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Khonglim K, Chuenjitkuntaworn B, Tamura Y, Fuangtharnthip P. Effects of Capsaicin on Migration and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity of Dental Pulp Cells. Eur J Dent 2024. [PMID: 38698615 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1782191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dental pulp, a specialized mesenchymal tissue within teeth, is pivotal in dental health and tissue repair. Capsaicin, the primary pungent component of chili peppers, is known for its diverse pharmacological properties. While capsaicin's effects on various cell types have been studied, its impact on dental pulp cells remains relatively unexplored. This study investigated the influence of pure capsaicin extract on dental pulp cell behavior, focusing on cell viability, proliferation, migration, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Capsaicin solution was prepared and diluted to various concentrations (1 nM, 0.01 µM, 0.1 µM, 1 µM, 10 µM, and 100 µM), then was tested on rat dental pulp cells (RPC-C2A). Cell viability and proliferation were assessed using the MTT assay. Boyden chamber tests and wound healing were used for evaluating cell migration. The activity of ALP was determined to show cell function during dental pulp repair. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance or an independent-sample Kruskal-Wallis, followed by multiple comparison tests. RESULTS Capsaicin of 100 µM exhibited cytotoxicity, whereas those with lower concentrations stimulated cell proliferation. Wound healing assays revealed increased cell migration, particularly when cultured with 1 nM capsaicin (p = 0.002). Boyden chamber assays demonstrated enhanced cell invasion without statistical significance. ALP activity of dental pulp cells increased significantly at 1 nM (p < 0.001) and 1 µM (p = 0.021) capsaicin concentrations, indicating potential dentinogenesis and pulp repair. CONCLUSION Capsaicin of lower concentrations, less than 10 µM, is likely to promote proliferation, migration, and ALP activity of dental pulp cells. Our findings offer potential applications for capsaicin as a medication for dental pulp repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittipot Khonglim
- Department of Advanced General Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Yukihiko Tamura
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pornpoj Fuangtharnthip
- Department of Advanced General Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
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Karimi-Sales E, Mohaddes G, Alipour MR. Hepatoprotection of capsaicin in alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Arch Physiol Biochem 2024; 130:38-48. [PMID: 34396890 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2021.1962913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are common causes of chronic liver disease that share the range of steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and finally, hepatocellular carcinoma. They are identified by the dysregulation of disease-specific signalling pathways and unique microRNAs. Capsaicin is an active ingredient of chilli pepper that acts as an agonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 1. It seems that the protective role of capsaicin against NAFLD and ALD is linked to its anti-steatotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic effects. Capsaicin-induced inhibiting metabolic syndrome and gut dysbiosis and increasing bile acids production are also involved in its anti-NAFLD role. This review summarises the different molecular mechanisms underlying the protective role of capsaicin against NAFLD and ALD. More experimental studies are needed to clarify the effects of capsaicin on the expression of genes involved in hepatic lipid metabolism and hepatocytes apoptosis in NAFLD and ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Karimi-Sales
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gisou Mohaddes
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Alipour
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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3
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Manka P, Coombes JD, Sydor S, Swiderska-Syn MK, Best J, Gauthier K, van Grunsven LA, Oo YH, Wang C, Diehl AM, Hönes GS, Moeller LC, Figge A, Boosman RJ, Faber KN, Tannapfel A, Goetze O, Aspichueta P, Lange CM, Canbay A, Syn WK. Thyroid hormone receptor alpha modulates fibrogenesis in hepatic stellate cells. Liver Int 2024; 44:125-138. [PMID: 37872645 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Progressive hepatic fibrosis can be considered the final stage of chronic liver disease. