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Campbell JM, Gosnell M, Agha A, Handley S, Knab A, Anwer AG, Bhargava A, Goldys EM. Label-Free Assessment of Key Biological Autofluorophores: Material Characteristics and Opportunities for Clinical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403761. [PMID: 38775184 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Autofluorophores are endogenous fluorescent compounds that naturally occur in the intra and extracellular spaces of all tissues and organs. Most have vital biological functions - like the metabolic cofactors NAD(P)H and FAD+, as well as the structural protein collagen. Others are considered to be waste products - like lipofuscin and advanced glycation end products - which accumulate with age and are associated with cellular dysfunction. Due to their natural fluorescence, these materials have great utility for enabling non-invasive, label-free assays with direct ties to biological function. Numerous technologies, with different advantages and drawbacks, are applied to their assessment, including fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, hyperspectral microscopy, and flow cytometry. Here, the applications of label-free autofluorophore assessment are reviewed for clinical and health-research applications, with specific attention to biomaterials, disease detection, surgical guidance, treatment monitoring, and tissue assessment - fields that greatly benefit from non-invasive methodologies capable of continuous, in vivo characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M Campbell
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2033, Australia
| | | | - Adnan Agha
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2033, Australia
| | - Shannon Handley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2033, Australia
| | - Aline Knab
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2033, Australia
| | - Ayad G Anwer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2033, Australia
| | - Akanksha Bhargava
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2033, Australia
| | - Ewa M Goldys
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2033, Australia
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Abstract
Endogenous photosensitizers play a critical role in both beneficial and harmful light-induced transformations in biological systems. Understanding their mode of action is essential for advancing fields such as photomedicine, photoredox catalysis, environmental science, and the development of sun care products. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of endogenous photosensitizers in human skin, investigating the connections between their electronic excitation and the subsequent activation or damage of organic biomolecules. We gather the physicochemical and photochemical properties of key endogenous photosensitizers and examine the relationships between their chemical reactivity, location within the skin, and the primary biochemical events following solar radiation exposure, along with their influence on skin physiology and pathology. An important take-home message of this review is that photosensitization allows visible light and UV-A radiation to have large effects on skin. The analysis presented here unveils potential causes for the continuous increase in global skin cancer cases and emphasizes the limitations of current sun protection approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick L Bastos
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank H Quina
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício S Baptista
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kitao M, Yamaguchi A, Tomioka T, Kai K, Kamei Y, Sugimoto K, Akagawa M. Astaxanthin protects human ARPE-19 retinal pigment epithelium cells from blue light-induced phototoxicity by scavenging singlet oxygen. Free Radic Res 2023; 57:430-443. [PMID: 37897411 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2023.2277144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of an increasing number of diseases that causes irreversible impairment and loss of vision in the elderly. AMD occurs by oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis of retinal pigment epithelium cells. The onset of AMD may be positively correlated with the exposure to blue light. We screened food-derived carotenoids for cytoprotective action against blue light irradiation using human ARPE-19 retinal pigment epithelium cells. This study revealed that blue light irradiation triggered apoptosis and oxidative stress in all-trans-retinal (atRAL)-exposed ARPE-19 cells by generating singlet oxygen (1O2), leading to significant cell death. We found that astaxanthin, a potent anti-oxidative xanthophyll abundant in several marine organisms including microalgae, salmon, and shrimp, significantly suppresses blue light-induced apoptotic cell death of atRAL-exposed ARPE-19 cells by scavenging 1O2. Mechanistic studies using the blue-light irradiated cells also demonstrated that the cytoprotective effects of astaxanthin can be attributed to scavenging of 1O2 directly. Our results suggest the potential value of astaxanthin as a dietary strategy to prevent blue light-induced retinal degeneration including AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Kitao
- Faculty of Biomolecular Chemistry, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Ai Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Integrated Bioscience, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Takuma Tomioka
- Faculty of Biomolecular Chemistry, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Kenji Kai
- Faculty of Biomolecular Chemistry, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Yuki Kamei
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugimoto
- Faculty of Integrated Bioscience, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Akagawa
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Pyrimethamine induces phototoxicity in human keratinocytes via lysosomal and mitochondrial dependent signaling pathways under environmental UVA and UVB exposure. Toxicology 2022; 479:153320. [PMID: 36108988 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyrimethamine (PYR) is used to treat parasitic infections including toxoplasmosis, pneumonia and cystoisosporiasis in HIV patients. Various oral medicines have shown phototoxicity therefore, we aimed to study the phototoxicity of PYR and its molecular mechanism involving stress responsive lysosomal protein Lamp2 and mitochondrial mediated signaling pathway under normal UVA/B exposure. We found that photodegradation and subsequent photoproduct formation was evident through LCMS/MS analysis. Photosensitized PYR produces ROS that cause damage to DNA, cell membrane and membrane bound organelles in human keratinocytes. PYR triggered cytotoxicity and phototoxicity that was evident through MTT and NRU assay respectively. Intracellular ROS generation caused phosphatidyl serine (PS) translocation in cell membrane, lysosome membrane permeabilization (LMP) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse that was further validated through caspase3 activation. DNA damage was measured as tail DNA formation and cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. Photosensitized PYR induces oxidative stress in the form of overexpression of Lamp2 that ultimately led to cellular apoptosis. Moreover, the effects of UVB were higher than UVA, probably due to its direct interaction with various macromolecules. We propose that photoexcited PYR may be harmful to human health even at normal sunlight exposure. Therefore, protective procedures should be practiced during PYR medication.
