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Huang C, Liu X, Wu Q, Cao J, Zhu X, Wang X, Song Y. Cardiovascular toxic effects of nanoparticles and corresponding molecular mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124360. [PMID: 38871171 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Rapid advancements in nanotechnology have been integrated into various disciplines, leading to an increased prevalence of nanoparticle exposure. The widespread utilization of nanomaterials and heightened levels of particulate pollution have prompted government departments to intensify their focus on assessing the safety of nanoparticles (NPs). The cardiovascular system, crucial for maintaining human health, has emerged as vulnerable to damage from nanoparticle exposure. A mounting body of evidence indicates that interactions can occur when NPs come into contact with components of the cardiovascular system, contributing to adverse cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms driving these events remain elusive. This work provides a comprehensive review of recent advance on nanoparticle-induced adverse cardiovascular events and offers insight into the associated molecular mechanisms. Finally, the influencing factors of NPs-induced cardiovascular toxicity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qingchun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianzhong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Bautista-Pérez R, Cano-Martínez A, Herrera-Rodríguez MA, Ramos-Godinez MDP, Pérez Reyes OL, Chirino YI, Rodríguez Serrano ZJ, López-Marure R. Oral Exposure to Titanium Dioxide E171 and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induces Multi-Organ Damage in Rats: Role of Ceramide. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5881. [PMID: 38892068 PMCID: PMC11172338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Food-grade titanium dioxide (E171) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are common food additives for human consumption. We examined multi-organ toxicity of both compounds on Wistar rats orally exposed for 90 days. Rats were divided into three groups: (1) control (saline solution), (2) E171-exposed, and (3) ZnO NPs-exposed. Histological examination was performed with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ceramide (Cer), 3-nitrotyrosine (NT), and lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP-2) were detected by immunofluorescence. Relevant histological changes were observed: disorganization, inflammatory cell infiltration, and mitochondrial damage. Increased levels of Cer, NT, and LAMP-2 were observed in the liver, kidney, and brain of E171- and ZnO NPs-exposed rats, and in rat hearts exposed to ZnO NPs. E171 up-regulated Cer and NT levels in the aorta and heart, while ZnO NPs up-regulated them in the aorta. Both NPs increased LAMP-2 expression in the intestine. In conclusion, chronic oral exposure to metallic NPs causes multi-organ injury, reflecting how these food additives pose a threat to human health. Our results suggest how complex interplay between ROS, Cer, LAMP-2, and NT may modulate organ function during NP damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Bautista-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Agustina Cano-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.C.-M.)
| | | | | | - Olga Lidia Pérez Reyes
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Irasema Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico
| | - Zariá José Rodríguez Serrano
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.C.-M.)
| | - Rebeca López-Marure
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.C.-M.)
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Zhang R, Yang H, Guo M, Niu S, Xue Y. Mitophagy and its regulatory mechanisms in the biological effects of nanomaterials. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38642013 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Mitophagy is a selective cellular process critical for the removal of damaged mitochondria. It is essential in regulating mitochondrial number, ensuring mitochondrial functionality, and maintaining cellular equilibrium, ultimately influencing cell destiny. Numerous pathologies, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disorders, cancers, and various other conditions, are associated with mitochondrial dysfunctions. Thus, a detailed exploration of the regulatory mechanisms of mitophagy is pivotal for enhancing our understanding and for the discovery of novel preventive and therapeutic options for these diseases. Nanomaterials have become integral in biomedicine and various other sectors, offering advanced solutions for medical uses including biological imaging, drug delivery, and disease diagnostics and therapy. Mitophagy is vital in managing the cellular effects elicited by nanomaterials. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the molecular mechanisms underpinning mitophagy, underscoring its significant influence on the biological responses of cells to nanomaterials. Nanoparticles can initiate mitophagy via various pathways, among which the PINK1-Parkin pathway is critical for cellular defense against nanomaterial-induced damage by promoting mitophagy. The role of mitophagy in biological effects was induced by nanomaterials, which are associated with alterations in Ca2+ levels, the production of reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and lysosomal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Menghao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyan Niu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuying Xue
