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Mishra T, Singh S, Singh TG. Therapeutic Implications and Regulations of Protein Post-translational Modifications in Parkinsons Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:53. [PMID: 38960968 PMCID: PMC11222187 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Parkinsons disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic neuron loss and alpha-synuclein aggregation. This comprehensive review examines the intricate role of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in PD pathogenesis, focusing on DNA methylation, histone modifications, phosphorylation, SUMOylation, and ubiquitination. Targeted PTM modulation, particularly in key proteins like Parkin, DJ1, and PINK1, emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy for mitigating dopaminergic degeneration in PD. Dysregulated PTMs significantly contribute to the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates and dopaminergic neuronal dysfunction observed in PD. Targeting PTMs, including epigenetic strategies, addressing aberrant phosphorylation events, and modulating SUMOylation processes, provides potential avenues for intervention. The ubiquitin-proteasome system, governed by enzymes like Parkin and Nedd4, offers potential targets for clearing misfolded proteins and developing disease-modifying interventions. Compounds like ginkgolic acid, SUMO E1 enzyme inhibitors, and natural compounds like Indole-3-carbinol illustrate the feasibility of modulating PTMs for therapeutic purposes in PD. This review underscores the therapeutic potential of PTM-targeted interventions in modulating PD-related pathways, emphasizing the need for further research in this promising area of Parkinsons disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Mishra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
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2
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Jiang Y, Hu L, Wang B, Zhang B, Shao M, Meng L, Xu Y, Chen R, Li M, Du C. Disrupting PIAS3-mediated SUMOylation of MLK3 ameliorates poststroke neuronal damage and deficits in cognitive and sensorimotor behaviors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:119. [PMID: 38456949 PMCID: PMC10924033 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Activated small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) have been implicated in neuropathological processes following ischemic stroke. However, the target proteins of SUMOylation and their contribution to neuronal injury remain to be elucidated. MLK3 (mixed-lineage kinase 3), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) family, is a critical regulator of neuronal lesions following cerebral ischemia. Here, we found that SUMOylation of MLK3 increases in both global and focal ischemic rodent models and primary neuronal models of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). SUMO1 conjugation at the Lys401 site of MLK3 promoted its activation, stimulated its downstream p38/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) cascades, and led to cell apoptosis. The interaction of MLK3 with PIAS3, a SUMO ligase, was elevated following ischemia and reperfusion. The PINIT domain of PIAS3 was involved in direct interactions with MLK3. Overexpression of the PINIT domain of PIAS3 disrupted the MLK3-PIAS3 interaction, inhibited SUMOylation of MLK3, suppressed downstream signaling, and reduced cell apoptosis and neurite damage. In rodent ischemic models, the overexpression of the PINIT domain reduced brain lesions and alleviated deficits in learning, memory, and sensorimotor functions. Our findings demonstrate that brain ischemia-induced MLK3 SUMOylation by PIAS3 is a potential target against poststroke neuronal lesions and behavioral impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lulu Hu
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baixue Wang
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingge Zhang
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengwen Shao
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Meng
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rourou Chen
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Li
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Caiping Du
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Chang KC. Influence of Sox protein SUMOylation on neural development and regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:477-481. [PMID: 34380874 PMCID: PMC8504373 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.320968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
SRY-related HMG-box (Sox) transcription factors are known to regulate central nervous system development and are involved in several neurological diseases. Post-translational modification of Sox proteins is known to alter their functions in the central nervous system. Among the different types of post-translational modification, small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modification of Sox proteins has been shown to modify their transcriptional activity. Here, we review the mechanisms of three Sox proteins in neuronal development and disease, along with their transcriptional changes under SUMOylation. Across three species, lysine is the conserved residue for SUMOylation. In Drosophila, SUMOylation of SoxN plays a repressive role in transcriptional activity, which impairs central nervous system development. However, deSUMOylation of SoxE and Sox11 plays neuroprotective roles, which promote neural crest precursor formation in Xenopus and retinal ganglion cell differentiation as well as axon regeneration in the rodent. We further discuss a potential translational therapy by SUMO site modification using AAV gene transduction and Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9 technology. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of Sox SUMOylation, especially in the rodent system, may provide a therapeutic strategy to address issues associated with neuronal development and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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4
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Keo A, Dzyubachyk O, van der Grond J, van Hilten JJ, Reinders MJT, Mahfouz A. Transcriptomic Signatures Associated With Regional Cortical Thickness Changes in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:733501. [PMID: 34658772 PMCID: PMC8519261 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.733501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical atrophy is a common manifestation in Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly in advanced stages of the disease. To elucidate the molecular underpinnings of cortical thickness changes in PD, we performed an integrated analysis of brain-wide healthy transcriptomic data from the Allen Human Brain Atlas and patterns of cortical thickness based on T1-weighted anatomical MRI data of 149 PD patients and 369 controls. For this purpose, we used partial least squares regression to identify gene expression patterns correlated with cortical thickness changes. In addition, we identified gene expression patterns underlying the relationship between cortical thickness and clinical domains of PD. Our results show that genes whose expression in the healthy brain is associated with cortical thickness changes in PD are enriched in biological pathways related to sumoylation, regulation of mitotic cell cycle, mitochondrial translation, DNA damage responses, and ER-Golgi traffic. The associated pathways were highly related to each other and all belong to cellular maintenance mechanisms. The expression of genes within most pathways was negatively correlated with cortical thickness changes, showing higher expression in regions associated with decreased cortical thickness (atrophy). On the other hand, sumoylation pathways were positively correlated with cortical thickness changes, showing higher expression in regions with increased cortical thickness (hypertrophy). Our findings suggest that alterations in the balanced interplay of these mechanisms play a role in changes of cortical thickness in PD and possibly influence motor and cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlin Keo
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Oleh Dzyubachyk
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marcel J. T. Reinders
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Mahfouz
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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5
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Loh D, Reiter RJ. Melatonin: Regulation of Biomolecular Condensates in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1483. [PMID: 34573116 PMCID: PMC8465482 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates are membraneless organelles (MLOs) that form dynamic, chemically distinct subcellular compartments organizing macromolecules such as proteins, RNA, and DNA in unicellular prokaryotic bacteria and complex eukaryotic cells. Separated from surrounding environments, MLOs in the nucleoplasm, cytoplasm, and mitochondria assemble by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) into transient, non-static, liquid-like droplets that regulate essential molecular functions. LLPS is primarily controlled by post-translational modifications (PTMs) that fine-tune the balance between attractive and repulsive charge states and/or binding motifs of proteins. Aberrant phase separation due to dysregulated membrane lipid rafts and/or PTMs, as well as the absence of adequate hydrotropic small molecules such as ATP, or the presence of specific RNA proteins can cause pathological protein aggregation in neurodegenerative disorders. Melatonin may exert a dominant influence over phase separation in biomolecular condensates by optimizing membrane and MLO interdependent reactions through stabilizing lipid raft domains, reducing line tension, and maintaining negative membrane curvature and fluidity. As a potent antioxidant, melatonin protects cardiolipin and other membrane lipids from peroxidation cascades, supporting protein trafficking, signaling, ion channel activities, and ATPase functionality during condensate coacervation or dissolution. Melatonin may even control condensate LLPS through PTM and balance mRNA- and RNA-binding protein composition by regulating N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications. There is currently a lack of pharmaceuticals targeting neurodegenerative disorders via the regulation of phase separation. The potential of melatonin in the modulation of biomolecular condensate in the attenuation of aberrant condensate aggregation in neurodegenerative disorders is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Loh
- Independent Researcher, Marble Falls, TX 78654, USA
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Conz A, Musi CA, Russo L, Borsello T, Colnaghi L. Super-resolution study of PIAS SUMO E3-ligases in hippocampal and cortical neurons. Eur J Histochem 2021; 65:3241. [PMID: 34459572 PMCID: PMC8419632 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The SUMOylation machinery is a regulator of neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity. It is composed of SUMO isoforms and specialized enzymes named E1, E2 and E3 SUMO ligases. Recent studies have highlighted how SUMO isoforms and E2 enzymes localize with synaptic markers to support previous functional studies but less information is available on E3 ligases. PIAS proteins - belonging to the protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) SUMO E3-ligase family - are the best-characterized SUMO E3-ligases and have been linked to the formation of spatial memory in rodents. Whether however they exert their function co-localizing with synaptic markers is still unclear. In this study, we applied for the first time structured illumination microscopy (SIM) to PIAS ligases to investigate the co-localization of PIAS1 and PIAS3 with synaptic markers in hippocampal and cortical murine neurons. The results indicate partial co-localization of PIAS1 and PIAS3 with synaptic markers in hippocampal neurons and much rarer occurrence in cortical neurons. This is in line with previous super-resolution reports describing the co-localization with synaptic markers of other components of the SUMOylation machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Conz
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan.
