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Abstract
Clinical evidence supports the association of ultrasound features with benign or malignant thyroid nodules and serves as the basis for sonographic stratification of thyroid nodules, according to an estimated thyroid cancer risk. Contemporary guidelines recommend management strategies according to thyroid cancer risk, thyroid nodule size, and the clinical scenario. Yet, reproducible and accurate thyroid nodule risk stratification requires expertise, time, and understanding of the weight different ultrasound features have on thyroid cancer risk. The application of artificial intelligence to overcome these limitations is promising and has the potential to improve the care of patients with thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nydia Burgos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Paseo Dr. Jose Celso Barbosa, San Juan 00921, Puerto Rico
| | - Naykky Singh Ospina
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sipos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 1581 Dodd Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Castillo-Gonzalez DA, Dorsey-Trevino EG, Gonzalez-Gonzalez JG, Garcia-Leal M, Bautista-Orduño KG, Raygoza K, Gionfriddo MR, Ospina NMS, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R. A deeper analysis in thyroid research: A meta-epidemiological study of the American Thyroid Association clinical guidelines. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234297. [PMID: 32520949 PMCID: PMC7286515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The American Thyroid Association (ATA) uses the GRADE or the American College of Physicians (ACP) system to develop recommendations. Recommendations based on low-quality evidence should spur for the conduction of clinical studies, if feasible. The extent to which recommendations by the ATA based on low-quality of evidence are being actively researched remains unknown. Methods Clinical guidelines produced by the ATA using the GRADE or the ACP system to classify evidence were deemed eligible. Reviewers, in duplicate and independently, extracted therapeutic recommendations based on low-quality evidence, whereas recommendations with higher quality of evidence, aimed at diagnosis, or best practice statements were excluded. Eligible recommendations based on low-quality evidence were deconstructed to their components using the PICO format. We then searched on clinicaltrials.gov to identify ongoing research. Trials were deemed eligible if they addressed the PICO question with at least one of the intended outcomes. Results A total of 543 recommendations were retrieved, of which 305 (56%) were based on low-quality of evidence and only 90 were deemed eligible. Of these, we found that 33 (37%) recommendations were actively being researched in 53 clinical trials. Most of the trials were randomized and funded by non-profit organizations. Many clinical trials studied thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer (26/53; 49%), whereas few studied were aimed at anaplastic thyroid cancer (2/53; 4%). Conclusion One out of three of gaps in evidence, identified as low quality during the development of ATA guidelines, are currently actively researched. This finding calls for the need to develop a better research infrastructure and funding to support thyroid research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia A. Castillo-Gonzalez
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital “Dr. José E. González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
- Plataforma INVEST Medicina UANL–KER Unit Mayo Clinic (KER Unit México), Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Edgar G. Dorsey-Trevino
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital “Dr. José E. González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
- Plataforma INVEST Medicina UANL–KER Unit Mayo Clinic (KER Unit México), Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Jose G. Gonzalez-Gonzalez
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital “Dr. José E. González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
- Plataforma INVEST Medicina UANL–KER Unit Mayo Clinic (KER Unit México), Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
- Research Unit, University Hospital “Dr. José E. González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Mariana Garcia-Leal
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital “Dr. José E. González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Karen G. Bautista-Orduño
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital “Dr. José E. González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
- Plataforma INVEST Medicina UANL–KER Unit Mayo Clinic (KER Unit México), Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Karina Raygoza
- Plataforma INVEST Medicina UANL–KER Unit Mayo Clinic (KER Unit México), Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Michael R. Gionfriddo
- Center for Pharmacy Innovation and Outcomes, Geisinger Health System, Forty Fort, PA, United States of America
| | - Naykky M. Singh Ospina
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit in Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Rene Rodriguez-Gutierrez
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital “Dr. José E. González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
