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Sivakumar B, Kurian GA. PM 2.5 toxicity in blood impairs cardiac redox balance and promotes mitochondrial dysfunction in rat heart that further aggravates ischemia reperfusion injury by modulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR/NF-kB signaling axis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23718. [PMID: 38738849 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
According to the pathophysiological mechanisms linking particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and cardiovascular diseases, PM2.5 may directly translocate into the blood stream and remote target organs and thereby induce cardiovascular effects. The toxicity of PM2.5 is known to induce oxidative stress in pulmonary tissue, but its impact on the redox state in heart (distant organ) is unknown and how it modulates the cardiac response to ischemia reperfusion (IR) remains unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the toxic effect of PM2.5 on cardiac physiology in the presence and absence of IR after introducing PM2.5 into the blood. Female Wistar rats were injected with diesel particulate matter (DPM) via i.p & i.v routes at a concentration of 10 µg/ml. The toxic impact of PM2.5 not only adversely affects the cardiac ultra-structure (leading to nuclear infiltration, edema, irregularities in heart muscle and nuclear infiltration), but also altered the cellular redox balance, elevated inflammation and promoted the upregulation of proapoptotic mediator genes at the basal level of myocardium. The results showed alterations in cardiac ultrastructure, elevated oxidative stress and significant redox imbalance, increased inflammation and proapoptotic mediators at the basal level of myocardium. Moreover, the cardioprotective pro survival signaling axis was declined along with an increased NF-kB activation at the basal level. IR inflicted further injury with deterioration of cardiac hemodynamic indices (Heart rate [HR], Left ventricular developed pressure [LVDP], Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure [LVEDP] and rate pressure product [RPP]) along with prominent inactivation of signaling pathways. Furthermore, the levels of GSH/GSSG, NADH/NAD, NADPH/NADP were significantly low along with increased lipid peroxidation in mitochondria of PM2.5 treated IR rat hearts. This observation was supported by downregulation of glutaredoxin and peroxiredoxin genes in the myocardium. Similarly the presence of oxidative stress inducing metals was found at a higher concentration in cardiac mitochondria. Thus, the toxic impact of PM2.5 in heart augment the IR associated pathological changes by altering the physiological response, initiating cellular metabolic alterations in mitochondria and modifying the signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Sivakumar
- Vascular Biology Lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Gino A Kurian
- Vascular Biology Lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, India
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Rihan M, Sharma SS. Cardioprotective potential of compound 3K, a selective PKM2 inhibitor in isoproterenol-induced acute myocardial infarction: A mechanistic study. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 485:116905. [PMID: 38521371 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack arises from acute or chronic prolonged ischemic conditions in the myocardium. Although several risk factors are associated with MI pathophysiology, one of the risk factors is an imbalance in the oxygen supply. The current available MI therapies are still inadequate due to the complexity of MI pathophysiology. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) has been implicated in numerous CVDs pathologies. However, the effect of specific pharmacological intervention targeting PKM2 has not been studied in MI. Therefore, in this study, we explored the effect of compound 3K, a PKM2-specific inhibitor, in isoproterenol-induced acute MI model. In this study, in order to induce MI in rats, isoproterenol (ISO) was administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg over two days at an interval of 24 h. Specific PKM2 inhibitor, compound 3K (2 and 4 mg/kg), was administered in MI rats to investigate its cardioprotective potential. After the last administration of compound 3K, ECG and hemodynamic parameters were recorded using a PV-loop system. Cardiac histology, western blotting, and plasmatic cardiac damage markers were evaluated to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Treatment of compound 3K significantly reduced ISO-induced alterations in ECG, ventricular functions, cardiac damage, infarct size, and cardiac fibrosis. Compound 3K treatment produced significant increase in PKM1 expression and decrease in PKM2 expression. In addition, HIF-1α, caspase-3, c-Myc, and PTBP1 expression were also reduced after compound 3K treatment. This study demonstrates the cardioprotective potential of compound 3K in MI, and its mechanisms of cardioprotective action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Rihan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Shyam Sunder Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India.