| | - Clara Alice Musi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan.
| | - Luca Russo
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan.
| | - Tiziana Borsello
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan.
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Verma DK, Ghosh A, Ruggiero L, Cartier E, Janezic E, Williams D, Jung EG, Moore M, Seo JB, Kim YH. The SUMO Conjugase Ubc9 Protects Dopaminergic Cells from Cytotoxicity and Enhances the Stability of α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease Models. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0134-20.2020. [PMID: 32887693 PMCID: PMC7519168 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0134-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is a widespread regulatory mechanism of post-translational modification (PTM) that induces rapid and reversible changes in protein function and stability. Using SUMO conjugase Ubc9-overexpressing or knock-down cells in Parkinson's disease (PD) models, we demonstrate that SUMOylation protects dopaminergic cells against MPP+ or preformed fibrils (PFFs) of α-synuclein (α-syn)-induced toxicities in cell viability and cytotoxicity assays. In the mechanism of protection, Ubc9 overexpression significantly suppressed the MPP+ or PFF-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, while Ubc9-RNAi enhanced the toxicity-induced ROS production. Further, PFF-mediated protein aggregation was exacerbated by Ubc9-RNAi in thioflavin T staining, compared with NC1 controls. In cycloheximide (Chx)-based protein stability assays, higher protein level of α-syn was identified in Ubc9-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) than in EGFP cells. Since there was no difference in endogenous mRNA levels of α-syn between Ubc9 and EGFP cells in quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), we assessed the mechanisms of SUMO-mediated delayed α-syn degradation via MG132, proteasomal inhibitor, and PMA, lysosomal degradation inducer. Ubc9-mediated SUMOylated α-syn avoided PMA-induced lysosomal degradation because of its high solubility. Our results suggest that Ubc9 enhances the levels of SUMO1 and ubiquitin on α-syn and interrupts SUMO1 removal from α-syn. In immunohistochemistry, dopaminergic axon tips in the striatum and cell bodies in the substantia nigra from Ubc9-overexpressing transgenic mice were protected from MPTP toxicities compared with wild-type (WT) siblings. Our results support that SUMOylation can be a regulatory target to protect dopaminergic neurons from oxidative stress and protein aggregation, with the implication that high levels of SUMOylation in dopaminergic neurons can prevent the pathologic progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar Verma
- Department of Biological Sciences/Neuroscience program, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901
| | - Anurupa Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences/Neuroscience program, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901
| | - Lindsey Ruggiero
- Department of Biological Sciences/Neuroscience program, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901
| | - Etienne Cartier
- Department of Biological Sciences/Neuroscience program, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901
| | - Eric Janezic
- Department of Biological Sciences/Neuroscience program, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901
| | - Dionne Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences/Neuroscience program, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901
| | - Eui-Gil Jung
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Moore
- Imaging Core, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901
| | - Jong Bok Seo
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences/Neuroscience program, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901
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8
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Wu R, Fang J, Liu M, A J, Liu J, Chen W, Li J, Ma G, Zhang Z, Zhang B, Fu L, Dong JT. SUMOylation of the transcription factor ZFHX3 at Lys-2806 requires SAE1, UBC9, and PIAS2 and enhances its stability and function in cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6741-6753. [PMID: 32249212 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation is a posttranslational modification (PTM) at a lysine residue and is crucial for the proper functions of many proteins, particularly of transcription factors, in various biological processes. Zinc finger homeobox 3 (ZFHX3), also known as AT motif-binding factor 1 (ATBF1), is a large transcription factor that is active in multiple pathological processes, including atrial fibrillation and carcinogenesis, and in circadian regulation and development. We have previously demonstrated that ZFHX3 is SUMOylated at three or more lysine residues. Here, we investigated which enzymes regulate ZFHX3 SUMOylation and whether SUMOylation modulates ZFHX3 stability and function. We found that SUMO1, SUMO2, and SUMO3 each are conjugated to ZFHX3. Multiple lysine residues in ZFHX3 were SUMOylated, but Lys-2806 was the major SUMOylation site, and we also found that it is highly conserved among ZFHX3 orthologs from different animal species. Using molecular analyses, we identified the enzymes that mediate ZFHX3 SUMOylation; these included SUMO1-activating enzyme subunit 1 (SAE1), an E1-activating enzyme; SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 (UBC9), an E2-conjugating enzyme; and protein inhibitor of activated STAT2 (PIAS2), an E3 ligase. Multiple analyses established that both SUMO-specific peptidase 1 (SENP1) and SENP2 deSUMOylate ZFHX3. SUMOylation at Lys-2806 enhanced ZFHX3 stability by interfering with its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Functionally, Lys-2806 SUMOylation enabled ZFHX3-mediated cell proliferation and xenograft tumor growth of the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. These findings reveal the enzymes involved in, and the functional consequences of, ZFHX3 SUMOylation, insights that may help shed light on ZFHX3's roles in various cellular and pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiali Fang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mingcheng Liu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jun A
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jinming Liu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wenxuan Chen
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Gui Ma
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhiqian Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Baotong Zhang
- Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Liya Fu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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9
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Küçükali CI, Salman B, Yüceer H, Ulusoy C, Abacı N, Ekmekci SS, Tüzün E, Bilgiç B, Hanağası HA. Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) 3 and SUMO4 gene polymorphisms in Parkinson’s disease. Neurol Res 2020; 42:451-457. [DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2020.1724464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cem Ismail Küçükali
- Department of Neuroscience, Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Burcu Salman
- Department of Genetics, Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Hande Yüceer
- Department of Neuroscience, Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Canan Ulusoy
- Department of Neuroscience, Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Neslihan Abacı
- Department of Genetics, Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sema Sırma Ekmekci
- Department of Genetics, Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Erdem Tüzün
- Department of Neuroscience, Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Başar Bilgiç
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Haşmet Ayhan Hanağası
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Yau TY, Molina O, Courey AJ. SUMOylation in development and neurodegeneration. Development 2020; 147:147/6/dev175703. [PMID: 32188601 DOI: 10.1242/dev.175703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In essentially all eukaryotes, proteins can be modified by the attachment of small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) proteins to lysine side chains to produce branched proteins. This process of 'SUMOylation' plays essential roles in plant and animal development by altering protein function in spatially and temporally controlled ways. In this Primer, we explain the process of SUMOylation and summarize how SUMOylation regulates a number of signal transduction pathways. Next, we discuss multiple roles of SUMOylation in the epigenetic control of transcription. In addition, we evaluate the role of SUMOylation in the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders, focusing on Parkinson's disease and cerebral ischemia. Finally, we discuss the possibility that SUMOylation may stimulate survival and neurogenesis of neuronal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak-Yu Yau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Oscar Molina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Albert J Courey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