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Dontsov A, Yakovleva M, Trofimova N, Sakina N, Gulin A, Aybush A, Gostev F, Vasin A, Feldman T, Ostrovsky M. Water-Soluble Products of Photooxidative Destruction of the Bisretinoid A2E Cause Proteins Modification in the Dark. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031534. [PMID: 35163454 PMCID: PMC8836230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging of the retina is accompanied by a sharp increase in the content of lipofuscin granules and bisretinoid A2E in the cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the human eye. It is known that A2E can have a toxic effect on RPE cells. However, the specific mechanisms of the toxic effect of A2E are poorly understood. We investigated the effect of the products of photooxidative destruction of A2E on the modification of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and hemoglobin from bovine erythrocytes. A2E was irradiated with a blue light-emitting diode (LED) source (450 nm) or full visible light (400–700 nm) of a halogen lamp, and the resulting water-soluble products of photooxidative destruction were investigated for the content of carbonyl compounds by mass spectrometry and reaction with thiobarbituric acid. It has been shown that water-soluble products formed during A2E photooxidation and containing carbonyl compounds cause modification of serum albumin and hemoglobin, measured by an increase in fluorescence intensity at 440–455 nm. The antiglycation agent aminoguanidine inhibited the process of modification of proteins. It is assumed that water-soluble carbonyl products formed as a result of A2E photodestruction led to the formation of modified proteins, activation of the inflammation process, and, as a consequence, to the progression of various senile eye pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dontsov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.Y.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (T.F.); (M.O.)
- Correspondence: ; +7-495-939-7422
| | - Marina Yakovleva
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.Y.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (T.F.); (M.O.)
| | - Natalia Trofimova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.Y.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (T.F.); (M.O.)
| | - Natalia Sakina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.Y.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (T.F.); (M.O.)
| | - Alexander Gulin
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (A.A.); (F.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Arseny Aybush
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (A.A.); (F.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Fedor Gostev
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (A.A.); (F.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Alexander Vasin
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (A.A.); (F.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Tatiana Feldman
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.Y.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (T.F.); (M.O.)
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Ostrovsky
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.Y.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (T.F.); (M.O.)