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Rihan M, Sharma SS. Inhibition of Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) by shikonin attenuates isoproterenol-induced acute myocardial infarction via reduction in inflammation, hypoxia, apoptosis, and fibrosis. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:145-159. [PMID: 37382601 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of mortality and disability globally. MI results from acute or chronic myocardial ischemia characterized by an imbalance of oxygen demand and supply, leading to irreversible myocardial injury. Despite several significant efforts in the understanding of MI, the therapy of MI is not satisfactory due to its complicated pathophysiology. Recently, therapeutic potential of targeting pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) has been postulated in several cardiovascular diseases. PKM2 gene knockout and expression studies implicated the role of PKM2 in MI. However, the effects of pharmacological interventions targeting PKM2 have not been investigated in MI. Therefore, in the present study, effect of PKM2 inhibitor has been investigated in the MI along with elucidation of possible mechanism(s). MI in rats was induced by administrations of isoproterenol (ISO) at a dose of 100 mg/kg s.c. for two consecutives days at 24-h interval. At the same time, shikonin (PKM2 inhibitor) was administered at 2 and 4 mg/kg in ISO-induced MI rats. After the shikonin treatment, the ventricular functions were measured using a PV-loop system. Plasma MI injury markers, cardiac histology, and immunoblotting were performed to elucidate the molecular mechanism. Treatment of shikonin 2 and 4 mg/kg ameliorated cardiac injury, reduced infarct size, biochemical alterations, ventricular dysfunction, and cardiac fibrosis in ISO-induced MI. Expression of PKM2 in the ventricle was reduced while PKM1 expression increased in the shikonin treated group, indicating PKM2 inhibition restores PKM1 expression. In addition, PKM splicing protein (hnRNPA2B1 & PTBP1), HIF-1α, and caspase-3 expression were reduced after shikonin treatment. Our findings suggest that pharmacological inhibition of PKM2 with shikonin could be a potential therapeutic strategy to treat MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Rihan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S Nagar (Mohali), 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Shyam Sunder Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S Nagar (Mohali), 160062, Punjab, India.
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Sivakumar B, AlAsmari AF, Ali N, Waseem M, Kurian GA. Consequential Impact of Particulate Matter Linked Inter-Fibrillar Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rat Myocardium Subjected to Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121811. [PMID: 36552319 PMCID: PMC9775305 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A previous study has reported that exposure to PM2.5 from diesel exhaust (diesel particulate matter (DPM)) for 21 days can deteriorate the cardiac recovery from myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (IR), where the latter is facilitated by the efficiency of mitochondrial subpopulations. Many investigators have demonstrated that IR impact on cardiac mitochondrial subpopulations is distinct. In the present study, we decipher the role of PM2.5 on IR associated mitochondrial dysfunction at the subpopulation level by administrating PM2.5 directly to isolated female rat hearts via KH buffer. Our results demonstrated that PM2.5 administered heart (PM_C) severely deteriorated ETC enzyme activity (NQR, SQR, QCR, and COX) and ATP level in both IFM and SSM from the normal control. Comparatively, the declined activity was prominent in IFM fraction. Moreover, in the presence of IR (PM_IR), mitochondrial oxidative stress was higher in both subpopulations from the normal, where the IFM fraction of mitochondria experienced elevated oxidative stress than SSM. Furthermore, we assessed the in vitro protein translation capacity of IFM and SSM and found a declined ability in both subpopulations where the inability of IFM was significant in both PM_C and PM_IR groups. In support of these results, the expression of mitochondrial genes involved in fission, fusion, and mitophagy events along with the DNA maintenance genes such as GUF1, LRPPRC, and HSD17-b10 were significantly altered from the control. Based on the above results, we conclude that PM2.5 administration to the heart inflicted mitochondrial damage especially to the IFM fraction, that not only deteriorated the cardiac physiology but also reduced its ability to resist IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Sivakumar
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abdullah F. AlAsmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nemat Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Waseem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Gino A. Kurian
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-9047965425; Fax: +91-4362-264120
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Basith S, Manavalan B, Shin TH, Park CB, Lee WS, Kim J, Lee G. The Impact of Fine Particulate Matter 2.5 on the Cardiovascular System: A Review of the Invisible Killer. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152656. [PMID: 35957086 PMCID: PMC9370264 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution exerts several deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounting for 80% of all premature deaths caused by air pollution. Short-term exposure to particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) leads to acute CVD-associated deaths and nonfatal events, whereas long-term exposure increases CVD-associated risk of death and reduces longevity. Here, we summarize published data illustrating how PM2.5 may impact the cardiovascular system to provide information on the mechanisms by which it may contribute to CVDs. We provide an overview of PM2.5, its associated health risks, global statistics, mechanistic underpinnings related to mitochondria, and hazardous biological effects. We elaborate on the association between PM2.5 exposure and CVD development and examine preventive PM2.5 exposure measures and future strategies for combating PM2.5-related adverse health effects. The insights gained can provide critical guidelines for preventing pollution-related CVDs through governmental, societal, and personal measures, thereby benefitting humanity and slowing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaherin Basith
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (S.B.); (T.H.S.); (C.B.P.)