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11
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Ginkgolic acid promotes autophagy-dependent clearance of intracellular alpha-synuclein aggregates. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 101:103416. [PMID: 31654699 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.103416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Lewy bodies) composed of aggregates of the alpha-synuclein (α-syn) protein is the principal pathological characteristic of Parkinson's disease (PD) and may lead to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. To date there is no medication that can promote the efficient clearance of these pathological aggregates. In this study, the effect on α-syn aggregate clearance of ginkgolic acid (GA), a natural compound extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaves that inhibits SUMOylation amongst other pathways, was assessed in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and rat primary cortical neurons. Depolarization of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and rat primary cortical neurons with KCl was used to induce α-syn aggregate formation. Cells pre-treated with either GA or the related compound, anacardic acid, revealed a significant decrease in intracytoplasmic aggregates immunopositive for α-syn and SUMO-1. An increased frequency of autophagosomes was also detected with both compounds. GA post-treatment 24 h after depolarization also significantly diminished α-syn aggregate bearing cells, indicating the clearance of pre-formed aggregates. Autophagy inhibitors blocked GA-dependent clearance of α-syn aggregates, but not increased autophagosome frequency. Western analysis revealed that the reduction in α-syn aggregate frequency obtained with GA pre-treatment was accompanied by little change in the abundance of SUMO conjugates. The current findings show that GA can promote autophagy-dependent clearance of α-syn aggregates and may have potential in disease modifying therapy.
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12
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Princz A, Tavernarakis N. SUMOylation in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Gerontology 2019; 66:122-130. [PMID: 31505513 DOI: 10.1159/000502142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications are ubiquitous regulators of cellular processes. The regulatory role of SUMOylation, the attachment of a small ubiquitin-related modifier to a target protein, has been implicated in fundamental processes like cell division, DNA damage repair, mitochondrial homeostasis, and stress responses. Recently, it is gaining more attention in drug discovery as well. As life expectancy keeps rising, more individuals are at risk for developing age-associated diseases. This not only makes a person's life uncomfortable, but it also places an economic burden on society. Therefore, finding treatments for age-related diseases is an important issue. Understanding the basic mechanisms in the cell under normal and disease conditions is fundamental for drug discovery. There is an increasing number of reports showing that the ageing process could be influenced by SUMOylation. Similarly, SUMOylation is essential for proper neuronal function. In this review we summarize the latest results regarding the connection between SUMOylation and neurodegenerative diseases. We highlight the significance of specific SUMO target proteins and the importance of SUMO isoform specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Princz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece, .,Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece,
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13
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Du Y, Hou G, Zhang H, Dou J, He J, Guo Y, Li L, Chen R, Wang Y, Deng R, Huang J, Jiang B, Xu M, Cheng J, Chen GQ, Zhao X, Yu J. SUMOylation of the m6A-RNA methyltransferase METTL3 modulates its function. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:5195-5208. [PMID: 29506078 PMCID: PMC6007514 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The methyltransferase like 3 (METTL3) is a key component of the large N6-adenosine-methyltransferase complex in mammalian responsible for N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in diverse RNAs including mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, small nuclear RNA, microRNA precursor and long non-coding RNA. However, the characteristics of METTL3 in activation and post-translational modification (PTM) is seldom understood. Here we find that METTL3 is modified by SUMO1 mainly at lysine residues K177, K211, K212 and K215, which can be reduced by an SUMO1-specific protease SENP1. SUMOylation of METTL3 does not alter its stability, localization and interaction with METTL14 and WTAP, but significantly represses its m6A methytransferase activity resulting in the decrease of m6A levels in mRNAs. Consistently with this, the abundance of m6A in mRNAs is increased with re-expression of the mutant METTL3-4KR compared to that of wild-type METTL3 in human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell line H1299-shMETTL3, in which endogenous METTL3 was knockdown. The alternation of m6A in mRNAs and subsequently change of gene expression profiles, which are mediated by SUMOylation of METTL3, may directly influence the soft-agar colony formation and xenografted tumor growth of H1299 cells. Our results uncover an important mechanism for SUMOylation of METTL3 regulating its m6A RNA methyltransferase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhang Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Guofang Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mohe Road, Shanghai 201999, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jinzhuo Dou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jianfeng He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yanming Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Rong Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mohe Road, Shanghai 201999, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mohe Road, Shanghai 201999, China
| | - Jinke Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jianxiu Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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14
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Kaur A, Gourav, Kumar S, Jaiswal N, Vashisht A, Kumar D, Gahlay GK, Mithu VS. NMR characterization of conformational fluctuations and noncovalent interactions of SUMO protein from Drosophila melanogaster (dSmt3). Proteins 2019; 87:658-667. [PMID: 30958586 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Structural heterogeneity in the native-state ensemble of dSmt3, the only small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) in Drosophila melanogaster, was investigated and compared with its human homologue SUMO1. Temperature dependence of amide proton's chemical shift was studied to identify amino acids possessing alternative structural conformations in the native state. Effect of small concentration of denaturant (1M urea) on this population was also monitored to assess the ruggedness of near-native energy landscape. Owing to presence of many such amino acids, especially in the β2 -loop-α region, the native state of dSmt3 seems more flexible in comparison to SUMO1. Information about backbone dynamics in ns-ps timescale was quantified from the measurement of 15 N-relaxation experiments. Furthermore, the noncovalent interaction of dSmt3 and SUMO1 with Daxx12 (Daxx729 DPEEIIVLSDSD740 ), a [V/I]-X-[V/I]-[V/I]-based SUMO interaction motif, was characterized using Bio-layer Interferometery and NMR spectroscopy. Daxx12 fits itself in the groove formed by β2 -loop-α structural region in both dSmt3 and SUMO1, but the binding is stronger with the former. Flexibility of β2 -loop-α region in dSmt3 is suspected to assist its interaction with Daxx12. Our results highlight the role of native-state flexibility in assisting noncovalent interactions of SUMO proteins especially in organisms where a single SUMO isoform has to tackle multiple substrates single handedly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Gourav
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Nancy Jaiswal
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashutosh Vashisht
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gagandeep K Gahlay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Venus S Mithu
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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15
