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Martel-Duguech L, Poirier J, Bourdeau I, Lacroix A. Diagnosis and management of secondary adrenal crisis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:619-637. [PMID: 38411891 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-024-09877-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Adrenal crisis (AC) is a life threatening acute adrenal insufficiency (AI) episode which can occur in patients with primary AI but also secondary AI (SAI), tertiary AI (TAI) and iatrogenic AI (IAI). In SAI, TAI and IAI, AC may develop when the HPA axis is unable to mount an adequate glucocorticoid response to severe stress due to pituitary or hypothalamic disruption. It manifests as an acute deterioration in multi-organ homeostasis that, if untreated, leads to shock and death. Despite the availability of effective preventive strategies, its prevalence is increasing in patients with SAI, TAI and IAI due to more frequent exogenous steroid administration, pituitary immune-related effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors and opioid use in pain management. The delayed diagnosis of acute AI which remains infrequently suspected increases the risk of AC. Its main precipitating factors are infections, emotional distress, surgery, cessation or reduction in GC doses, pituitary infarction or surgical cure of endogenous Cushing's syndrome. In patients not known previously to have SAI/TAI/IAI, recognition of its symptoms, signs, and biochemical abnormalities can be challenging and cause delay in proper diagnosis and therapy. Effective therapy of AC is rapid intravenous administration of hydrocortisone (initial bolus of 100 mg followed by 200 mg/24 h as continuous infusion or bolus of 50 mg every 6 h) and 0.9% saline. In diagnosed patients, preventive education in sick-day rules adjustment of glucocorticoid replacement and hydrocortisone parenteral self-administration must be performed repeatedly by trained health care providers. Strategies to improve the adequate preventive education in patients at risk for secondary AI should be promoted in collaboration with various medical specialist societies and patients support associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Martel-Duguech
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), 900 Saint-Denis Street, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Québec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Poirier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), 900 Saint-Denis Street, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Bourdeau
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), 900 Saint-Denis Street, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Québec, Canada
| | - André Lacroix
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), 900 Saint-Denis Street, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Québec, Canada.
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2
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Bafor EE, Erwin-Cohen RA, Martin T, Baker C, Kimmel AE, Duverger O, Fenimore JM, Ramba M, Spindel T, Hess MM, Sanford M, Lazarevic V, Benayoun BA, Young HA, Valencia JC. Aberrant CD8 +T cells drive reproductive dysfunction in female mice with elevated IFN-γ levels. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1368572. [PMID: 38698852 PMCID: PMC11064017 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1368572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is pivotal in orchestrating immune responses during healthy pregnancy. However, its dysregulation, often due to autoimmunity, infections, or chronic inflammatory conditions, is implicated in adverse reproductive outcomes such as pregnancy failure or infertility. Additionally, the underlying immunological mechanisms remain elusive. Methods Here, we explore the impact of systemic IFN-γ elevation on cytotoxic T cell responses in female reproduction utilizing a systemic lupus-prone mouse model with impaired IFN-γ degradation. Results Our findings reveal that heightened IFN-γ levels triggered the infiltration of CD8+T cells in the pituitary gland and female reproductive tract (FRT), resulting in prolactin deficiency and subsequent infertility. Furthermore, we demonstrate that chronic IFN-γ elevation increases effector memory CD8+T cells in the murine ovary and uterus. Discussion These insights broaden our understanding of the role of elevated IFN-γ in female reproductive dysfunction and suggest CD8+T cells as potential immunotherapeutic targets in female reproductive disorders associated with chronic systemic IFN-γ elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enitome E. Bafor
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Erwin-Cohen
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Toni Martin
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Clayton Baker
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Molecular and Computational Biology Department, University of Southern California, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Adrienne E. Kimmel
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Olivier Duverger
- Craniofacial Anomalies and Regeneration Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John M. Fenimore
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Meredith Ramba
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Thea Spindel
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Megan M. Hess
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Michael Sanford
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Vanja Lazarevic
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bérénice A. Benayoun
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Molecular and Computational Biology Department, University of Southern California, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Howard A. Young
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Julio C. Valencia
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
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Rawanduzy CA, Winkler-Schwartz A, Couldwell WT. Hypophysitis: Defining Histopathologic Variants and a Review of Emerging Clinical Causative Entities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065917. [PMID: 36982990 PMCID: PMC10057821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory disease of the pituitary gland is known as hypophysitis. There are multiple histological subtypes, the most common being lymphocytic, and the pathogenesis is variable and diverse. Hypophysitis can be primary and idiopathic or autoimmune related, or secondary to local lesions, systemic disease, medications, and more. Although hypophysitis was previously accepted as an exceedingly rare diagnosis, a greater understanding of the disease process and new insights into possible etiologic sources have contributed to an increased frequency of recognition. This review provides an overview of hypophysitis, its causes, and detection strategies and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron A Rawanduzy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Alexander Winkler-Schwartz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - William T Couldwell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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4
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Warmbier J, Lüdecke DK, Flitsch J, Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R, Knappe UJ, Kreutzer J, Buslei R, Bergmann M, Heppner F, Glatzel M, Saeger W. Typing of inflammatory lesions of the pituitary. Pituitary 2022; 25:131-142. [PMID: 34463941 PMCID: PMC8821060 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-021-01180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory pituitary lesions account for 1.8% of all specimens from the German Pituitary Tumor Registry. They occure in 0.5% of the autoptical specimens and in 2.2% of the surgical cases. Women are significantly more often affected than men and are often younger when first diagnosed. In general, primary and secondary inflammation can be distinguished, with secondary types occurring more frequently (75.1%) than idiopathic inflammatory lesions (15.4%). In primary inflammation, the lymphocytic type is more common (88.5%) than the granulomatous type of hypophysitis (11.5%). The most common causes of secondary inflammation are Rathke's cleft cysts (48.6%), followed by tumors (17.4%) such as the craniopharyngioma (9.1%), adenoma (5.5%) or germinoma (2.0%). More causes are tumor-like lesions (7.1%) such as xanthogranuloma (3.5%) or Langerhans histiocytosis (3.5%), abscesses (5.5%), generalized infections (5.1%), spreaded inflammations (4.7%) and previous surgeries (4.0%). In 1.6% of all specimens the reason for the inflammation remains unclear. The described classification of hypophysitis is important for specific treatment planning after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Warmbier