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Colnot E, O’Reilly J, Morin D. Effect of chronic prenatal exposure to the food additive titanium dioxide E171 on respiratory activity in newborn mice. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1337865. [PMID: 38487474 PMCID: PMC10937531 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1337865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) possess unique properties that make their use valuable in all industries. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs are extensively used as a white pigment in food (labeled under the European number E171) and personal care products, which creates a significant potential for chronic consumer exposure. Concerns about the potential toxic effects of TiO2 NPs have arisen, particularly in vulnerable populations, including pregnant women and infants. Recently, human materno-fetal transfer of E171 was demonstrated, and simultaneously, we reported that chronic prenatal exposure to reference P25 TiO2 NPs was found to alter the developing respiratory neural networks. In this study, using whole body plethysmography from postnatal day (P) 0 to P7, we assessed the respiratory function of newborn mice born to mothers fed with E171 during pregnancy. We also evaluated the potential alterations to respiratory centers by using brainstem-spinal cord electrophysiological recordings from P0 to P6. Our study reveals that E171-prenatally exposed animals displayed an abnormally elevated breathing rate from P3 onwards. From P5 to P6, the respiratory-related burst frequency generated by the isolated brainstem-spinal cord preparations was significantly higher in E171-exposed animals than in non-exposed animals. These findings demonstrate prenatal toxicity of E171 to the developing respiratory function and may contribute to policy-making regarding the use of TiO2 NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Colnot
- CNRS, INCIA, Universityof Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Didier Morin
- CNRS, INCIA, Universityof Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Health, Safety and Environment, Bordeaux Institute of Technology, University of Bordeaux, Gradignan, France
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Li C, Tang M. The toxicological effects of nano titanium dioxide on target organs and mechanisms of toxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:152-164. [PMID: 37655586 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2 NPs) is widely used for its extremely high stability, corrosion resistance, and photocatalytic properties and has penetrated into various fields of production and life. Assessing its toxicity to different organs should be a key part of preclinical toxicity assessment of TiO2 NPs, which is relatively incomprehensive yet. Therefore, this review focuses on the toxic effects of TiO2 NPs on various organs in mammals and biological mechanisms from different organs. The commonality of toxic effects on various target organs reflected in tissue structure damage and dysfunction, such as liver damage and dysfunction; pulmonary fibrosis; and renal impairment (including hematuria and nephritis); damage of brain tissue and neurons; alteration of intestinal villi; and weight loss. And effects on the reproductive system are affected by different sexes, including ovarian dysfunction, testicular development damage, and sperm viability reduction. We believe that the toxic mechanisms of TiO2 NPs in target organs have commonalities, such as oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and organelle damage. However, different target organ toxicities also have their specificities. TiO2 NPs disturb the intestinal flora and cause undesirable changes in feces products. And in spleen are infiltration of neutrophils and lymphadenopathy and eventually immune deficiency. Although the toxic pathways are different, but there may be a close link between the different toxic pathways. In this article, the main manifestations of the toxic effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on major mammalian organs are reviewed, in order to provide basic data for their better application from a medical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine of Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine of Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Santos-Aguilar P, Bernal-Ramírez J, Vázquez-Garza E, Vélez-Escamilla LY, Lozano O, García-Rivas GDJ, Contreras-Torres FF. Synthesis and Characterization of Rutile TiO 2 Nanoparticles for the Toxicological Effect on the H9c2 Cell Line from Rats. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19024-19036. [PMID: 37273591 PMCID: PMC10233665 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of titanium dioxide (TiO2) has raised concerns about potential health risks associated with its cytotoxicity in the cardiovascular system. To evaluate the cytotoxicity of TiO2 particles, the H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts were used as a biological model, and their toxicological susceptibility to TiO2-anatase and TiO2-rutile particles was studied in vitro. The study examined dose and time exposure responses. The cell viability was evaluated based on metabolic inhibition and membrane integrity loss. The results revealed that both TiO2-anatase and TiO2-rutile particles induced similar levels of cytotoxicity at the inhibition concentrations IC25 (1.4-4.4 μg/cm2) and IC50 (7.2-9.3 μg/cm2). However, at more significant concentrations, TiO2-rutile appeared to be more cytotoxic than TiO2-anatase at 24 h. The study found that the TiO2 particles induced apoptosis events, but necrosis was not observed at any of the concentrations of particles used. The study considered the effects of microstructural properties, crystalline phase, and particle size in determining the capability of TiO2 particles to induce cytotoxicity in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. The microstress in TiO2 particles was assessed using powder X-ray diffraction through Williamson-Hall and Warren-Averbach analysis. The analysis estimated the apparent crystallite domain and microstrain of TiO2-anatase to be 29 nm (ε = 1.03%) and TiO2-rutile to be 21 nm (ε = 0.53%), respectively. Raman spectroscopy, N2 adsorption isotherms, and dynamic light scattering were used to identify the presence of pure crystalline phases (>99.9%), comparative surface areas (10 m2/g), and ζ-potential values (-24 mV). The difference in the properties of TiO2 particles made it difficult to attribute the cytotoxicity solely to one variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Santos-Aguilar
- Escuela
de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico
de Monterrey, Monterrey, N.L. 64849, Mexico
| | - Judith Bernal-Ramírez
- Escuela
de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico
de Monterrey, Monterrey, N.L. 64460, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Vázquez-Garza
- Escuela
de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico
de Monterrey, Monterrey, N.L. 64460, Mexico
| | | | - Omar Lozano
- Escuela
de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico
de Monterrey, Monterrey, N.L. 64460, Mexico
- The
Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnologico
de Monterrey, Monterrey, N.L. 64849, Mexico
| | - Gerardo de Jesús García-Rivas
- Escuela
de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico