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) play a central role in liver fibrogenesis. Thyroid hormones (TH, e.g. thyroxine; T4 and triiodothyronine; T3) significantly affect development, growth, cell differentiation and metabolism through activation of TH receptor α and/or β (TRα/β). Here, we evaluated the influence of TH in hepatic fibrogenesis. DESIGN Human liver tissue was obtained from explanted livers following transplantation. TRα-deficient (TRα-KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were fed a control or a profibrogenic methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet. Liver tissue was assessed by qRT-PCR for fibrogenic gene expression. In vitro, HSC were treated with TGFβ in the presence or absence of T3. HSC with stable TRα knockdown and TRα deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) were used to determine receptor-specific function. Activation of HSC and MEF was assessed using the wound healing assay, Western blotting, and qRT-PCR. RESULTS TRα and TRβ expression is downregulated in the liver during hepatic fibrogenesis in humans and mice. TRα represents the dominant isoform in HSC. In vitro, T3 blunted TGFβ-induced expression of fibrogenic genes in HSC and abrogated wound healing by modulating TGFβ signalling, which depended on TRα presence. In vivo, TRα-KO enhanced MCD diet-induced liver fibrogenesis. CONCLUSION These observations indicate that TH action in non-parenchymal cells is highly relevant. The interaction of TRα with TH regulates the phenotype of HSC via the TGFβ signalling pathway. Thus, the TH-TR axis may be a valuable target for future therapy of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Manka
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jason D Coombes
- Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Svenja Sydor
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marzena K Swiderska-Syn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jan Best
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Karine Gauthier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, INRAE USC 1370 École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Barnard Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Leo A van Grunsven
- Department of Basic (Bio-)medical Sciences, Liver Cell Biology Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ye H Oo
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR BRC, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Birmingham Advanced Cell Therapy Facility, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Cindy Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Anna M Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georg S Hönes
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Division of Laboratory Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lars C Moeller
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Division of Laboratory Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anja Figge
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - René J Boosman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas N Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Oliver Goetze
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Patricia Aspichueta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vizcaya, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian M Lange
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Canbay
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wing-Kin Syn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vizcaya, Spain
- Section of Gastroenterology, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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4
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Li H, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Zhang R, Chen D, Shi J, Xu J, Li L. Nonivamide inhibits proliferation of human corneal epithelial cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and oxidative stress. Toxicology 2023; 500:153674. [PMID: 37989449 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Nonivamide, an agonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), is widely used as a riot control agent, police incapacitant spray and pesticide. Although generally considered non-fatal, eye discomfort and even ocular injuries caused by such products are common. Little research has been conducted on the effects of nonivamide on corneal epithelial cells. Cell viability, impedance, flow cytometry, western blotting, and real-time fluorescence analyses were performed to investigate the effects of nonivamide on human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-T cells). We found that nonivamide impaired proliferation at subtoxic doses (100 μM and 200 μM) in HCE-T cells. Next, we described the mechanisms of action of nonivamide. Nonivamide caused cell cycle arrest by increasing p21 and decreasing cyclin D1. TRPV1 was activated by nonivamide, leading to an influx of Ca2+. Enhanced Ca2+ influx partially contributed to oxidative stress. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) also decreased. All combined stress resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation in HCE-T cells. In summary, nonivamide inhibited the proliferation of HCE-T cells at sub-toxic doses by inducing cell cycle arrest and oxidative stress. Our data demonstrate the corneal toxicity of nonivamide and explain the mechanisms underlying nonivamide-induced corneal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Sida Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Jianfu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China.
| | - Liqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China.