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Neuropathology of the University of Hamburg, UKE, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - D. K. Lüdecke
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Clinic of Neurosurgery of the University of Hamburg, UKE, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J. Flitsch
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Clinic of Neurosurgery of the University of Hamburg, UKE, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Buchfelder
- grid.5330.50000 0001 2107 3311Clinic of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - R. Fahlbusch
- grid.419379.10000 0000 9724 1951International Neuroscience Institute (INI), Rudolf-Pichelmayr-Str. 4, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - U. J. Knappe
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Johannes-Wesling-Klinikum Minden, Ruhr-University Bochum (RUB), 32429 Minden, Germany
| | - J. Kreutzer
- Praxis for Neurosurgery, 90941 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - R. Buslei
- grid.419802.60000 0001 0617 3250Institute of Pathology, SozialStiftung Bamberg, 96049 Bamberg, Germany
| | - M. Bergmann
- grid.419807.30000 0004 0636 7065Institute of Neuropathology, Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, 28205 Bremen, Germany
| | - F. Heppner
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Institute of Neuropathology of the Humboldt University of Berlin, Charitè, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Glatzel
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Neuropathology of the University of Hamburg, UKE, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - W. Saeger
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Neuropathology of the University of Hamburg, UKE, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institutes of Pathology and Neuropathology of the University of Hamburg, UKE, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Yang MG, Cai HQ, Wang SS, Liu L, Wang CM. Full recovery from chronic headache and hypopituitarism caused by lymphocytic hypophysitis: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:1041-1049. [PMID: 35127918 PMCID: PMC8790444 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i3.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphocytic hypophysitis (LYH) is an important condition to consider in the differential diagnosis of patients with a pituitary mass. The main clinical manifestations of LYH include headache, symptoms related to sellar compression, hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus and hyperprolactinemia. Headache, which is a frequent complaint of patients with LYH, is thought to be related to the occupying effect of the pituitary mass and is rapidly resolved with a good outcome after timely and adequate glucocorticoid treatment or surgery.
CASE SUMMARY Here, we report a patient with LYH whose initial symptom was headache and whose pituitary function assessment showed the presence of secondary hypoadrenalism, central hypothyroidism and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging showed symmetrical enlargement of the pituitary gland with suprasellar extension in a dumbbell shape with significant homogeneous enhancement after gadolinium enhancement. The size of the gland was approximately 17.7 mm × 14.3 mm × 13.8 mm. The pituitary stalk was thickened without deviation, and there was an elevation of the optimal crossing. The lesion grew bilaterally toward the cavernous sinuses, and the parasternal dural caudal sign was visible. The patient presented with repeatedly worsening and prolonged headaches three times even though the hypopituitarism had fully resolved after glucocorticoid treatment during this course.
CONCLUSION This rare headache regression suggests that patients with chronic headaches should also be alerted to the possibility of LYH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Guang Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin Province, China
| | - Han-Qing Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin Province, China
| | - Si-Si Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chun-Mei Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin Province, China
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Imaging of Adverse Events Related to Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10040216. [PMID: 32294888 PMCID: PMC7235714 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10040216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is becoming standard of practice for an increasing number of cancer types. ICIs enhance T-cell action against the cancer cells. By unbalancing the immune system ICIs may cause dysimmune toxicities, a series of disorders broadly defined immune-related adverse events (irAEs). IrAEs may affect any organ or apparatus and most frequently involve skin, colon, endocrine organs, liver, and lungs. Early identification and appropriate treatment of irAEs can improve patient outcome. The paper aims at reviewing mechanisms of the occurrence of irAEs, the importance of a proper diagnosis and the main pillars of therapy. To provide effective guidance to the comprehension of major irAEs imaging findings will be reviewed.
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7
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Angelousi A, Alexandraki K, Tsoli M, Kaltsas G, Kassi E. Hypophysitis (Including IgG4 and Immunotherapy). Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:822-835. [PMID: 32126548 DOI: 10.1159/000506903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypophysitis is characterized by inflammation of the pituitary gland that can be primary (PH) or secondary (SH) to other diseases or following drug administration. It may also be classified according to anatomical and histopathological criteria, leading to variable degrees of hypopituitarism and/or compressive symptoms to nearby structures. There has recently been an increase in the number of hypophysitis cases, raising the interest on the spectrum of its pathogenesis, clinical, biochemical/endocrinological, and imaging features. However, the use of conventional biomarkers, including currently utilized pituitary autoantibodies, has relatively limited diagnostic accuracy. Lymphocytic hypophysitis (LH) is the commonest cause of PH, whereas IgG4-related hypophysitis is increasingly being recognized. Histiocytosis and granulomatous diseases are the most frequent causes of SH, although infections and lymphoma have also been reported. The increasing use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in oncology is associated with a high incidence of hypophysitis, providing further understanding of its pathogenesis. Hypophysitis can occur silently and be easily missed, potentially leading to substantial morbidity or mortality due to adrenal insufficiency, requiring a high index of clinical suspicion and timely initiation of appropriate treatment. In most cases of LH or drug-induced hypophysitis, active surveillance along with replacement of established hormonal deficiencies is needed. In the presence of compressive and/or evolving symptoms, treatment with glucocorticoids either alone or in combination with other immunosuppressive agents can be used. Surgical decompression is reserved for nonresponsive cases with threatened vital structures. Timely diagnosis and intervention are important to minimize disease-related morbidity and mortality. We aimed to review current concepts and recent developments in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of hypophysitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Angelousi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece,
| | - Krystallenia Alexandraki
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Tsoli
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eva Kassi
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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8
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Ceccato F, Scaroni C. Central adrenal insufficiency: open issues regarding diagnosis and glucocorticoid treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 57:1125-1135. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2018-0824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Central adrenal insufficiency (CAI) is characterized by impaired adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion because of a disease or injury to the hypothalamus or the pituitary, leading to a reduced cortisol production. CAI suspicion arises more frequently in patients with pituitary tumors, cranial irradiation/surgery/injury/infections, as well as after exogenous glucocorticoid withdrawal. Nevertheless, a late diagnosis is not uncommon because CAI may present with nonspecific signs or symptoms, as fatigue or hyponatremia.