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Free d-aspartate triggers NMDA receptor-dependent cell death in primary cortical neurons and perturbs JNK activation, Tau phosphorylation, and protein SUMOylation in the cerebral cortex of mice lacking d-aspartate oxidase activity. Exp Neurol 2019; 317:51-65. [PMID: 30822420 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, free d-aspartate (D-Asp) is abundant in the embryonic brain, while levels remain very low during adulthood as a result of the postnatal expression and activity of the catabolizing enzyme d-aspartate oxidase (DDO). Previous studies have shown that long-lasting exposure to nonphysiological, higher D-Asp concentrations in Ddo knockout (Ddo-/-) mice elicits a precocious decay of synaptic plasticity and cognitive functions, along with a dramatic age-dependent expression of active caspase 3, associated with increased cell death in different brain regions, including hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and substantia nigra pars compacta. Here, we investigate the yet unclear molecular and cellular events associated with the exposure of abnormally high D-Asp concentrations in cortical primary neurons and in the brain of Ddo-/- mice. For the first time, our in vitro findings document that D-Asp induces in a time-, dose-, and NMDA receptor-dependent manner alterations in JNK and Tau phosphorylation levels, associated with pronounced cell death in primary cortical neurons. Moreover, observations obtained in Ddo-/- animals confirmed that high in vivo levels of D-Asp altered cortical JNK signaling, Tau phosphorylation and enhanced protein SUMOylation, indicating a robust indirect role of DDO activity in regulating these biochemical NMDA receptor-related processes. Finally, no gross modifications in D-Asp concentrations and DDO mRNA expression were detected in the cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease when compared to age-matched healthy controls.
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16
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Cartier E, Garcia-Olivares J, Janezic E, Viana J, Moore M, Lin ML, Caplan JL, Torres G, Kim YH. The SUMO-Conjugase Ubc9 Prevents the Degradation of the Dopamine Transporter, Enhancing Its Cell Surface Level and Dopamine Uptake. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:35. [PMID: 30828290 PMCID: PMC6386010 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) is a plasma membrane protein responsible for the uptake of released dopamine back to the presynaptic terminal and ending dopamine neurotransmission. The DAT is the molecular target for cocaine and amphetamine as well as a number of pathological conditions including autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome (DTDS), and Parkinson’s disease. The DAT uptake capacity is dependent on its level in the plasma membrane. In vitro studies show that DAT functional expression is regulated by a balance of endocytosis, recycling, and lysosomal degradation. However, recent reports suggest that DAT regulation by endocytosis in neurons is less significant than previously reported. Therefore, additional mechanisms appear to determine DAT steady-state level and functional expression in the neuronal plasma membrane. Here, we hypothesize that the ubiquitin-like protein small ubiquitin-like modifier 1 (SUMO1) increases the DAT steady-state level in the plasma membrane. In confocal microscopy, fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET), and Western blot analyses, we demonstrate that DAT is associated with SUMO1 in the rat dopaminergic N27 and DAT overexpressing Human Embryonic Kidney cells (HEK)-293 cells. The overexpression of SUMO1 and the Ubc9 SUMO-conjugase induces DAT SUMOylation, reduces DAT ubiquitination and degradation, enhancing DAT steady-state level. In addition, the Ubc9 knock-down by interference RNA (RNAi) increases DAT degradation and reduces DAT steady-state level. Remarkably, the Ubc9-mediated SUMOylation increases the expression of DAT in the plasma membrane and dopamine uptake capacity. Our results strongly suggest that SUMOylation is a novel mechanism that plays a central role in regulating DAT proteostasis, dopamine uptake, and dopamine signaling in neurons. For that reason, the SUMO pathway including SUMO1, SUMO2, Ubc9, and DAT SUMOylation, can be critical therapeutic targets in regulating DAT stability and dopamine clearance in health and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Cartier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
| | | | - Eric Janezic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
| | - Juan Viana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
| | - Michael Moore
- Imaging Core, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
| | - Min Landon Lin
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Caplan
- BioImaging Center, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Gonzalo Torres
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
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17
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Popova B, Kleinknecht A, Arendarski P, Mischke J, Wang D, Braus GH. Sumoylation Protects Against β-Synuclein Toxicity in Yeast. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:94. [PMID: 29636661 PMCID: PMC5880895 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of α-synuclein (αSyn) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae serves as reference cell to study the interplay between αSyn misfolding, cytotoxicity and post-translational modifications (PTMs). The synuclein family includes α, β and γ isoforms. β-synuclein (βSyn) and αSyn are found at presynaptic terminals and both proteins are presumably involved in disease pathogenesis. Similar to αSyn, expression of βSyn leads to growth deficiency and formation of intracellular aggregates in yeast. Co-expression of αSyn and βSyn exacerbates the cytotoxicity. This suggests an important role of βSyn homeostasis in PD pathology. We show here that the small ubiquitin-like modifier SUMO is an important determinant of protein stability and βSyn-induced toxicity in eukaryotic cells. Downregulation of sumoylation in a yeast strain, defective for the SUMO-encoding gene resulted in reduced yeast growth, whereas upregulation of sumoylation rescued growth of yeast cell expressing βSyn. This corroborates a protective role of the cellular sumoylation machinery against βSyn-induced toxicity. Upregulation of sumoylation significantly reduced βSyn aggregate formation. This is an indirect molecular process, which is not directly linked to βSyn sumoylation because amino acid substitutions in the lysine residues required for βSyn sumoylation decreased aggregation without changing yeast cellular toxicity. αSyn aggregates are more predominantly degraded by the autophagy/vacuole than by the 26S ubiquitin proteasome system. We demonstrate a vice versa situation for βSyn, which is mainly degraded in the 26S proteasome. Downregulation of sumoylation significantly compromised the clearance of βSyn by the 26S proteasome and increased protein stability. This effect is specific, because depletion of functional SUMO did neither affect βSyn aggregate formation nor its degradation by the autophagy/vacuolar pathway. Our data support that cellular βSyn toxicity and aggregation do not correlate in their cellular impact as for αSyn but rather represent two distinct independent molecular functions and molecular mechanisms. These insights into the relationship between βSyn-induced toxicity, aggregate formation and degradation demonstrate a significant distinction between the impact of αSyn compared to βSyn on eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blagovesta Popova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kleinknecht
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patricia Arendarski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Mischke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
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18
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Vijayakumaran S, Pountney DL. SUMOylation, aging and autophagy in neurodegeneration. Neurotoxicology 2018; 66:53-57. [PMID: 29490232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis is essential for the wellbeing of several cellular systems. Post-translational modifications (PTM) coordinate various pathways in response to abnormal aggregation of proteins in neurodegenerative disease states. In the presence of accumulating misfolded proteins and toxic aggregates, the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is associated with various substrates, including chaperones and other recruited factors, for refolding and for clearance via proteolytic systems, such as the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPS), chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) and macroautophagy. However, these pathological aggregates are also known to inhibit both the UPS and CMA, further creating a toxic burden on cells. This review suggests that re-routing cytotoxic aggregates towards selective macroautophagy by modulating the SUMO pathway could provide new mechanisms towards neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamini Vijayakumaran
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Dean L Pountney
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia.