de Monterrey, Monterrey, N.L. 64460, Mexico
- The
Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnologico
de Monterrey, Monterrey, N.L. 64849, Mexico
| | - Flavio F. Contreras-Torres
- Escuela
de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico
de Monterrey, Monterrey, N.L. 64849, Mexico
- The
Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnologico
de Monterrey, Monterrey, N.L. 64849, Mexico
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7
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Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Toxicity in H9c2 Rat Cardiomyoblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112940. [PMID: 36361726 PMCID: PMC9658273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely used in the cosmetic industry. They are nano-optical and nano-electrical devices, and their antimicrobial properties are applied in food packaging and medicine. ZnO NPs penetrate the body through inhalation, oral, and dermal exposure and spread through circulation to various systems and organs. Since the cardiovascular system is one of the most vulnerable systems, in this work, we studied ZnO NPs toxicity in H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts. Cardiac cells were exposed to different concentrations of ZnO NPs, and then the morphology, proliferation, viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), redox state, and protein expression were measured. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining showed strong morphological damage. ZnO NPs were not observed inside cells, suggesting that Zn2+ ions were internalized, causing the damage. ZnO NPs strongly inhibited cell proliferation and MTT reduction at 10 and 20 μg/cm2 after 72 h of treatment. ZnO NPs at 20 μg/cm2 elevated DCF fluorescence, indicating alterations in the cellular redox state associated with changes in ΔΨm and cell death. ZnO NPs also reduced the intracellular expression of troponin I and atrial natriuretic peptide. ZnO NPs are toxic for cardiac cells; therefore, consumption of products containing them could cause heart damage and the development of cardiovascular diseases.
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Rodríguez-Ibarra C, Medina-Reyes EI, Déciga-Alcaraz A, Delgado-Buenrostro NL, Quezada-Maldonado EM, Ispanixtlahuatl-Meráz O, Ganem-Rondero A, Flores-Flores JO, Vázquez-Zapién GJ, Mata-Miranda MM, López-Marure R, Pedraza-Chaverri J, García-Cuéllar CM, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Chirino YI. Food grade titanium dioxide accumulation leads to cellular alterations in colon cells after removal of a 24-hour exposure. Toxicology 2022; 478:153280. [PMID: 35973603 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide food grade (E171) is one of the most used food additives containing nanoparticles. Recently, the European Food Safety Authority indicated that E171 could no longer be considered safe as a food additive due to the possibility of it being genotoxic and there is evidence that E171 administration exacerbates colon tumor formation in murine models. However, less is known about the effects of E171 accumulation once the exposure stopped, then we hypothesized that toxic effects could be detected even after E171 removal. Therefore, we investigated the effects of E171 exposure after being removed from colon cell cultures. Human colon cancer cell line (HCT116) was exposed to 0, 1, 10 and 50 μg/cm2 of E171. Our results showed that in the absence of cytotoxicity, E171 was accumulated in the cells after 24 of exposure, increasing granularity and reactive oxygen species, inducing alterations in the molecular pattern of nucleic acids and lipids, and causing nuclei enlargement, DNA damage and tubulin depolymerization. After the removal of E171, colon cells were cultured for 48 h more hours to analyze the ability to restore the previously detected alterations. As we hypothesized, the removal of E171 was unable to revert the alterations found after 24 h of exposure in colon cells. In conclusion, exposure to E171 causes alterations that cannot be reverted after 48 h if E171 is removed from colon cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rodríguez-Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis y Toxicología, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Estefany I Medina-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis y Toxicología, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Déciga-Alcaraz
- Atmospheric Organic Aerosol Chemical Speciation Group, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Norma Laura Delgado-Buenrostro
- Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis y Toxicología, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Ericka Marel Quezada-Maldonado
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, CP 14080 Ciudad de México, Tlalpan, Mexico
| | - Octavio Ispanixtlahuatl-Meráz
- Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis y Toxicología, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Adriana Ganem-Rondero
- División de Estudios de Posgrado (Tecnología Farmacéutica), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. 1° de Mayo s/n, Cuautitlán Izcalli CP 54740, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - José Ocotlán Flores-Flores
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gustavo J Vázquez-Zapién
- Laboratorio de Embriología, Escuela Militar de Medicina, Centro Militar de Ciencias de la Salud, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Cerrada de Palomas S/N, Lomas de San Isidro, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11200 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mónica M Mata-Miranda
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Escuela Militar de Medicina, Centro Militar de Ciencias de la Salud, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Cerrada de Palomas S/N, Lomas de San Isidro, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11200 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rebeca López-Marure
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Claudia M García-Cuéllar
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, CP 14080 Ciudad de México, Tlalpan, Mexico
| | - Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, CP 14080 Ciudad de México, Tlalpan, Mexico
| | - Yolanda I Chirino
- Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis y Toxicología, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico.
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