Content
The PubMed database was searched (years 1980–2018), using “central adrenal insufficiency” and “ACTH deficiency” as keywords. Subsequently, reference sections of the retrieved articles were searched.
Summary
Dynamic tests are needed when morning basal cortisol levels are not sufficient to exclude or to confirm CAI. Short Synacthen Test (SST) is the most used, and Endocrine Society’s guidelines recommend a cortisol peak >500 nmol/L to exclude CAI. Despite thresholds, understanding the pretest probability of ACTH deficiency (the clinical background of the patient) is essential because the diagnostic accuracy of SST in case of a negative result is suboptimal. Glucocorticoid replacement therapy, able to replicate cortisol circadian rhythm, is required in patients with CAI; fludrocortisone treatment is not necessary. Short-acting glucocorticoid drugs (hydrocortisone or cortisone acetate) are the most used; lower doses than previously used are nowadays recommended to reduce cortisol-related comorbidities. Promising results have been obtained with modified-release hydrocortisone, especially regarding glucose metabolism in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency.
Outlook
An accurate clinical diagnosis and a careful individualized therapy are mandatory in patients with CAI.
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Tartaglione T, Chiloiro S, Laino ME, Giampietro A, Gaudino S, Zoli A, Bianchi A, Pontecorvi A, Colosimo C, De Marinis L. Neuro-radiological features can predict hypopituitarism in primary autoimmune hypophysitis. Pituitary 2018; 21:414-424. [PMID: 29752700 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-018-0892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Primary autoimmune hypophysitis (PAH) is considered an underdiagnosed disease, due to the difficulty in reaching a definitive diagnosis. PAH clinical diagnosis remains an exclusion diagnosis. We aimed to correlate PAH neuro-radiological signs to endocrine features and evaluate their prognostic role. 24 PAH cases were enrolled and classified according to neuro-radiological signs: in 12 adeno-hypophysitis (AHs), 8 infundibulo-neuro-hypophysitis (INHs) and 4 pan-hypophysitis (PHs). Secondary hypogonadism developed more frequently in INHs as compared to AHs (54.5% vs. 27.3%, p = 0.05), without no difference with PHs (p = 0.6). Diabetes insipidus occurred more frequently in INHs cases (72.7%, p < 0.001) and in PHs cases (27.3%, p = 0.007), as compared to AHs cases (0%). Similarly, all cases of GHD occurred in INHs (100%) as compared to AHs (0%, p < 0.001) and PHs (0%, p < 0.001). The pituitary stalk (PS) showed a pseudo-triangular shape (larger at the optical chiasma) in INHs and a pseudo-cylindrical shape (larger both at the optical chiasma and at the pituitary insertion) in PHs. The PS pseudo-triangular shape correlated to the occurrence of GHD and diabetes insipidus (p < 0.001/p = 0.03). At the 1-year follow-up, improvement of baseline radiological features positively correlated with the loss of the neuro-pituitary "bright spot" on T1-weighted images (OR 0.16; 95% CI 0.03-0.9 p = 0.02) and with a PS diameter at the optical chiasma level larger than 4.1 mm (AUC 0.97, sensibility 80%, specificity 100%, OR 6; 95% CI1.1-28.8, p = 0.01) Our data suggest that neuro-radiological PAH classification in PH, AH and INH can predict pituitary dysfunction and that some neuro-radiological features, such as the pituitary stalk diameter and the loss of the neuro-pituitary bright spot on T1w images can play a role as a positive prognostic marker of the radiological hypophysitis outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Tartaglione
- Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Chiloiro
- Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Laino
- Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Giampietro
- Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Gaudino
- Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Zoli
- Division of Rheumatology, Institute of Rheumatology and Affine Sciences, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Colosimo
- Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura De Marinis
- Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
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10
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Ohara N, Ohashi K, Fujisaki T, Oda C, Ikeda Y, Yoneoka Y, Hashimoto T, Hasegawa G, Suzuki K, Takada T. Isolated Adrenocorticotropin Deficiency due to Nivolumab-induced Hypophysitis in a Patient with Advanced Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review. Intern Med 2018; 57:527-535. [PMID: 29151505 PMCID: PMC5849549 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.9074-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 63-year-old Japanese woman with advanced lung adenocarcinoma developed isolated adrenocorticotropin deficiency caused by immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-related hypophysitis following 8 months of nivolumab therapy. Prompt corticosteroid replacement therapy effectively relieved her secondary adrenal insufficiency symptoms and allowed her to pursue nivolumab therapy, which had been effective for the control of lung adenocarcinoma. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing revealed the presence of the DRB1*04:05-DQA1*03:03-DQB1*04:01 haplotype, which is associated with susceptibility to autoimmune polyglandular syndrome with pituitary disorder in the Japanese population. This case suggests that genetic factors, such as HLA, contribute to the development of endocrinopathies induced by ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumasa Ohara
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ohashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Japan
| | - Toshiya Fujisaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Japan
| | - Chiyumi Oda
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Japan
| | - Yohei Ikeda
- Department of Radiology, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yoneoka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Japan
| | - Takehisa Hashimoto
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Japan
| | - Go Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Japan
| | - Kazuo Suzuki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Japan
| | - Toshinori Takada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Japan
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11
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Kawasaki M, Tsujino M, Sato F, Sakurada M, Nishida K, Kise T, Hijioka Y, Ishizawa M, Enatsu K, Ogawa Y. IgG4-related Hypophysitis with Subtle Hypopituitarism in an Elderly Diabetic Patient: Is Treatment or Observation Preferable? Intern Med 2017; 56:2733-2738. [PMID: 28924128 PMCID: PMC5675934 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.8851-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A 70-year-old man with diabetes mellitus presented with an enlarged pituitary stalk in 2014. IgG4-related parotitis and submandibular sialoadenitis were diagnosed in 2012. He denied any symptoms related to a pituitary mass. His visual field was intact, and his hypopituitarism was subtle. The serum IgG4 level was elevated. A lip biopsy revealed strong fibrosis and hyper-infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells. Based on these findings, IgG4-related hypophysitis was diagnosed. The patient was carefully followed without specific intervention. His clinical condition showed no change until December 2016, suggesting a stable, natural course. Care should be taken when considering glucocorticoid therapy, especially for elderly diabetic patients, given possible side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Kawasaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Japan