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19
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Neal M, Richardson JR. Epigenetic regulation of astrocyte function in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:432-443. [PMID: 29113750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms control various functions throughout the body, from cell fate determination in development to immune responses and inflammation. Neuroinflammation is one of the prime contributors to the initiation and progression of neurodegeneration in a variety of diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Because astrocytes are the largest population of glial cells, they represent an important regulator of CNS function, both in health and disease. Only recently have studies begun to identify the epigenetic mechanisms regulating astrocyte responses in neurodegenerative diseases. These epigenetic mechanisms, along with the epigenetic marks involved in astrocyte development, could elucidate novel pathways to potentially modulate astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity. This review examines the known epigenetic mechanisms involved in regulation of astrocyte function, from development to neurodegeneration, and links these mechanisms to potential astrocyte-specific roles in neurodegenerative disease with a focus on potential opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Neal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44201, USA
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44201, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Protein modification with the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) can affect protein function, enzyme activity, protein-protein interactions, protein stability, protein targeting and cellular localization. SUMO influences the function and regulation of metabolic enzymes within pathways, and in some cases targets entire metabolic pathways by affecting the activity of transcription factors or by facilitating the translocation of entire metabolic pathways to subcellular compartments. SUMO modification is also a key component of nutrient- and metabolic-sensing mechanisms that regulate cellular metabolism. In addition to its established roles in maintaining metabolic homeostasis, there is increasing evidence that SUMO is a key factor in facilitating cellular stress responses through the regulation and/or adaptation of the most fundamental metabolic processes, including energy and nucleotide metabolism. This review focuses on the role of SUMO in cellular metabolism and metabolic disease.
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21
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SUMOylation and calcium signalling: potential roles in the brain and beyond. Neuronal Signal 2017; 1:NS20160010. [PMID: 32714579 PMCID: PMC7373246 DOI: 10.1042/ns20160010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) conjugation (or SUMOylation) is a post-translational protein modification implicated in alterations to protein expression, localization and function. Despite a number of nuclear roles for SUMO being well characterized, this process has only started to be explored in relation to membrane proteins, such as ion channels. Calcium ion (Ca2+) signalling is crucial for the normal functioning of cells and is also involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying relevant neurological and cardiovascular diseases. Intracellular Ca2+ levels are tightly regulated; at rest, most Ca2+ is retained in organelles, such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum, or in the extracellular space, whereas depolarization triggers a series of events leading to Ca2+ entry, followed by extrusion and reuptake. The mechanisms that maintain Ca2+ homoeostasis are candidates for modulation at the post-translational level. Here, we review the effects of protein SUMOylation, including Ca2+ channels, their proteome and other proteins associated with Ca2+ signalling, on vital cellular functions, such as neurotransmission within the central nervous system (CNS) and in additional systems, most prominently here, in the cardiac system.
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22
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Thymoquinone exerts neuroprotective effect in animal model of Parkinson’s disease. Toxicol Lett 2017; 276:108-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Pichler A, Fatouros C, Lee H, Eisenhardt N. SUMO conjugation - a mechanistic view. Biomol Concepts 2017; 8:13-36. [PMID: 28284030 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2016-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of protein fate by modification with the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) plays an essential and crucial role in most cellular pathways. Sumoylation is highly dynamic due to the opposing activities of SUMO conjugation and SUMO deconjugation. SUMO conjugation is performed by the hierarchical action of E1, E2 and E3 enzymes, while its deconjugation involves SUMO-specific proteases. In this review, we summarize and compare the mechanistic principles of how SUMO gets conjugated to its substrate. We focus on the interplay of the E1, E2 and E3 enzymes and discuss how specificity could be achieved given the limited number of conjugating enzymes and the thousands of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pichler
- Department of Epigenetics, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chronis Fatouros
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Department of Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heekyoung Lee
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Department of Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Eisenhardt
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Department of Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
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24
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Lin D, Jing X, Chen Y, Liang Y, Lei M, Peng S, Zhou T, Zheng D, Zeng Z, Wu X, Yang L, Xiao S, Liu J, Tao E. Rifampicin pre-treatment inhibits the toxicity of rotenone-induced PC12 cells by enhancing sumoylation modification of α-synuclein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 485:23-29. [PMID: 28132806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our previous research revealed that rifampicin could protect PC12 (pheochromocytoma 12) cells from rotenone-induced cytotoxicity by reversing the aggregation of α-synuclein. Furthermore, increasing evidence indicated that the misfolded α-synuclein with SUMOylation, an important protein posttranslational modification, was easier to solubilize and was less toxic. Here, we investigated whether rifampicin could stabilize α-synuclein and prevent rotenone-induced PC12 cells from undergoing apoptosis by enhancing SUMOylation of α-synuclein. The expression of SUMO1 and SUMO2/3, the two main proteins responsible for the SUMOylation modification in PC12 cells, were detected by western blotting. Co-immunoprecipitation was performed to compare qualitatively the SUMOylation modification of α-synuclein. The cell viability and apoptosis rate were measured by a CCK-8 assay kit and flow cytometry, respectively. We targeted Ubc9 as a key enzyme in the SUMOylation modification pathway and knocked down the UBC9 gene using a short interfering RNA. Treatment with 150 μmol/L rifampicin, increased the expressions of SUMO1 and SUMO2/3 in cells by 1.5 times compared with the control group; meanwhile, the cell viability of rotenone-induced cells increased from 20 to 80% (P < 0.05). In addition, the increased SUMOylation activity in the cells stimulated by rifampicin was observed 18 h earlier compared with cells treated by rotenone alone. SUMOylation of α-synuclein was more significant in rifampicin-treated cells and Ubc9 upregulated cells. However, the same phenomenon and the protective effect of rifampicin were reversed after UBC9 knockout. In conclusion, rifampicin might reduce the cytotoxicity of rotenone-induced PC12 cells by promoting SUMOylation of α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lin
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - X Jing
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Y Liang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - M Lei
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - S Peng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - T Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - D Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Z Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - X Wu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - L Yang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - S Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - J Liu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - E Tao
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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25