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5
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Singhirunnusorn P, Moolmuang B, Ruchirawat M. Capsaicin suppresses the migration and invasion of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells through the modulation of mTOR signaling pathway. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:1913-1924. [PMID: 37781054 PMCID: PMC10541384 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a malignancy of the nasopharynx, is prevalent in Southeast Asia and Southern China. The prognosis of NPC is poor and local recurrence and metastasis often occur. Capsaicin (tran-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide), a pungent constituent of hot chili peppers, shows anti-cancer activities such as anti-proliferation and anti-metastasis. Currently, the role of capsaicin in cell metastasis of NPC is not well understood. We tested whether capsaicin has anti-metastatic activity in NPC cell lines. Capsaicin suppressed cell proliferation in dose-dependent manner. Moreover, capsaicin inhibited cell metastasis as shown by wound healing assay and decreased the expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9. In addition, the phosphorylation of mTOR was downregulated by capsaicin. Combination of capsaicin and rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) treatments led to increasing of anti-growth and anti-metastatic activities. Therefore, capsaicin has potential to be used as an optional therapeutic drug for treatment of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattama Singhirunnusorn
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210 Thailand
| | - Benchamart Moolmuang
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210 Thailand
| | - Mathuros Ruchirawat
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Office of Higher Education Commission, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
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6
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Wu J, Wang F, Dong J, Zhang S, Li N, Zhao H, Liu X, Gao Z, Zhang B, Tian G. Therapeutic Response of Multifunctional Lipid and Micelle Formulation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:45110-45123. [PMID: 36167351 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), as an important part of the tumor microenvironment (TME), could be activated by tumor cells as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), thereby promoting the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) and favoring the development of tumors. Therefore, blocking the "CAFs-ECM" axis is a promising pathway to improve antitumor efficacy. Based on this, we developed a multifunctional nanosized delivery system composed of hyaluronic acid-modified pH-sensitive liposomes (CTHLs) and glycyrrheic acid-modified nanomicelles (DGNs), which combines the advantages of targeted delivery, pH-sensitivity, and deep drug penetration. To mimic actual TME, a novel HSCs+BEL-7402 cocultured cell model and a m-HSCs+H22 coimplanted mice model were established. As expected, CTHLs and DGNs could target CAFs and tumor cells, respectively, and promote the drug penetration and retention in tumor regions. Notably, CTHLs+DGNs not only exhibited a superior antitumor effect in three-level tumor-bearing mice but also presented excellent antimetastasis efficiency in lung-metastatic mice. The antitumor mechanism revealed that the lipid&micelle mixed formulations effectively inhibited the activation of CAFs, reduced the deposition of ECM, and reversed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells. In brief, the nanosized delivery system composed of CTHLs and DGNs could effectively improve the therapeutic effect of liver cancer by blocking the "CAFs-ECM" axis, which has a good clinical application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingliang Wu
- School of Nursing, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang, 262700, P.R. China
| | - Fangqing Wang
- School of Nursing, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang, 262700, P.R. China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R. China
| | - Jinping Dong
- School of Nursing, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang, 262700, P.R. China
| | - Suqiu Zhang
- School of Nursing, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang, 262700, P.R. China
| | - Na Li
- School of Nursing, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang, 262700, P.R. China
| | - Huifang Zhao
- School of Nursing, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang, 262700, P.R. China
| | - Xuemin Liu
- School of Nursing, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang, 262700, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqin Gao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R. China
| | - Guixiang Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R. China
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7
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Qi C, Wang D, Gong X, Zhou Q, Yue X, Li C, Li Z, Tian G, Zhang B, Wang Q, Wei X, Wu J. Co-Delivery of Curcumin and Capsaicin by Dual-Targeting Liposomes for Inhibition of aHSC-Induced Drug Resistance and Metastasis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:16019-16035. [PMID: 33819006 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c23137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent research studies have shown that the low survival rate of liver cancer is due to drug resistance and metastasis. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs) have been proven to favor the development of liver cancer. Hence, the combination therapy dual-targeting aHSCs and tumor cells might be an effective strategy for treatment of liver cancer. In this study, the novel multifunctional liposomes (CAPS-CUR/GA&Gal-Lip) were prepared for co-delivery of curcumin (CUR) and capsaicin (CAPS), in which glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and galactose (Gal) were chosen as targeting ligands to modify the liposomes (Lip) for dual-targeting liver cancer. To mimic TME, a novel HSCs+HepG2 (human hepatoma cell line) cocultured model was established for the antitumor effect in vitro. The results showed that, compared to HepG2 cells alone, the cocultured model promoted drug resistance and migration by upregulating the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and Vimentin, which were effectively inhibited by CAPS-CUR/GA&Gal-Lip. The efficacy of the in vivo antitumor was evaluated by three mice models: subcutaneous H22 (mouse hepatoma cell line) tumor-bearing mice, H22+m-HSC (mouse hepatic stellate cell) tumor-bearing mice, and orthotopic H22 cells-bearing mice. The results showed that CAPS-CUR/GA&Gal-Lip exhibited lesser extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, lesser tumor angiogenesis, and superior antitumor effect compared with the no- and/or Gal-modified Lip, which was attributed to the simultaneous blocking of the activation of HSCs and inhibition of the metastasis of tumor cells. The dual-targeting method using Lip is thus a potential strategy for liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Qi
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, P. R. China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, P. R. China
| | - Xue Gong
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, P. R. China
| | - Qiyang Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Yue
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, P. R. China
| | - Chenglei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, P. R. China
| | - Guixiang Tian
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, P. R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, P. R. China
| | - Xiuhong Wei
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, P. R. China
| | - Jingliang Wu
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, P. R. China
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Helvaci N, Cömertpay S. In vitro evaluation of the effects of capsaicin on normal and cancerous cells of human cartilage. Turk J Biol 2018; 42:422-434. [PMID: 30930626 PMCID: PMC6438123 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1804-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is a common form of bone cancer which effects the fibrous connective tissue around a joint. It most commonly develops in legs, arms, shoulder blades, rib cage, and pelvis. Capsaicin is an active bitter compound found in red pepper, the fruit of the species Capsicum annuum, and it has been shown to have a lethal effect on different types of cancer. However, to date, investigation of its effect on human chondrosarcoma cells has remained limited. In the study presented here, we determined IC50 values of capsaicin for chondrosarcoma and chondrocyte cells in both fetal bovine serum (FBS)-containing and FBS-deprived media, and no statistically significant difference was found between the cell types. Besides, when the cells were cultured with capsaicin at their determined IC50 value for 24 h and their caspase-3 gene expression levels were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) and western blotting, it was demonstrated that the caspase-3 protein and mRNA levels were not altered in any cells upon capsaicin exposure, suggesting a caspase-independent pathway for cell death. Migration and invasion abilities of the cancerous cells, on the other hand, were observed to decrease dramatically when the cells were exposed to capsaicin (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagihan Helvaci
- Department of Bioengineering and Sciences, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University , Kahramanmaraş , Turkey
| | - Sabahattin Cömertpay
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University , Kahramanmaraş , Turkey
- Department of Bioengineering and Sciences, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University , Kahramanmaraş , Turkey
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9
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Liu H, Chen Z, Jin W, Barve A, Wan YJY, Cheng K. Silencing of α-complex protein-2 reverses alcohol- and cytokine-induced fibrogenesis in hepatic stellate cells. LIVER RESEARCH 2017; 1:70-79. [PMID: 28966795 PMCID: PMC5613955 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM α-complex protein-2 (αCP2) encoded by the poly (rC) binding protein 2(PCBP2) gene is responsible for the accumulation of type I collagen in fibrotic livers. In this study, we silenced the PCBP2 gene using a small interfering RNA (siRNA) to reverse alcohol-and cytokine-induced profibrogenic effects on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). METHODS Primary rat HSCs and the HSC-T6 cell line were used as fibrogenic models to mimic the initiation and perpetuation stages of fibrogenesis, respectively. We previously found that a PCBP2 siRNA, which efficiently silences expression of αCP2, reduces the stability of type I collagen mRNA. We investigated the effects of the PCBP2 siRNA on cell proliferation and migration. Expression of type I collagen in HSCs was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. In addition, we evaluated the effects of the PCBP2 siRNA on apoptosis and the cell cycle. RESULTS PCBP2 siRNA reversed multiple alcohol- and cytokine-induced profibrogenic effects on primary rat HSCs and HSC-T6 cells. The PCBP2 siRNA also reversed alcohol- and cytokine-induced accumulation of type I collagen as well as cell proliferation and migration. Moreover, the combination of LY2109761, a transforming growth factor-β1 inhibitor, and the PCBP2 siRNA exerted a synergistic inhibitive effect on the accumulation of type I collagen in HSCs. CONCLUSIONS Silencing of PCBP2 using siRNA could be a potential therapeutic strategy for alcoholic liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Zhijin Chen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Wei Jin