| | - Motoyoshi Tsujino
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sato
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Japan
| | - Maya Sakurada
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Japan
| | - Kenji Nishida
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Japan
| | - Takayasu Kise
- Department of Rheumatic Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Japan
| | - Yuko Hijioka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Ishizawa
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Enatsu
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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12
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Takaya K, Sonoda M, Fuchigami A, Hiyoshi T. Isolated Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Deficiency Caused by Nivolumab in a Patient with Metastatic Lung Cancer. Intern Med 2017; 56:2463-2469. [PMID: 28824067 PMCID: PMC5643175 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.8548-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nivolumab has promising efficacy for treating various advanced malignant tumors, although it has been reported to induce a wide range of autoimmune adverse effects. We herein report the case of a patient with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma who developed adrenal insufficiency after 12 cycles of nivolumab treatment. Endocrine test results supported a diagnosis of isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency due to hypophysitis, and replacement therapy using hydrocortisone has been successful. Although hypophysitis is a rare immune-related adverse event that is associated with nivolumab therapy, clinical awareness is essential, as this condition can be life-threatening and requires prompt treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Takaya
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Japan
| | - Miwa Sonoda
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Japan
| | - Ayako Fuchigami
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Japan
| | - Toru Hiyoshi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Japan
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13
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Widmann G, Nguyen VA, Plaickner J, Jaschke W. Imaging Features of Toxicities by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy. CURRENT RADIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 5:59. [PMID: 28959504 PMCID: PMC5594046 DOI: 10.1007/s40134-017-0256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review With the increasing use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy radiographic profiling of frequent and serious immune-related adverse events (irAEs) becomes more relevant. This article reviews imaging features of irAEs induced by the anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies ipilimumab, nivolumab and pembrolizumab. Recent findings Important radiological manifestations are immune-related colitis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, hypophysitis, pneumonitis, arthritis and sarcoid-like lymphadenopathy. Typical imaging features are summarized and compared with other relevant differential diagnoses. Summary Early diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic decisions are required for a successful treatment of irAEs. In addition to staging and follow-up imaging, identification and monitoring of adverse events becomes an important radiologic aspect in oncologic care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlig Widmann
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Van Anh Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julian Plaickner
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Werner Jaschke
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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14
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Abstract
We describe a case of lymphocytic panhypophysitis (LPH) in a 30-year-old woman presenting with throbbing headaches and vision changes during her third trimester. LPH is the rarest subclassification of lymphocytic hypophysitis; it is typically found in males and has not previously been associated with pregnancy. Anterior and posterior pituitary deficits together with headaches should raise a high degree of suspicion regarding the possibility of LPH. The atypical magnetic resonance imaging finding of a heterogeneous pituitary mass additionally raised concern about pituitary apoplexy. Tissue from a transsphenoidal biopsy permitted diagnosis of lymphocytic hypophysitis. There was infiltration of the pituitary gland by small B and T lymphocytes. Resolution of the visual symptoms occurred after the biopsy and treatment with intravenous steroids.
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Baruah MP, Singh A, Medhi N, Das CJ. Autoimmune Hypophysitis Presenting as Solid-Cystic Mass Managed Conservatively. Pol J Radiol 2017; 82:473-477. [PMID: 29662575 PMCID: PMC5894005 DOI: 10.12659/pjr.900727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune hypophysitis (AH) is a rare inflammatory condition of the pituitary gland and usually affects women of childbearing age. It commonly leads to pituitary dysfunction. Moreover, pituitary enlargement may lead to compressive symptoms, which necessitates urgent surgical decompression. Resection of the pituitary gland causes iatrogenic hypopituitarism which requires lifelong hormonal supplementation. With an increasing number of suspected cases of pituitary diseases, there has been a paradigm shift in the management by conservative measures, especially, when surgery is not urgently needed. CASE REPORT We report a case of AH in a premenopausal woman presenting with headache. MRI revealed a solid-cystic mass involving the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The infundibulum was also thickened and enhancing; however, it was still in the midline. Ancillary MRI findings and hormonal profile were favouring the diagnosis of AH over pituitary neoplasm. The patient was managed conservatively with high doses of glucocorticoids, which resulted in prompt resolution of the lesion. During subsequent follow-up over 6 years, there was no recurrence and partial restoration of the pituitary function was seen. This case is interesting due to an unusual MRI appearance of AH, presenting as a solid-cystic mass. Moreover, disease resolution with conservative treatment strengthens the approach to limit surgery to those patients with compressive symptoms or uncertain diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS AH should be included in the differential diagnosis of solid-cystic pituitary masses along with clinical correlation, which includes early involvement of ACTH and TSH and a relatively rapid development of hypopituitarism. In uncertain cases or with lack of compressive symptoms, a trial of steroids is worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manash P. Baruah
- Department of Endocrinology, Excel Centre, Guwahati, Asam, India
| | - Anuradha Singh
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nirod Medhi