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Parker AR, Welch MA, Forster LA, Tasneem SM, Dubhashi JA, Baro DJ. SUMOylation of the Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel 2 Increases Surface Expression and the Maximal Conductance of the Hyperpolarization-Activated Current. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 9:168. [PMID: 28127275 PMCID: PMC5226956 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) is a ∼10 kDa peptide that can be post-translationally added to a lysine (K) on a target protein to facilitate protein–protein interactions. Recent studies have found that SUMOylation can be regulated in an activity-dependent manner and that ion channel SUMOylation can alter the biophysical properties and surface expression of the channel. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel surface expression can be regulated in an activity-dependent manner through unknown processes. We hypothesized that SUMOylation might influence the surface expression of HCN2 channels. In this manuscript, we show that HCN2 channels are SUMOylated in the mouse brain. Baseline levels of SUMOylation were also observed for a GFP-tagged HCN2 channel stably expressed in Human embryonic kidney (Hek) cells. Elevating GFP-HCN2 channel SUMOylation above baseline in Hek cells led to an increase in surface expression that augmented the hyperpolarization-activated current (Ih) mediated by these channels. Increased SUMOylation did not alter Ih voltage-dependence or kinetics of activation. There are five predicted intracellular SUMOylation sites on HCN2. Site-directed mutagenesis indicated that more than one K on the GFP-HCN2 channel was SUMOylated. Enhancing SUMOylation at one of the five predicted sites, K669, led to the increase in surface expression and IhGmax. The role of SUMOylation at additional sites is currently unknown. The SUMOylation site at K669 is also conserved in HCN1 channels. Aberrant SUMOylation has been linked to neurological diseases that also display alterations in HCN1 and HCN2 channel expression, such as seizures and Parkinson’s disease. This work is the first report that HCN channels can be SUMOylated and that this can regulate surface expression and Ih.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Parker
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Meghyn A Welch
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lori A Forster
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah M Tasneem
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Deborah J Baro
- Department of Biology, Georgia State UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA
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Anderson DB, Zanella CA, Henley JM, Cimarosti H. Sumoylation: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 963:261-281. [PMID: 28197918 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50044-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The covalent posttranslational modifications of proteins are critical events in signaling cascades that enable cells to efficiently, rapidly and reversibly respond to extracellular stimuli. This is especially important in the CNS where the processes affecting synaptic communication between neurons are highly complex and very tightly regulated. Sumoylation regulates the function and fate of a diverse array of proteins and participates in the complex cell signaling pathways required for cell survival. One of the most complex signaling pathways is synaptic transmission.Correct synaptic function is critical to the working of the brain and its alteration through synaptic plasticity mediates learning, mental disorders and stroke. The investigation of neuronal sumoylation is a new and exciting field and the functional and pathophysiological implications are far-reaching. Sumoylation has already been implicated in a diverse array of neurological disorders. Here we provide an overview of current literature highlighting recent insights into the role of sumoylation in neurodegeneration. In addition we present a brief assessment of drug discovery in the analogous ubiquitin system and extrapolate on the potential for development of novel therapies that might target SUMO-associated mechanisms of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina B Anderson
- Ipsen Bioinnovation Ltd, Units 4-10 The Quadrant, Barton Lane, Abingdon, OX14 3YS, UK
| | - Camila A Zanella
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitario - Trindade, Florianopolis, CEP, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Jeremy M Henley
- MRC Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Helena Cimarosti
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitario - Trindade, Florianopolis, CEP, 88040-900, Brazil.
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Hendriks IA, Vertegaal ACO. A high-yield double-purification proteomics strategy for the identification of SUMO sites. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:1630-49. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Liebelt F, Vertegaal ACO. Ubiquitin-dependent and independent roles of SUMO in proteostasis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C284-96. [PMID: 27335169 PMCID: PMC5129774 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00091.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellular proteomes are continuously undergoing alterations as a result of new production of proteins, protein folding, and degradation of proteins. The proper equilibrium of these processes is known as proteostasis, implying that proteomes are in homeostasis. Stress conditions can affect proteostasis due to the accumulation of misfolded proteins as a result of overloading the degradation machinery. Proteostasis is affected in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple polyglutamine disorders including Huntington's disease. Owing to a lack of proteostasis, neuronal cells build up toxic protein aggregates in these diseases. Here, we review the role of the ubiquitin-like posttranslational modification SUMO in proteostasis. SUMO alone contributes to protein homeostasis by influencing protein signaling or solubility. However, the main contribution of SUMO to proteostasis is the ability to cooperate with, complement, and balance the ubiquitin-proteasome system at multiple levels. We discuss the identification of enzymes involved in the interplay between SUMO and ubiquitin, exploring the complexity of this crosstalk which regulates proteostasis. These enzymes include SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases and ubiquitin proteases counteracting these ligases. Additionally, we review the role of SUMO in brain-related diseases, where SUMO is primarily investigated because of its role during formation of aggregates, either independently or in cooperation with ubiquitin. Detailed understanding of the role of SUMO in these diseases could lead to novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Liebelt
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alfred C O Vertegaal
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Schorova L, Martin S. Sumoylation in Synaptic Function and Dysfunction. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 8:9. [PMID: 27199730 PMCID: PMC4848311 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sumoylation has recently emerged as a key post-translational modification involved in many, if not all, biological processes. Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) polypeptides are covalently attached to specific lysine residues of target proteins through a dedicated enzymatic pathway. Disruption of the SUMO enzymatic pathway in the developing brain leads to lethality indicating that this process exerts a central role during embryonic and post-natal development. However, little is still known regarding how this highly dynamic protein modification is regulated in the mammalian brain despite an increasing number of data implicating sumoylated substrates in synapse formation, synaptic communication and plasticity. The aim of this review is therefore to briefly describe the enzymatic SUMO pathway and to give an overview of our current knowledge on the function and dysfunction of protein sumoylation at the mammalian synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Schorova
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7275), University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Laboratory of Excellence "Network for Innovation on Signal Transduction, Pathways in Life Sciences" Valbonne, France
| | - Stéphane Martin
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7275), University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Laboratory of Excellence "Network for Innovation on Signal Transduction, Pathways in Life Sciences" Valbonne, France
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30
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Guerra de Souza AC, Prediger RD, Cimarosti H. SUMO-regulated mitochondrial function in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2016; 137:673-86. [PMID: 26932327 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cardinal motor signs such as rigidity, bradykinesia or rest tremor that arise from a significant death of dopaminergic neurons. Non-dopaminergic degeneration also occurs and it seems to induce the deficits in olfactory, emotional, and memory functions that precede the classical motor symptoms in PD. Despite the majority of PD cases being sporadic, several genes have previously been associated with the hereditary forms of the disease. The proteins encoded by some of these genes, including α-synuclein, DJ-1, and parkin, are modified by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO), a post-translational modification that regulates a variety of cellular processes. Among the several pathogenic mechanisms proposed for PD is mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent studies suggest that SUMOylation can interfere with mitochondrial dynamics, which is essential for neuronal function, and may play a pivotal role in PD pathogenesis. Here, we present an overview of recent studies on mitochondrial disturbance in PD and the potential SUMO-modified proteins and pathways involved in this process. SUMOylation, a post-translational modification, interferes with mitochondrial dynamics, and may play a pivotal role in Parkinson's disease (PD). SUMOylation maintains α-synuclein (α-syn) in a soluble form and activates DJ-1, decreasing mitochondrial oxidative stress. SUMOylation may reduce the amount of parkin available for mitochondrial recruitment and decreases mitochondrial biogenesis through suppression of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator 1 α (PGC-1α). Mitochondrial fission can be regulated by dynamin-related protein 1 SUMO-1- or SUMO-2/3-ylation. A fine balance for the SUMOylation/deSUMOylation of these proteins is required to ensure adequate mitochondrial function in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Guerra de Souza