| | - Balachandran Manavalan
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Tae Hwan Shin
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (S.B.); (T.H.S.); (C.B.P.)
| | - Chan Bae Park
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (S.B.); (T.H.S.); (C.B.P.)
| | - Wang-Soo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06973, Korea;
| | - Jaetaek Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06973, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Gwang Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (S.B.); (T.H.S.); (C.B.P.)
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (G.L.)
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Shin TH, Kim SG, Ji M, Kwon DH, Hwang JS, George NP, Ergando DS, Park CB, Paik MJ, Lee G. Diesel-derived PM 2.5 induces impairment of cardiac movement followed by mitochondria dysfunction in cardiomyocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:999475. [PMID: 36246901 PMCID: PMC9554599 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.999475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) in polluted air can be exposed to the human body through inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact, accumulating in various organs throughout the body. Organ accumulation of PM is a growing health concern, particularly in the cardiovascular system. PM emissions are formed in the air by solid particles, liquid droplets, and fuel - particularly diesel - combustion. PM2.5 (size < 2.5 μm particle) is a major risk factor for approximately 200,000 premature deaths annually caused by air pollution. This study assessed the deleterious effects of diesel-derived PM2.5 exposure in HL-1 mouse cardiomyocyte cell lines. The PM2.5-induced biological changes, including ultrastructure, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, viability, and intracellular ATP levels, were analyzed. Moreover, we analyzed changes in transcriptomics using RNA sequencing and metabolomics using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in PM2.5-treated HL-1 cells. Ultrastructural analysis using transmission electron microscopy revealed disruption of mitochondrial cristae structures in a PM2.5 dose-dependent manner. The elevation of ROS levels and reduction in cell viability and ATP levels were similarly observed in a PM2.5 dose-dependently. In addition, 6,005 genes were differentially expressed (fold change cut-off ± 4) from a total of 45,777 identified genes, and 20 amino acids (AAs) were differentially expressed (fold change cut-off ± 1.2) from a total of 28 identified AAs profiles. Using bioinformatic analysis with ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software, we found that the changes in the transcriptome and metabolome are highly related to changes in biological functions, including homeostasis of Ca2+, depolarization of mitochondria, the function of mitochondria, synthesis of ATP, and cardiomyopathy. Moreover, an integrated single omics network was constructed by combining the transcriptome and the metabolome. In silico prediction analysis with IPA predicted that upregulation of mitochondria depolarization, ROS generation, cardiomyopathy, suppression of Ca2+ homeostasis, mitochondrial function, and ATP synthesis occurred in PM2.5-treated HL-1 cells. In particular, the cardiac movement of HL-1 was significantly reduced after PM2.5 treatment. In conclusion, our results assessed the harmful effects of PM2.5 on mitochondrial function and analyzed the biological changes related to cardiac movement, which is potentially associated with cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hwan Shin
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Seok Gi Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Moongi Ji
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Do Hyeon Kwon
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ji Su Hwang
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | | | - Dube Solomon Ergando
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Chan Bae Park
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Man Jeong Paik
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Man Jeong Paik, ; Gwang Lee,
| | - Gwang Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Man Jeong Paik, ; Gwang Lee,
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