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Primus Imaging, Guwahati, Asam, India
| | - Chandan J. Das
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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16
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Tack LJ, T’Sjoen G, Lapauw B. Exacerbation of pre-existing diabetes insipidus during pregnancy, mechanisms and management. Acta Clin Belg 2017; 72:213-216. [PMID: 27654225 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2016.1235244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy, physiological changes in osmotic homeostasis cause water retention. If excessive, this can cause gestational diabetes insipidus (DI), particularly in patients with already impaired vasopressin secretion. We present the case of a 34-year-old patient with pre-existing hypopituitarism who experienced a transient exacerbation of her DI during a twin pregnancy. In contrast to typical gestational DI, polyuria and polydipsia occurred during the first trimester and remained stable thereafter. This case highlights a challenging clinical entity of which pathophysiology, diagnostic approach and treatment will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd J.W. Tack
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy T’Sjoen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Lapauw
- Division of Endocrinology, Department Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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17
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Byun DJ, Wolchok JD, Rosenberg LM, Girotra M. Cancer immunotherapy - immune checkpoint blockade and associated endocrinopathies. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:195-207. [PMID: 28106152 PMCID: PMC5629093 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advances in cancer therapy in the past few years include the development of medications that modulate immune checkpoint proteins. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) are two co-inhibitory receptors that are expressed on activated T cells against which therapeutic blocking antibodies have reached routine clinical use. Immune checkpoint blockade can induce inflammatory adverse effects, termed immune-related adverse events (IRAEs), which resemble autoimmune disease. In this Review, we describe the current data regarding immune-related endocrinopathies, including hypophysitis, thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus. We discuss the clinical management of these endocrinopathies within the context of our current understanding of the mechanisms of IRAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Byun
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, 10065 New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, 10065 New York, USA
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, 10065 New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, 10065 New York, USA
| | - Lynne M Rosenberg
- Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, 10065 New York, USA
| | - Monica Girotra
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, 10065 New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, 10065 New York, USA
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18
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Duan K, Asa SL, Winer D, Gelareh Z, Gentili F, Mete O. Xanthomatous Hypophysitis Is Associated with Ruptured Rathke's Cleft Cyst. Endocr Pathol 2017; 28:83-90. [PMID: 28120170 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-017-9471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Xanthomatous hypophysitis is a rare inflammatory disease of the pituitary gland that can mimic a neoplastic lesion clinically and radiologically. Its pathogenesis remains largely unknown, although recent evidence suggests that pituitary inflammation may occur as a secondary reaction to mucous content released from a ruptured cyst. In a series of 1221 pituitary specimens, we identified seven cases of xanthomatous hypophysitis. Six patients had complete radiological and biochemical workup preoperatively: a cystic-appearing pituitary mass was identified in all six patients (100%) with a mean size of 2.0 cm (range 1.4-2.5 cm) on imaging, and pituitary endocrine dysfunction was noted in five patients (83.3%). In all cases, the pituitary mass was resected through an endoscopic transsphenoidal approach. Pathological examination revealed the presence of foamy macrophages admixed with variable amounts of giant cells and chronic inflammatory cells, confirming the diagnosis of xanthomatous hypophysitis. Additionally, all cases presented with concurrent findings of ruptured Rathke's cleft cyst, with the exception of one patient who had previous surgery for a Rathke's cleft cyst, followed by recurrence and diagnosis of xanthomatous hypophysitis. While accurate distinction of hypophysitis from a pituitary neoplasm can be problematic in the preoperative setting, the identification of a cystic lesion in the sella turcica should raise the possibility of such an entity in the clinical and radiological differential diagnosis. The current series provides further evidence that xanthomatous hypophysitis predominantly occurs as a secondary reaction to a ruptured Rathke's cleft cyst; thus, it is best classified as a secondary (reactive) hypophysitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Duan
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, 11th floor, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sylvia L Asa
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, 11th floor, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Endocrine Oncology Site Group, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Winer
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, 11th floor, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zadeh Gelareh
- Endocrine Oncology Site Group, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fred Gentili
- Endocrine Oncology Site Group, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ozgur Mete
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, 11th floor, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Endocrine Oncology Site Group, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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19
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CD1a Reactivity in Non-neoplastic Adenohypophysis. Am J Surg Pathol 2016; 40:812-7. [PMID: 26999501 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Within the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with sellar or suprasellar lesions is Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). CD1a staining is frequently used to identify the presence of an abnormal proliferation of Langerhans cells on histologic sections and contributes to the diagnosis of LCH. Here, we report that the MTB-1 monoclonal antibody against the CD1a antigen reacts to native adenohypophyseal epithelial cells. We show that immunohistochemistry for CD1a exhibits strong positivity in all autopsy and surgically resected non-neoplastic adenohypophysis tested. Thus, CD1a positivity by itself should be interpreted with caution, and we recommend the routine use of a panel of stains including CD1a, Langerin, and synaptophysin in conjunction with morphologic analysis before a diagnosis of LCH is rendered. In addition, we find that pituitary adenomas fail to stain for CD1a prompting consideration of the utility of this stain as a marker for non-neoplastic gland.