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rui Daniel Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Helena Cimarosti
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Deng R, Zhao X, Qu Y, Chen C, Zhu C, Zhang H, Yuan H, Jin H, Liu X, Wang Y, Chen Q, Huang J, Yu J. Shp2 SUMOylation promotes ERK activation and hepatocellular carcinoma development. Oncotarget 2016; 6:9355-69. [PMID: 25823821 PMCID: PMC4496222 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Shp2, an ubiquitously expressed protein tyrosine phosphatase, is essential for regulation of Ras/ERK signaling pathway and tumorigenesis. Here we report that Shp2 is modified by SUMO1 at lysine residue 590 (K590) in its C-terminus, which is reduced by SUMO1-specific protease SENP1. Analysis of wild-type Shp2 and SUMOylation-defective Shp2(K590R) mutant reveals that SUMOylation of Shp2 promotes EGF-stimulated ERK signaling pathway and increases anchorage-independent cell growth and xenografted tumor growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. Furthermore, we find that mutant Shp2(K590R) reduces its binding with the scaffolding protein Gab1, and consistent with this, knockdown of SENP1 increased the interaction between Shp2 and Gab1. More surprisingly, we show that human Shp2 (hShp2) and mouse Shp2 (mShp2) have differential effects on ERK activation as a result of different SUMOylation level, which is due to the event of K590 at hShp2 substituted by R594 at mShp2. In summary, our data demonstrate that SUMOylation of Shp2 promotes ERK activation via facilitating the formation of Shp2-Gab1 complex and thereby accelerates HCC cell and tumor growth, which presents a novel regulatory mechanism underlying Shp2 in regulation of HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - YingYing Qu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Changhong Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Haihua Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jianxiu Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Institute of Oncology & Department of Oncology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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32
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Martins WC, Tasca CI, Cimarosti H. Battling Alzheimer's Disease: Targeting SUMOylation-Mediated Pathways. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:568-78. [PMID: 26227998 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) conjugation is a critically important control process in all eukaryotic cells, because it acts as a biochemical switch and regulates the function of hundreds of proteins in many different pathways. Although the diverse functional consequences and molecular targets of SUMOylation remain largely unknown, SUMOylation is becoming increasingly implicated in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Apart from the central SUMO-modified disease-associated proteins, such as amyloid precursor protein, amyloid β, and tau, SUMOylation also regulates several other processes underlying AD. These are involved in inflammation, mitochondrial dynamics, synaptic transmission and plasticity, as well as in protective responses to cell stress. Herein, we review current reports on the involvement of SUMOylation in AD, and present an overview of potential SUMO targets and pathways underlying AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner Carbolin Martins
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Carla Inês Tasca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Helena Cimarosti
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
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Abstract
α-Synuclein inclusion bodies are a pathological hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, and contain aggregated α-synuclein and a variety of recruited factors, including protein chaperones, proteasome components, ubiquitin and the small ubiquitin-like modifier, SUMO-1. Cell culture and animal model studies suggest that misfolded, aggregated α-synuclein is actively translocated via the cytoskeletal system to a region of the cell where other factors that help to lessen the toxic effects can also be recruited. SUMO-1 covalently conjugates to various intracellular target proteins in a way analogous to ubiquitination to alter cellular distribution, function and metabolism and also plays an important role in a growing list of cellular pathways, including exosome secretion and apoptosis. Furthermore, SUMO-1 modified proteins have recently been linked to cell stress responses, such as oxidative stress response and heat shock response, with increased SUMOylation being neuroprotective in some cases. Several recent studies have linked SUMOylation to the ubiquitin-proteasome system, while other evidence implicates the lysosomal pathway. Other reports depict a direct mechanism whereby sumoylation reduced the aggregation tendency of α-synuclein, and reduced the toxicity. However, the precise role of SUMO-1 in neurodegeneration remains unclear. In this review, we explore the potential direct or indirect role(s) of SUMO-1 in the cellular response to misfolded α-synuclein in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Popova B, Kleinknecht A, Braus GH. Posttranslational Modifications and Clearing of α-Synuclein Aggregates in Yeast. Biomolecules 2015; 5:617-34. [PMID: 25915624 PMCID: PMC4496687 DOI: 10.3390/biom5020617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae represents an established model system to study the molecular mechanisms associated to neurodegenerative disorders. A key-feature of Parkinson’s disease is the formation of Lewy bodies, which are cytoplasmic protein inclusions. Misfolded α-synuclein is one of their main constituents. Expression of α-synuclein protein in yeast leads to protein aggregation and cellular toxicity, which is reminiscent to Lewy body containing human cells. The molecular mechanism involved in clearance of α-synuclein aggregates is a central question for elucidating the α-synuclein-related toxicity. Cellular clearance mechanisms include ubiquitin mediated 26S proteasome function as well as lysosome/vacuole associated degradative pathways as autophagy. Various modifications change α-synuclein posttranslationally and alter its inclusion formation, cytotoxicity and the distribution to different clearance pathways. Several of these modification sites are conserved from yeast to human. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the effect of phosphorylation and sumoylation of α-synuclein to the enhanced channeling to either the autophagy or the proteasome degradation pathway in yeast model of Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blagovesta Popova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Kleinknecht
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Yavuz AS, Sezerman OU. Predicting sumoylation sites using support vector machines based on various sequence features, conformational flexibility and disorder. BMC Genomics 2014; 15 Suppl 9:S18. [PMID: 25521314 PMCID: PMC4290605 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-s9-s18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sumoylation, which is a reversible and dynamic post-translational modification, is one of the vital processes in a cell. Before a protein matures to perform its function, sumoylation may alter its localization, interactions, and possibly structural conformation. Abberations in protein sumoylation has been linked with a variety of disorders and developmental anomalies. Experimental approaches to identification of sumoylation sites may not be effective due to the dynamic nature of sumoylation, laborsome experiments and their cost. Therefore, computational approaches may guide experimental identification of sumoylation sites and provide insights for further understanding sumoylation mechanism. RESULTS In this paper, the effectiveness of using various sequence properties in predicting sumoylation sites was investigated with statistical analyses and machine learning approach employing support vector machines. These sequence properties were derived from windows of size 7 including position-specific amino acid composition, hydrophobicity, estimated sub-window volumes, predicted disorder, and conformational flexibility. 5-fold cross-validation results on experimentally identified sumoylation sites revealed that our method successfully predicts sumoylation sites with a Matthew's correlation coefficient, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy equal to 0.66, 73%, 98%, and 97%, respectively. Additionally, we have showed that our method compares favorably to the existing prediction methods and basic regular expressions scanner. CONCLUSIONS By using support vector machines, a new, robust method for sumoylation site prediction was introduced. Besides, the possible effects of predicted conformational flexibility and disorder on sumoylation site recognition were explored computationally for the first time to our knowledge as an additional parameter that could aid in sumoylation site prediction.