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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Różanowska MB, Różanowski B. Photodegradation of Lipofuscin in Suspension and in ARPE-19 Cells and the Similarity of Fluorescence of the Photodegradation Product with Oxidized Docosahexaenoate. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020922. [PMID: 35055111 PMCID: PMC8778276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal lipofuscin accumulates with age in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), where its fluorescence properties are used to assess retinal health. It was observed that there is a decrease in lipofuscin fluorescence above the age of 75 years and in the early stages of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of lipofuscin isolated from human RPE and lipofuscin-laden cells to visible light, and to determine whether an abundant component of lipofuscin, docosahexaenoate (DHA), can contribute to lipofuscin fluorescence upon oxidation. Exposure of lipofuscin to visible light leads to a decrease in its long-wavelength fluorescence at about 610 nm, with a concomitant increase in the short-wavelength fluorescence. The emission spectrum of photodegraded lipofuscin exhibits similarity with that of oxidized DHA. Exposure of lipofuscin-laden cells to light leads to a loss of lipofuscin granules from cells, while retaining cell viability. The spectral changes in fluorescence in lipofuscin-laden cells resemble those seen during photodegradation of isolated lipofuscin. Our results demonstrate that fluorescence emission spectra, together with quantitation of the intensity of long-wavelength fluorescence, can serve as a marker useful for lipofuscin quantification and for monitoring its oxidation, and hence useful for screening the retina for increased oxidative damage and early AMD-related changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata B. Różanowska
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-2920875057
| | - Bartosz Różanowski
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Kraków, 30-084 Kraków, Poland;
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Mokrzyński K, Krzysztyńska-Kuleta O, Zawrotniak M, Sarna M, Sarna T. Fine Particulate Matter-Induced Oxidative Stress Mediated by UVA-Visible Light Leads to Keratinocyte Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10645. [PMID: 34638985 PMCID: PMC8509012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human skin is exposed to various environmental factors including solar radiation and ambient air pollutants. Although, due to its physical and biological properties, the skin efficiently protects the body against the harm of environmental factors, their excessive levels and possible synergistic action may lead to harmful effects. Among particulate matter present in ambient air pollutants, PM2.5 is of particular importance for it can penetrate both disrupted and intact skin, causing adverse effects to skin tissue. Although certain components of PM2.5 can exhibit photochemical activity, only a limited amount of data regarding the interaction of PM2.5 with light and its effect on skin tissue are available. This study focused on light-induced toxicity in cultured human keratinocytes, which was mediated by PM2.5 obtained in different seasons. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were employed to determine sizes of the particles. The ability of PM2.5 to photogenerate free radicals and singlet oxygen was studied using EPR spin-trapping and time-resolved singlet oxygen phosphorescence, respectively. Solar simulator with selected filters was used as light source for cell treatment to model environmental lightning conditions. Cytotoxicity of photoexcited PM2.5 was analyzed using MTT assay, PI staining and flow cytometry, and the apoptotic pathway was further examined using Caspase-3/7 assay and RT-PCR. Iodometric assay and JC-10 assay were used to investigate damage to cell lipids and mitochondria. Light-excited PM2.5 were found to generate free radicals and singlet oxygen in season-dependent manner. HaCaT cells containing PM2.5 and irradiated with UV-Vis exhibited oxidative stress features-increased peroxidation of intracellular lipids, decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential, enhanced expression of oxidative stress related genes and apoptotic cell death. The data indicate that sunlight can significantly increase PM2.5-mediated toxicity in skin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystian Mokrzyński
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Cracow, Poland; (K.M.); (O.K.-K.); (M.S.)
| | - Olga Krzysztyńska-Kuleta
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Cracow, Poland; (K.M.); (O.K.-K.); (M.S.)
| | - Marcin Zawrotniak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Michał Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Cracow, Poland; (K.M.); (O.K.-K.); (M.S.)
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Cracow, Poland; (K.M.); (O.K.-K.); (M.S.)
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Kim HJ, Montenegro D, Zhao J, Sparrow JR. Bisretinoids of the Retina: Photo-Oxidation, Iron-Catalyzed Oxidation, and Disease Consequences. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091382. [PMID: 34573014 PMCID: PMC8467448 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina and, in particular, retinal pigment epithelial cells are unusual for being encumbered by exposure to visible light, while being oxygen-rich, and also amassing photoreactive molecules. These fluorophores (bisretinoids) are generated as a byproduct of the activity of vitamin A aldehyde-the chromophore necessary for vision. Bisretinoids form in photoreceptor cells due to random reactions of two molecules of vitamin A aldehyde with phosphatidylethanolamine; bisretinoids are subsequently transferred to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, where they accumulate in the lysosomal compartment with age. Bisretinoids can generate reactive oxygen species by both energy and electron transfer, and they become photo-oxidized and photolyzed in the process. While these fluorescent molecules are accrued by RPE cells of all healthy eyes, they are also implicated in retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, 635 W., 165th Str., New York, NY 10032, USA; (H.J.K.); (D.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Diego Montenegro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, 635 W., 165th Str., New York, NY 10032, USA; (H.J.K.); (D.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, 635 W., 165th Str., New York, NY 10032, USA; (H.J.K.); (D.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Janet R. Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, 635 W., 165th Str., New York, NY 10032, USA; (H.J.K.); (D.M.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 635 W., 165th Str., New York, NY 10032, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-212-305-9944
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