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20
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Koyama S, Okuno K, Naoi H, Watanabe M, Ozaki K, Shiki Y. Post-partum hypoglycemia and hypothermia as first manifestations of lymphocytic adenohypophysitis: A case report. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2016; 42:467-70. [DOI: 10.1111/jog.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Koyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Osaka Rosai Hospital; Sakai Japan
| | - Koichiro Okuno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Osaka Rosai Hospital; Sakai Japan
| | - Hirokazu Naoi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Osaka Rosai Hospital; Sakai Japan
| | - Masahiro Watanabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Osaka Rosai Hospital; Sakai Japan
| | - Kimiaki Ozaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Osaka Rosai Hospital; Sakai Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Shiki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Osaka Rosai Hospital; Sakai Japan
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21
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Abstract
Lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis is an uncommon inflammatory disorder postulated to be autoimmune in origin. Because of the location of inflammation, it selectively affects the posterior lobe of the pituitary (neurohypophysis) and pituitary stalk (infundibulum). The most common presentation is central diabetes insipidus. Although the definitive diagnosis is established histologically by a pituitary biopsy, radiological imaging can be valuable in diagnosing this condition. In this paper, we provide an overview of the pathophysiology, investigations, management, and outcomes of lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Johnston
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue Desk F20, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Regional Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Luen S Chew
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue Desk F20, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Amir H Hamrahian
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue Desk F20, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Laurence Kennedy
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue Desk F20, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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22
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Araujo PB, Coelho MCA, Arruda M, Gadelha MR, Neto LV. Ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis: review of the literature. J Endocrinol Invest 2015; 38:1159-66. [PMID: 25957829 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-015-0301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ipilimumab is a human monoclonal antibody against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 available as an immunotherapy mainly for advanced melanoma. It induces an activation of T cells, resulting in an immune-mediated anti-tumor response and also immune-related adverse events, including hypophysitis. The aim of this review is to identify and discuss features concerning ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis (IIH). DESIGN A MEDLINE research of all years of publication of IIH was conducted. We gathered information regarding clinical, radiologic and laboratory features of 71 cases recorded in the literature. RESULTS In our review, IIH was more frequent among older and male patients. Fatigue and headache were the most frequent initial clinical manifestations of IIH and enlargement of the pituitary gland at MRI was present in the majority of patients. Those who received more than 3 cycles of ipilimumab had more fatigue (p = 0.04) and arthritis (p = 0.04). Adrenal insufficiency was more prevalent in men (p = 0.007). Glucocorticoid therapy and hormone replacement were required in most patients and pituitary function recovery was uncommon. Low prolactin at diagnosis tended to predict permanent pituitary dysfunction (p = 0.07). CONCLUSION Hypopituitarism as a consequence of IIH, if not promptly recognized, can lead to potentially fatal events, such as adrenal insufficiency. IIH can be easily managed with glucocorticoids and hormonal replacement; therefore, physicians should be familiar with the key aspects of this condition. More studies to develop screening protocols and therapeutic intervention algorithms should be performed to decrease morbidity related to IIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Araujo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrine Unit, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255 9° andar, Serviço de Endocrinologia, 21941-913, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - M C A Coelho
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrine Unit, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255 9° andar, Serviço de Endocrinologia, 21941-913, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Endocrinology Unit, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - M Arruda
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrine Unit, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255 9° andar, Serviço de Endocrinologia, 21941-913, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - M R Gadelha
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrine Unit, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255 9° andar, Serviço de Endocrinologia, 21941-913, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - L V Neto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrine Unit, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255 9° andar, Serviço de Endocrinologia, 21941-913, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Endocrinology Unit, Hospital Federal da Lagoa, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Takai M, Kaneto H, Kamei S, Mune T, Kaku K. A case of hypothalamic hypopituitarism accompanied by recurrent severe hypoglycemia. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:173. [PMID: 25918682 PMCID: PMC4402679 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0934-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypothalamic hypopituitarism is relatively rare cause of secondary adrenal deficiency which is often accompanied by severe hypoglycemia. Hydrocortisone replacement therapy is essential for this condition, but gastrointestinal symptom such as nausea and vomiting is not well-recognized adverse effect of hydrocortisone. CASE DESCRIPTION A 64-year-old-woman was referred to our hospital because of frequent severe hypoglycemia. She was diagnosed as type 2 diabetes when she was 58 years old but had not been treated since she was 60. We ruled out the possibility of exogenous administration of insulin or other anti-diabetic drugs, insulinoma and insulin autoimmune syndrome. After glucose injection, she once became conscious, but severe hypoglycemia was often observed even after that. In addition, counter-regulatory hormone levels were not increased even at the time of hypoglycemia. We conducted several hormone load tests. In corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) load test, excess and delayed reaction of ACTH was observed. In thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) load test, TSH and prolactin were normally secreted in response to TRH. In luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) load test, delayed reaction of LH and FSH was observed. Based on such hormone loading tests, we diagnosed this patient as idiopathic hypothalamic hypopituitarism and consequent adrenal deficiency. We immediately intravenously injected hydrocortisone and started oral hydrocortisone therapy. However, just after taking hydrocortisone, vomiting was often observed which disturbed sufficient steroid hormone replacement, leading to recurrent hypoglycemia. Therefore, we stopped hydrocortisone and instead started an alternative treatment with prednisolone. After that, vomiting and hypoglycemia were not observed at all. DISCUSSION AND EVALUATION We diagnosed this subject as hypothalamic hypopituitarism mainly by the following two findings: (1) excess and delayed reaction of ACTH in CRH load test, (2) delayed reaction of LH and FSH in LHRH load test. CONCLUSIONS We should be aware of the possibility of hypothalamic hypopituitarism as a cause of recurrent severe hypoglycemia. Also, we should be aware that hydrocortisone could induce gastrointestinal symptom and that in such a case we should stop hydrocortisone and start prednisolone to sufficiently replace steroid hormone and avoid recurrent hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Takai
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192 Japan
| | - Hideaki Kaneto
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192 Japan
| | - Shinji Kamei
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192 Japan
| | - Tomoatsu Mune
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192 Japan
| | - Kohei Kaku
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192 Japan
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24