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Büchner A, Krumova P, Ganesan S, Bähr M, Eckermann K, Weishaupt JH. Sumoylation of p35 modulates p35/cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 5 complex activity. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 17:12-23. [PMID: 25391294 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-014-8336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 5 is critical for central nervous system development and neuron-specific functions including neurite outgrowth as well as synaptic function and plasticity. Cdk5 activity requires association with one of the two regulatory subunits, called p35 and p39. p35 redistribution as well as misregulation of Cdk5 activity is followed by cell death in several models of neurodegeneration. Posttranslational protein modification by small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) proteins (sumoylation) has emerged as key regulator of protein targeting and protein/protein interaction. Under cell-free in vitro conditions, we found p35 covalently modified by SUMO1. Using both biochemical and FRET-/FLIM-based approaches, we demonstrated that SUMO2 is robustly conjugated to p35 in cells and identified the two major SUMO acceptor lysines in p35, K246 and K290. Furthermore, different degrees of oxidative stress resulted in differential p35 sumoylation, linking oxidative stress that is encountered in neurodegenerative diseases to the altered activity of Cdk5. Functionally, sumoylation of p35 increased the activity of the p35/Cdk5 complex. We thus identified a novel neuronal SUMO target and show that sumoylation is a likely candidate mechanism for the rapid modulation of p35/Cdk5 activity in physiological situations as well as in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Büchner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
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Henley JM, Craig TJ, Wilkinson KA. Neuronal SUMOylation: mechanisms, physiology, and roles in neuronal dysfunction. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:1249-85. [PMID: 25287864 PMCID: PMC4187031 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein SUMOylation is a critically important posttranslational protein modification that participates in nearly all aspects of cellular physiology. In the nearly 20 years since its discovery, SUMOylation has emerged as a major regulator of nuclear function, and more recently, it has become clear that SUMOylation has key roles in the regulation of protein trafficking and function outside of the nucleus. In neurons, SUMOylation participates in cellular processes ranging from neuronal differentiation and control of synapse formation to regulation of synaptic transmission and cell survival. It is a highly dynamic and usually transient modification that enhances or hinders interactions between proteins, and its consequences are extremely diverse. Hundreds of different proteins are SUMO substrates, and dysfunction of protein SUMOylation is implicated in a many different diseases. Here we briefly outline core aspects of the SUMO system and provide a detailed overview of the current understanding of the roles of SUMOylation in healthy and diseased neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Henley
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tim J Craig
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A Wilkinson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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38
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Shahpasandzadeh H, Popova B, Kleinknecht A, Fraser PE, Outeiro TF, Braus GH. Interplay between sumoylation and phosphorylation for protection against α-synuclein inclusions. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:31224-40. [PMID: 25231978 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.559237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease is associated with the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra. The pathological hallmark of the disease is the accumulation of intracytoplasmic inclusions known as Lewy bodies that consist mainly of post-translationally modified forms of α-synuclein. Whereas phosphorylation is one of the major modifications of α-synuclein in Lewy bodies, sumoylation has recently been described. The interplay between α-synuclein phosphorylation and sumoylation is poorly understood. Here, we examined the interplay between these modifications as well as their impact on cell growth and inclusion formation in yeast. We found that α-synuclein is sumoylated in vivo at the same sites in yeast as in human cells. Impaired sumoylation resulted in reduced yeast growth combined with an increased number of cells with inclusions, suggesting that this modification plays a protective role. In addition, inhibition of sumoylation prevented autophagy-mediated aggregate clearance. A defect in α-synuclein sumoylation could be suppressed by serine 129 phosphorylation by the human G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) in yeast. Phosphorylation reduced foci formation, alleviated yeast growth inhibition, and partially rescued autophagic α-synuclein degradation along with the promotion of proteasomal degradation, resulting in aggregate clearance in the absence of a small ubiquitin-like modifier. These findings suggest a complex interplay between sumoylation and phosphorylation in α-synuclein aggregate clearance, which may open new horizons for the development of therapeutic strategies for Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedieh Shahpasandzadeh
- From the Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany, the Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Blagovesta Popova
- From the Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany, the Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kleinknecht
- From the Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany, the Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paul E Fraser
- the Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada, and
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- the Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany, the Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- From the Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany, the Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany,
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Zhao Q, Xie Y, Zheng Y, Jiang S, Liu W, Mu W, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Xue Y, Ren J. GPS-SUMO: a tool for the prediction of sumoylation sites and SUMO-interaction motifs. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:W325-30. [PMID: 24880689 PMCID: PMC4086084 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) regulate a variety of cellular processes through two distinct mechanisms, including covalent sumoylation and non-covalent SUMO interaction. The complexity of SUMO regulations has greatly hampered the large-scale identification of SUMO substrates or interaction partners on a proteome-wide level. In this work, we developed a new tool called GPS-SUMO for the prediction of both sumoylation sites and SUMO-interaction motifs (SIMs) in proteins. To obtain an accurate performance, a new generation group-based prediction system (GPS) algorithm integrated with Particle Swarm Optimization approach was applied. By critical evaluation and comparison, GPS-SUMO was demonstrated to be substantially superior against other existing tools and methods. With the help of GPS-SUMO, it is now possible to further investigate the relationship between sumoylation and SUMO interaction processes. A web service of GPS-SUMO was implemented in PHP+JavaScript and freely available at http://sumosp.biocuckoo.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, School of Advanced Computing, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yubin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, School of Advanced Computing, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yueyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, School of Advanced Computing, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, School of Advanced Computing, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wenzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, School of Advanced Computing, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Weiping Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, School of Advanced Computing, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zexian Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, School of Advanced Computing, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu Xue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, School of Advanced Computing, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Feligioni M, Mattson MP, Nisticò R. SUMOylation in neuroplasticity and neurological disorders. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 15:637-8. [PMID: 24354012 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-013-8267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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