- Plataforma INVEST Medicina UANL–KER Unit Mayo Clinic (KER Unit México), Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit in Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Singh Ospina N, Toloza FJK, Barrera F, Bylund CL, Erwin PJ, Montori V. Educational programs to teach shared decision making to medical trainees: A systematic review. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2020; 103:1082-1094. [PMID: 32005556 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Shared decision-making (SDM) is a process of collaboration between patients and clinicians. An increasing number of educational programs to teach SDM have been developed. We aimed to summarize and evaluate the body of evidence assessing the outcomes of these programs. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of studies that aimed to teach SDM to medical trainees. Reviewers worked independently and in duplicate to select studies, extract data and evaluate the risk of bias. RESULTS Eighteen studies were included. Most studies focused on residents/fellows (61 %) and combined a didactic component with a practical experience (50 % used a standardized patient). Overall, participants reported satisfaction with the courses. The effects on knowledge, attitudes/confidence and comfort with SDM were small; no clear improvement on SDM skills was noted. Evaluation of clinical behavior and outcomes was limited (3/18 studies). Studies had moderate risk of bias. CONCLUSION Very low quality evidence suggests that educational programs for teaching SDM to medical trainees are viewed as satisfactory and have a small impact on knowledge and comfort with SDM. Their impact on clinical skills, behaviors and patient outcomes is less clear. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Integration of formal and systematic outcomes evaluation (effects on behavior/clinical practice) should be part of future programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Freddy J K Toloza
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, US; Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, US
| | | | - Carma L Bylund
- College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida, Gainesville, US
| | | | - Victor Montori
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, US; Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, US
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Singh Ospina N, Iñiguez-Ariza NM, Castro MR. Thyroid nodules: diagnostic evaluation based on thyroid cancer risk assessment. BMJ 2020; 368:l6670. [PMID: 31911452 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l6670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid nodules are extremely common and can be detected by sensitive imaging in more than 60% of the general population. They are often identified in patients without symptoms who are undergoing evaluation for other medical complaints. Indiscriminate evaluation of thyroid nodules with thyroid biopsy could cause a harmful epidemic of diagnoses of thyroid cancer, but inadequate selection of thyroid nodules for biopsy can lead to missed diagnoses of clinically relevant thyroid cancer. Recent clinical guidelines advocate a more conservative approach in the evaluation of thyroid nodules based on risk assessment for thyroid cancer, as determined by clinical and ultrasound features to guide the need for biopsy. Moreover, newer evidence suggests that for patients with indeterminate thyroid biopsy results, a combined assessment including the initial ultrasound risk stratification or other ancillary testing (molecular markers, second opinion on thyroid cytology) can further clarify the risk of thyroid cancer and the management strategies. This review summarizes the clinical importance of adequate evaluation of thyroid nodules, focuses on the clinical evidence for diagnostic tests that can clarify the risk of thyroid cancer, and highlights the importance of considering the patient's values and preferences when deciding on management strategies in the setting of uncertainty about the risk of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naykky Singh Ospina
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nicole M Iñiguez-Ariza
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Regina Castro
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Burgos N, Ghayee HK, Singh-Ospina N. Pitfalls in the interpretation of the cosyntropin stimulation test for the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2019; 26:139-145. [PMID: 30855285 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adrenal insufficiency is a rare disease characterized by cortisol deficiency. The evaluation of patients suspected of having adrenal insufficiency can be challenging because of the rarity of the disease and limitations in the biochemical assessment of the cortisol status by either basal or dynamic testing [adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test]. Prompt and adequate diagnosis is of paramount importance to avoid adverse outcomes. We aimed to summarize the recent developments in the conduction and interpretation of the ACTH stimulation test for the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. RECENT FINDINGS The ACTH stimulation test is commonly performed in patients suspected of having adrenal insufficiency when the basal serum cortisol levels are inconclusive. Recent literature has evaluated the impact of technical aspects such as time of the day the test is performed, type of assay and sample source used for cortisol measurement on the clinical value of this test, as well as the feasibility of reliable low dose ACTH testing. SUMMARY Clinicians evaluating patients with suspected adrenal insufficiency should take into consideration the clinical presentation (likelihood of adrenal insufficiency before testing) when interpreting the results of the ACTH stimulation test and be aware of clinical and technical factors that can affect cortisol values and diagnostic accuracy of this test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nydia Burgos
- Internal Medicine Department, VA Caribbean Healthcare System, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Hans K Ghayee
- Division Of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Naykky Singh-Ospina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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