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Albarel F, Gaudy C, Castinetti F, Carré T, Morange I, Conte-Devolx B, Grob JJ, Brue T. Long-term follow-up of ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis, a common adverse event of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody in melanoma. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 172:195-204. [PMID: 25416723 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few data are published on the long-term follow-up of ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis, a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 antibody. We characterized hypophysitis in terms of clinical signs, endocrinological profile, and imaging at diagnosis and during a long-term follow-up. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Fifteen patients, treated for malignant melanoma and who presented ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis, were observed between June 2006 and August 2012 in Timone Hospital, Marseille. METHODS Symptoms, pituitary function, and pituitary imaging at diagnosis of hypophysitis and during the follow-up were recorded. RESULTS Of 131 patients treated with ipilimumab or a placebo, 15 patients (10 mg/kg in 11/15) presented with hypophysitis (≥11.5%) at 9.5±5.9 weeks (mean±s.d.) after treatment start, occurring in 66% after the third infusion. The main initial symptoms were headache (n=13) and asthenia (n=11). All patients but one had at least one hormonal defect: thyrotroph (n=13), gonadotroph (n=12), or corticotroph (n=11) deficiencies. None had diabetes insipidus. Pituitary imaging showed a moderately enlarged gland in 12 patients. Clinical symptoms improved rapidly on high-dose glucocorticoids (n=11) or physiological replacement doses (n=4). At the end of follow-up (median 33.6 months, range 7-53.5), corticotroph deficiency remained in 13 patients, 11 recovered thyrotroph and ten gonadotroph functions. Pituitary imaging remained abnormal in 11 patients. CONCLUSION Ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis is a common side-effect with frequent hormonal deficiencies at diagnosis. Usually, hormonal deficiencies improved, except for corticotroph function. Patients receiving these immunomodulatory therapies should be closely monitored especially by systematic baseline hormone measurements after the third infusion and remain at a risk of adrenal insufficiency in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Albarel
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM)Hôpital Timone, Service d'Endocrinologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR7286, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéAssistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Timone, Service de dermatologie, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, France Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM)Hôpital Timone, Service d'Endocrinologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR7286, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéAssistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Timone, Service de dermatologie, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Gaudy
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM)Hôpital Timone, Service d'Endocrinologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR7286, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéAssistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Timone, Service de dermatologie, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Castinetti
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM)Hôpital Timone, Service d'Endocrinologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR7286, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéAssistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Timone, Service de dermatologie, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, France Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM)Hôpital Timone, Service d'Endocrinologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR7286, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéAssistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Timone, Service de dermatologie, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, France
| | - Tiphaine Carré
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM)Hôpital Timone, Service d'Endocrinologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR7286, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéAssistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Timone, Service de dermatologie, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Morange
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM)Hôpital Timone, Service d'Endocrinologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR7286, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéAssistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Timone, Service de dermatologie, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, France Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM)Hôpital Timone, Service d'Endocrinologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR7286, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéAssistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Timone, Service de dermatologie, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Conte-Devolx
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM)Hôpital Timone, Service d'Endocrinologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR7286, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéAssistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Timone, Service de dermatologie, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, France Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM)Hôpital Timone, Service d'Endocrinologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR7286, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéAssistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Timone, Service de dermatologie, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Grob
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM)Hôpital Timone, Service d'Endocrinologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR7286, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéAssistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Timone, Service de dermatologie, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Brue
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM)Hôpital Timone, Service d'Endocrinologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR7286, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéAssistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Timone, Service de dermatologie, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, France Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM)Hôpital Timone, Service d'Endocrinologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, CRN2M-UMR7286, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéAssistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Timone, Service de dermatologie, 13385 Marseille Cedex 15, Marseille, France
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Jian F, Bian L, Sun S, Yang J, Chen X, Chen Y, Ma Q, Miao F, Wang W, Ning G, Sun Q. Surgical biopsies in patients with central diabetes insipidus and thickened pituitary stalks. Endocrine 2014; 47:325-35. [PMID: 24532100 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thickened pituitary stalks (TPSs) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) result from diverse pathologies; therefore, it is essential to make specific diagnoses for clinical decision-making. The diagnoses and indications for surgical biopsies in patients with central diabetes insipidus (CDI) and TPSs are thoroughly discussed in this paper. Thirty-seven patients with CDI and TPSs were retrospectively reviewed. The mean age at the diagnosis of CDI was 29.0 ± 15.9 years (range 8.0-63.3), and the median duration of follow-up was 5.5 ± 2.8 years (range 0.7-13.0). Anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies were documented in 26 (70.3 %) patients. All patients had a TPS on MRI at the diagnosis of CDI, and 21 (56.8 %) patients exhibited radiological changes during the follow-up. Of these 21 patients, 11 exhibited increases in the thickness of the stalk, and two patients exhibited reversals of the TPSs. Involvements of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, basal ganglia or supersellar, and pineal gland were found in four, three, one, and 1 patient, respectively. Ultimately, clear diagnoses were established in 17 patients who underwent biopsies, nine of whom had germinomas, six of whom had Langerhans cell histiocytosis, one of whom had a granular cell tumor, and one of whom had Erdheim-Chester disease. Patients with CDI and TPSs should submit to periodic clinic follow-ups with serial MRI assessments to establish anterior pituitary deficiencies and to detect radiological progressions that are appropriate for surgical biopsies. Endoscopic-assisted microsurgery via the supraorbital keyhole approach is a good choice for the biopsy of pituitary stalk lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Jian
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
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Ipilimumab treatment associated pituitary hypophysitis: clinical presentation and imaging diagnosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2014; 125:125-30. [PMID: 25127260 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ipilimumab is an immunomodulating drug for use in treatment of unresectable or metastatic melanoma with autoimmune lymphocytic hypophysitis as a reported complication. We describe three recent cases of ipilimumab associated autoimmune hypophysitis (IAH) at our institution, and provide a selected literature review showing its variable clinical presentation, imaging appearance and treatment in order to expedite early and appropriate IAH management. Patients had variable clinical presentation of hypophysitis, including headache, fatigue, visual changes, endocrinopathy, and/or hyponatremia. Contrast enhanced MRI showed symmetric pituitary gland and stalk enlargement in all of our cases and received a presumptive diagnosis of IAH. Following cessation of therapy and treatment there was normalization of pituitary morphology at follow-up MRI and return to clinical baseline. Varying clinical presentation can complicate the diagnosis of lymphocytic hypophysitis. One must be cognizant of its overall clinical and radiologic picture in patients receiving ipilimumab, now commonly used for the treatment of metastatic melanoma.