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Ashutosh Barve
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kun Cheng
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA,Corresponding author. Kun Cheng, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, USA. (K. Cheng)
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10
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Ezhilarasan D, Evraerts J, Brice S, Buc-Calderon P, Karthikeyan S, Sokal E, Najimi M. Silibinin Inhibits Proliferation and Migration of Human Hepatic Stellate LX-2 Cells. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2016; 6:167-174. [PMID: 27746612 PMCID: PMC5052367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play pivotal role in the progression of hepatic fibrosis consequent to chronic liver injury. Silibinin (SBN), a flavonoid compound, has shown to possess cell cycle arresting potential against many actively proliferating cancers cell lines. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-proliferative and cell cycle arresting properties of SBN in rapidly proliferating human hepatic stellate LX-2 cell line. METHODS LX-2 cells were fed with culture medium supplemented with different concentrations of SBN (10, 50 and 100 μM). After 24 and 96 h of treatment, total cell number was determined by counting. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by trypan blue dye exclusion test. The expression profile of cMyc and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) protein expressions was evaluated by Western blotting. Oxidative stress marker genes profile was quantified using qPCR. The migratory response of HSCs was observed by scrape wound healing assay. RESULTS SBN treatments significantly inhibit the LX-2 cell proliferation (without affecting its viability) in dose dependent manner. This treatment also retards the migration of LX-2 cells toward injured area. In Western blotting studies SBN treatment up regulated the protein expressions of PPAR-γ and inhibited cMyc. CONCLUSION The present study shows that SBN retards the proliferation, activation and migration of LX-2 cells without inducing cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. The profound effects could be due to cell cycle arresting potential of SBN.
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Key Words
- AKR1C1, aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C1
- ARE, antioxidant responsive element
- CDKI, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor
- CYP450, cytochrome P450
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- DMSO, dimethylsulphoxide
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- HMOX1, heme oxygenase (decycling) 1
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- NQO1, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1
- Nrf-2, nuclear respiratory factor
- PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ
- PPIA, peptidylprolyl isomerase A
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SBN, silibinin
- TXNRD1, thioredoxin reductase 1
- cytotoxicity
- hepatic stellate cells
- oxidative stress
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- wound healing
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Evraerts
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sid Brice
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Toxicology and Cancer Biology Research Group, PMNT Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pedro Buc-Calderon
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Sivanesan Karthikeyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology, Food and Hepatotoxicology Laboratory, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600 113, India
| | - Etienne Sokal
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mustapha Najimi
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium,Address for correspondence: Mustapha Najimi, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale & Clinique (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Avenue Mounier, 52, Box B1.52.03, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.Institut de Recherche Expérimentale & Clinique (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell TherapyAvenue Mounier, 52, Box B1.52.03Brussels1200Belgium
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11
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García-Casal MN, Peña-Rosas JP, Malavé HG. Sauces, spices, and condiments: definitions, potential benefits, consumption patterns, and global markets. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1379:3-16. [PMID: 27153401 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spices and condiments are an important part of human history and nutrition, and have played an important role in the development of most cultures around the world. According to the Codex Alimentarius, the category of salts, spices, soups, sauces, salads, and protein products includes substances added to foods to enhance aroma and taste. Spices have been reported to have health benefits as antioxidant, antibiotic, antiviral, anticoagulant, anticarcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory agents. Health claims about the benefits of condiments for disease prevention or health improvement need to be science based and extensively supported by evidence; data on their preventive or protective potential in humans are currently limited. The condiments market has been growing continuously over the last few years, with the quantity of products sold under the category of sauces, dressings, and condiments during the period 2008-2013 increasing from 31,749,000 to 35,795,000 metric tons. About 50 of the 86 spices produced in the world are grown in India. From 2008 to 2013, the United States was the largest importer of spices, followed by Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Russia. The main buyers of fish sauce are Vietnam and Thailand, with purchases of 333,000 and 284,000 metric tons in 2013, respectively. The sauces and condiments category is dynamic, with large differences in consumption in habits and practices among countries. This paper aims to establish definitions and discuss potential health benefits, consumption patterns, and global markets for sauces, spices, and condiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nieves García-Casal
