target hazard quotient (THQ) of the other crops was lower than 1.0 but the carcinogenic health risks all exceeded the limits. The carcinogenic risks (CR) of different types of crops are food crops > legume crops > leafy vegetable crops and root-tuber crops. A comprehensive assessment revealed that planting water spinach in this area had the highest potential risk of Cr pollution. This study provided a scientific and reliable approach by integrating soil environmental quality and agricultural product security, which helps evaluate the potential risk of Cr in arable land more efficiently and lays technical guidelines for local agricultural production safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun’an Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Livestock Industrial Development Center of Shengzhou, Shaoxing 312400, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- College of Ecology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jiaoyuan Liao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chanjuan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lukuan Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qizhen Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zheyu Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ying Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Ullah H, Khaliq M, Ullah N, Iqbal A, Ullah I. Health Risk Assessment and Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Heavy Metals in Vegetables of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Region, Pakistan. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:3023-3038. [PMID: 35146633 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02892-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The level of heavy metals in vegetables grown in soil irrigated with various sources of water and the health risks associated with the consumption of these vegetables were assessed in this study. Samples of water, soil, and vegetables were collected from farmer fields. After digestion in acidic solution, analytical measurements were made using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The mean concentration of Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, and Mn in the soil of two sampling area were in the range from 60.00 to 84.00 mg kg-1, 68.00 to 98.00 mg kg-1, 1.60 to 2.60 mg kg-1, 26.10 to 33.20 mg kg-1, 22.60 to 30.80 mg kg-1, 50.10 to 78.30 mg kg-1, 420.00 to 471.00 mg kg-1, and 270.20 to 340.50 mg kg-1, respectively. Heavy metals in soil varied significantly at (P ≤ 0.001) among sampling area. The nine heavy metals were divided into two clusters for wastewater and soil, according to cluster analysis. The number of variables was reduced using principal component analysis, which yielded three latent factors, one for wastewater and one for soil. Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, and Mn concentrations were significantly higher at P ≤ 0.001 in nine vegetables grown on soil irrigated with untreated wastewater than in vegetables grown on fresh-tube well-water-irrigated soil. The health risks associated with metal intake were assessed using the estimated daily intake of metals (EDIM), hazard quotients (HQs), and hazard index (HI). The rates of metal transfer to vegetables have been determined. Except for Pb and Cd, all of the elements' EDMI values were found to be lower than their RfD values. The corresponding HRI values of metals in the various vegetables were found to be below 1, implying that vegetable consumption in the studied region poses no carcinogenic risk. Constant determination of heavy metals in all fruits and vegetables is essential for the assessment of health risks associated with dietary metal exposure. The study has provided valuable information to the general public about the use of wastewater for irrigation of vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidayat Ullah
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29220, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Musawer Khaliq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29220, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Naqeeb Ullah
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29220, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Anwar Iqbal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Lakki Marwat, Lakki Marwat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Irshad Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Can H, Ozyigit II, Can M, Hocaoglu-Ozyigit A, Yalcin IE. Multidimensional Scaling of the Mineral Nutrient Status and Health Risk Assessment of Commonly Consumed Fruity Vegetables Marketed in Kyrgyzstan. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1902-1916. [PMID: 34050455 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02759-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intensive production of fruits and vegetables causes heavy metal accumulation. Consumption of this kind of foodstuff is a growing concern of the modern world with the additional distress of the supply of enough foodstuffs. To contribute to this global purpose, this research aimed to find out the mineral nutrient and heavy metal concentrations of commonly consumed fruity vegetables in Kyrgyzstan. Totally, ten different fruity type vegetables were collected from five different large bazaars of Kyrgyzstan. From these, 20 samples, including washed/unwashed rinds of vegetables, were quantified in terms of their B, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents by using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The concentrations of the fruity vegetables were found in the following range: B (1.392-25.816), Ca (92.814-4095.466), Cd (0.007-0.086), Cr (0.009-0.919), Cu (0.351-8.351), Fe (4.429-126.873), K (920.124-10,135.995), Mg (61.973-879.085), Mn (1.113-78.938), Na (36.132-266.475), Ni (0.039-1.215), Pb (0.081-2.906), and Zn (1.653-87.107) (mg kg-1). It was determined that red capia pepper was the vegetable having the highest daily nutritional value according to evaluation done in our study. Taking into account of the HI values, all of the vegetables analyzed were determined to be lower than the limit value of 1 that falls into acceptable limits in terms of being safe. Peppers demonstrated the highest variation in terms of the elemental content. The high Cr content rendered hot pepper risky for consumption by both genders regarding with CR, and in terms of CR, it has been observed that nickel contents being found in vegetables including tomatoes pose a moderate risk for consumption. Quite lower risk was detected in red/Brandy-wine tomatoes, eggplants, and cucumber for both genders. As most striking result in our study, the Brandy-wine type tomato was found to be healthiest (as well as safest) and nutritious vegetable looking from the viewpoint of consumption in Kyrgyzstan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Can
- Department of Field Crops and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, 720038, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
| | - Ibrahim Ilker Ozyigit
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Marmara University, 34722, Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, 720038, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
| | - Merve Can
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, 42130, Konya, Turkey
| | - Asli Hocaoglu-Ozyigit
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Marmara University, 34722, Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Ertugrul Yalcin
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bahcesehir University, 34353, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey
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Lebelo K, Malebo N, Mochane MJ, Masinde M. Chemical Contamination Pathways and the Food Safety Implications along the Various Stages of Food Production: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5795. [PMID: 34071295 PMCID: PMC8199310 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Historically, chemicals exceeding maximum allowable exposure levels have been disastrous to underdeveloped countries. The global food industry is primarily affected by toxic chemical substances because of natural and anthropogenic factors. Food safety is therefore threatened due to contamination by chemicals throughout the various stages of food production. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the form of pesticides and other chemical substances such as Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) have a widely documented negative impact due to their long-lasting effect on the environment. This present review focuses on the chemical contamination pathways along the various stages of food production until the food reaches the consumer. The contamination of food can stem from various sources such as the agricultural sector and pollution from industrialized regions through the air, water, and soil. Therefore, it is imperative to control the application of chemicals during food packaging, the application of pesticides, and antibiotics in the food industry to prevent undesired residues on foodstuffs. Ultimately, the protection of consumers from food-related chemical toxicity depends on stringent efforts from regulatory authorities both in developed and underdeveloped nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kgomotso Lebelo
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (N.M.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Ntsoaki Malebo
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (N.M.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Mokgaotsa Jonas Mochane
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (N.M.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Muthoni Masinde
- Centre for Sustainable SMART Cities, Central University of Technology, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa;
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