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Abstract
An increasing body of evidence suggests that immune-mediated processes affect female reproductive success at multiple levels. Crosstalk between endocrine and immune systems regulates a large number of biological processes that affect target tissues, and this crosstalk involves gene expression, cytokine and/or lymphokine release and hormone action. In addition, endocrine-immune interactions have a major role in the implantation process of the fetal (paternally derived) semi-allograft, which requires a reprogramming process of the maternal immune system from rejection to temporary tolerance for the length of gestation. Usually, the female immune system is supportive of all of these processes and, therefore, facilitates reproductive success. Abnormalities of the female immune system, including autoimmunity, potentially interfere at multiple levels. The relevance of the immune system to female infertility is increasingly recognized by investigators, but clinically is often not adequately considered and is, therefore, underestimated. This Review summarizes the effect of individual autoimmune endocrine diseases on female fertility, and points towards selected developments expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritro Sen
- The Center for Human Reproduction (CHR), 21 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Vitaly A Kushnir
- The Center for Human Reproduction (CHR), 21 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - David H Barad
- The Center for Human Reproduction (CHR), 21 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Norbert Gleicher
- The Center for Human Reproduction (CHR), 21 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Siegel S, Weber Carneiro R, Maubach JM, Harbeck B, Brabant G. Headache and pituitary disease: a systematic review. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 79:760-9. [PMID: 23941570 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Headache is very common in pituitary disease and is reported to be present in more than a third of all patients with pituitary adenomas. Tumour size, cavernous sinus invasion, traction or displacement of intracranial pain-sensitive structures such as blood vessels, cranial nerves and dura mater, and hormonal hypersecretion are implicated causes. The present review attempts to systematically review the literature for any combination of headache and pituitary or hormone overproduction or deficiency. Most data available are retrospective and/or not based on the International Headache Society (IHS) classification. Whereas in pituitary apoplexy a mechanical component explains the almost universal association of the condition with headaches, this correlation is less clear in other forms of pituitary disease and a positive impact of surgery on headaches is not guaranteed. Similarly, invasion into the cavernous sinus or local inflammatory changes have been linked to headaches without convincing evidence. Some studies suggest that oversecretion of GH and prolactin may be important for the development of headaches, and treatment, particularly with somatostatin analogues, has been shown to improve symptoms in these patients. Otherwise, treatment rests on general treatment options for headaches based on an accurate clinical history and a precise classification which includes assessment of the patient's psychosocial risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kreitschmann-Andermahr
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Guzzo MF, Bueno CBF, Amancio TT, Rosemberg S, Bueno C, Arioli EL, Glezer A, Bronstein MD. An intrasellar germinoma with normal tumor marker concentrations mimicking primary lymphocytic hypophysitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 57:566-70. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302013000700012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Intracranial germinomas (GE) are malignant neoplasms most commonly found in the suprasellar region, which may cause anterior and particularly posterior pituitary hormone deficits with central diabetes insipidus (DI). Differential diagnosis of pituitary stalk thickening includes granulomatous, inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic lesions. Although careful analysis of clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings may facilitate the diagnosis, transsphenoidal biopsy is indicated to confirm the disease, as the correct diagnosis directs the appropriate treatment.
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30
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Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Lopes MBS. Update on hypophysitis and TTF-1 expressing sellar region masses. Brain Pathol 2013; 23:495-514. [PMID: 23701182 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews recent literature on sellar region masses that most closely mimic nonsecretory pituitary adenomas: hypophysitis, pituicytoma, spindle cell oncocytoma, and granular cell tumor of neurohypophysis. Even today, these four entities often cannot be confidently distinguished from each other clinically or by preoperative neuroimaging features. Thus, they often come to biopsy/surgical resection and require tissue confirmation of diagnosis. Causes of secondary and primary hypophysitis will be discussed, including two newly described types, IgG4 plasma cell hypophysitis and hypophysitis caused by anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 antibody therapy for cancer. For the neoplastic conditions, emphasis will be placed on literature that has emerged since these entities were first codified in the 2007 World Health Organization fascicle. The finding that immunohistochemical staining for thyroid transcription factor-1 is shared by pituicytoma, spindle cell oncocytoma, and granular cell tumor of neurohypophysis suggests common lineage and explains why histological overlap can be encountered. We incorporate our own experiences over the last 30 years from two referral institutions with specialty practices in pituitary region masses.
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Mittal R, Kalra P, Dharmalingam M, Verma RG, Kulkarni S, Shetty P. Lymphocytic hypophysitis masquerading as pituitary adenoma. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012; 16:S304-S306. [PMID: 23565408 PMCID: PMC3603056 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.104069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pituitary hypophysitis (PH) is characterized by pituitary infiltration of lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells that could lead to loss of pituitary function. Hypophysitis may be autoimmune or secondary to systemic diseases or infections. Based on the histopathological findings PH is classified into lymphocytic, granulomatous, xanthomatous, mixed forms (lymphogranulomatous, xanthogranulomatous), necrotizing and Immunoglobulin- G4 (IgG4) plasmacytic types. OBJECTIVE To report a case of lymphocytic hypophysitis (LH). CASE REPORT A 15-year-old girl presented with history of headache, amenorrhea, and history of polyuria for past 4 months. Initial evaluation had suppressed follicular stimulating hormone (<0.01 mIU/ml), high prolactin levels (110.85 ng/ml) and diabetes insipidus (DI). Magnetic resonance imaging of sella was suggestive of pituitary macroadenoma with partial compression over optic chiasma. Patient underwent surgical decompression. Yellowish firm tissue was evacuated and xanthochromic fluid was aspirated. Histopathology was suggestive of LH. She resumed her cycles postoperatively after 4 months, prolactin levels normalized, however, she continues to have DI and is on desmopressin spray. This case has been presented here for its rare presentation in an adolescent girl because it is mostly seen in young females and postpartum period and its unique presentation as an expanding pituitary mass with optic chiasma compression. CONCLUSION Definitive diagnosis of LH is based on histopathological evaluation. Therapeutic approach should be based on the grade of suspicion and clinical manifestations of LH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajneesh Mittal
- Department of Endocrinology, MS Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | - Pramila Kalra
- Department of Endocrinology, MS Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | - Mala Dharmalingam
- Department of Endocrinology, MS Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | - Ravi Gopal Verma
- Department of Neurosurgery, MS Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | - Sanjay Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine, MS Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | - Pushparaja Shetty
- Department of Neurology, MS Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore, India
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