- Evidence and Programme Guidance, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Juan Pablo Peña-Rosas
- Evidence and Programme Guidance, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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Nakhaei-Rad S, Nakhaeizadeh H, Götze S, Kordes C, Sawitza I, Hoffmann MJ, Franke M, Schulz WA, Scheller J, Piekorz RP, Häussinger D, Ahmadian MR. The Role of Embryonic Stem Cell-expressed RAS (ERAS) in the Maintenance of Quiescent Hepatic Stellate Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8399-413. [PMID: 26884329 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.700088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were recently identified as liver-resident mesenchymal stem cells. HSCs are activated after liver injury and involved in pivotal processes, such as liver development, immunoregulation, regeneration, and also fibrogenesis. To date, several studies have reported candidate pathways that regulate the plasticity of HSCs during physiological and pathophysiological processes. Here we analyzed the expression changes and activity of the RAS family GTPases and thereby investigated the signaling networks of quiescent HSCs versus activated HSCs. For the first time, we report that embryonic stem cell-expressed RAS (ERAS) is specifically expressed in quiescent HSCs and down-regulated during HSC activation via promoter DNA methylation. Notably, in quiescent HSCs, the high level of ERAS protein correlates with the activation of AKT, STAT3, mTORC2, and HIPPO signaling pathways and inactivation of FOXO1 and YAP. Our data strongly indicate that in quiescent HSCs, ERAS targets AKT via two distinct pathways driven by PI3Kα/δ and mTORC2, whereas in activated HSCs, RAS signaling shifts to RAF-MEK-ERK. Thus, in contrast to the reported role of ERAS in tumor cells associated with cell proliferation, our findings indicate that ERAS is important to maintain quiescence in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty
| | | | - Silke Götze
- the Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Claus Kordes
- the Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Iris Sawitza
- the Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- the Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manuel Franke
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- the Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty
| | - Roland P Piekorz
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- the Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Mohammad R Ahmadian
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty,
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13
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Coombes JD, Choi SS, Swiderska-Syn M, Manka P, Reid DT, Palma E, Briones-Orta MA, Xie G, Younis R, Kitamura N, Della Peruta M, Bitencourt S, Dollé L, Oo YH, Mi Z, Kuo PC, Williams R, Chokshi S, Canbay A, Claridge LC, Eksteen B, Diehl AM, Syn WK. Osteopontin is a proximal effector of leptin-mediated non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:135-44. [PMID: 26529285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver fibrosis develops when hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are activated into collagen-producing myofibroblasts. In non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the adipokine leptin is upregulated, and promotes liver fibrosis by directly activating HSC via the hedgehog pathway. We reported that hedgehog-regulated osteopontin (OPN) plays a key role in promoting liver fibrosis. Herein, we evaluated if OPN mediates leptin-profibrogenic effects in NASH. METHODS Leptin-deficient (ob/ob) and wild-type (WT) mice were fed control or methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet. Liver tissues were assessed by Sirius-red, OPN and αSMA IHC, and qRT-PCR for fibrogenic genes. In vitro, HSC with stable OPN (or control) knockdown were treated with recombinant (r)leptin and OPN-neutralizing or sham-aptamers. HSC response to OPN loss was assessed by wound healing assay. OPN-aptamers were also added to precision-cut liver slices (PCLS), and administered to MCD-fed WT (leptin-intact) mice to determine if OPN neutralization abrogated fibrogenesis. RESULTS MCD-fed WT mice developed NASH-fibrosis, upregulated OPN, and accumulated αSMA+ cells. Conversely, MCD-fed ob/ob mice developed less fibrosis and accumulated fewer αSMA+ and OPN+ cells. In vitro, leptin-treated HSC upregulated OPN, αSMA, collagen 1α1 and TGFβ mRNA by nearly 3-fold, but this effect was blunted by OPN loss. Inhibition of PI3K and transduction of dominant negative-Akt abrogated leptin-mediated OPN induction, while constitutive active-Akt upregulated OPN. Finally, OPN neutralization reduced leptin-mediated fibrogenesis in both PCLS and MCD-fed mice. CONCLUSION OPN overexpression in NASH enhances leptin-mediated fibrogenesis via PI3K/Akt. OPN neutralization significantly reduces NASH fibrosis, reinforcing the potential utility of targeting OPN in the treatment of patients with advanced NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Coombes
- Regeneration and Repair Group, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK; Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, UK
| | - Steve S Choi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, NC, USA; Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Durham Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Paul Manka
- Regeneration and Repair Group, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Danielle T Reid
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Health Research and Innovation Centre (HRIC), University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Elena Palma
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, UK; Viral Hepatitis and Alcohol Research Group, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
| | - Marco A Briones-Orta
- Regeneration and Repair Group, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK; Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, UK
| | - Guanhua Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, NC, USA
| | - Rasha Younis
- Regeneration and Repair Group, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
| | - Naoto Kitamura
- Regeneration and Repair Group, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
| | - Marco Della Peruta
- Viral Hepatitis and Alcohol Research Group, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
| | - Shanna Bitencourt
- Liver Cell Biology Lab (LIVR), Department of Cell Biology (CYTO), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Dollé
- Liver Cell Biology Lab (LIVR), Department of Cell Biology (CYTO), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ye Htun Oo
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zhiyong Mi
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University, Chicago, USA
| | - Paul C Kuo
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University, Chicago, USA
| | - Roger Williams
- Regeneration and Repair Group, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK; Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, UK
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, UK; Viral Hepatitis and Alcohol Research Group, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
| | - Ali Canbay
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Bertus Eksteen
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Health Research and Innovation Centre (HRIC), University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, NC, USA
| | - Wing-Kin Syn
- Regeneration and Repair Group, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK; Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, UK; Department of Surgery, Loyola University, Chicago, USA; Liver Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK; Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain.
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14
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Bitencourt S, Stradiot L, Verhulst S, Thoen L, Mannaerts I, van Grunsven LA. Inhibitory effect of dietary capsaicin on liver fibrosis in mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1107-16. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanna Bitencourt
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
| | - Leslie Stradiot
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
| | - Stefaan Verhulst
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
| | - Lien Thoen
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
| | - Inge Mannaerts
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
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15
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Capsaicin suppresses the migration of cholangiocarcinoma cells by down-regulating matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression via the AMPK–NF-κB signaling pathway. Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 31:897-907. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-014-9678-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Meral O, Alpay M, Kismali G, Kosova F, Cakir DU, Pekcan M, Yigit S, Sel T. Capsaicin inhibits cell proliferation by cytochrome c release in gastric cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:6485-92. [PMID: 24682934 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin (trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is the principal pungent component in hot peppers. The role of capsaicin in carcinogenesis is quite controversial. Although some investigators suspect that capsaicin is a carcinogen, co-carcinogen, or tumor promoter, others have reported that it has chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and chemosensitizing activities of capsaicin alone and on 5-flourouracil (5-FU)-treated gastric cancer cells. In this study, the gastric cancer cell line HGC-27 was used and capsaicin used as a chemosensitizer and 5-flourouracil (5-FU) was used as chemotherapeutic. Cytotoxicity and chemosensitizing activities were analyzed with MTT assay; supernatant levels of LDH and glucose were detected as biochemical markers of cell viability; cytochrome c and AIF were evaluated with western blot; and additionally, wound-healing assays were employed. Results suggested that capsaicin had significant anticancer abilities; such capsaicin were capable of causing multifold decreases in the half maximal inhibitory concentration IC50 value of 5-FU. The continuing controversy surrounding consumption or topical application of capsaicin clearly suggests that more well-controlled epidemiologic studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of capsaicin use. In summary, the present study demonstrated that capsaicin has the potential to be used for treating gastric carcinoma with 5-FU in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogunc Meral
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110, Turkey,
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