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Zhu J, Yuan K, Rana S, Jakki SL, Bhat AS, Liang L, Wang C. Long-acting growth hormone in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency in children: a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8061. [PMID: 38580693 PMCID: PMC10997584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to compare the relative efficacy and safety of long-acting growth hormone (LAGH) as a growth hormone replacement therapy in prepubertal children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). We searched the PubMed, Embase, CNKI, and Wanfang databases from inception to July 2023 and identified eleven relevant studies. PEG-LAGH showed better effect on height velocity (mean difference [MD]: - 0.031, 95% credibility interval [CrI]: - 0.278, 0.215) than somatrogon (MD: 0.105, 95% CrI: - 0.419, 0.636), somapacitan (MD: 0.802, 95% CrI: - 0.451, 2.068) and lonapegsomatropin (MD: 1.335, 95% CrI: - 0.3, 2.989) when compared with daily growth hormone (DGH). Furthermore, in terms of height standard deviation score, PEG-LAGH demonstrated better improvement (MD: - 0.15, 95% CrI: - 1.1, 0.66) than somatrogon (MD: - 0.055, 95% CrI: - 1.3, 0.51) and somapacitan (MD: 0.22, 95% CrI: - 0.91, 1.3). PEG-LAGH (risk ratio [RR]: 1.00, 95% CrI: 0.82, 1.2) reduced the risk of adverse events compared with other LAGH (somatrogon, RR: 1.1, 95% CrI: 0.98, 1.2; somapacitan, RR: 1.1, 95% CrI: 0.96, 1.4; lonapegsomatropin, RR, 1.1, 95% CrI: 0.91, 1.3) and was comparable with DGH. This is the first study to indirectly compare the LAGH thorough a network meta-analysis and provide evidence of the optimal efficacy of various LAGH specifically PEG-LAGH and acceptable safety profile in prepubertal children with GHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfang Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ke Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | | | | | | | - Li Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Wu T, Chen X, Zhang X. Vissers-Bodmer syndrome caused by a novel de novo CNOT1 frameshift variant. Am J Med Genet A 2024; 194:363-367. [PMID: 37818768 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Vissers-Bodmer Syndrome (VIBOS) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by variants in the CNOT1 gene. It is characterized by systemic developmental and language-motor delay, intellectual disabilities, growth and behavioral abnormalities, hypotonia, and distal skeletal defects, such as deformities of the hands and feet. This syndrome becomes evident during infancy and can display a highly variable phenotype. Thirty-nine individuals with heterozygous de novo CNOT1 variants were first reported in 2019. Herein, we report a child with VIBOS who exhibited delayed motor development for over 4 years, along with hypotonia and atypical facial features. Notably, the patient developed short stature as the primary characteristic without any intellectual disability or organic nervous system lesions. Genetic testing revealed a de novo base duplication variant in exon 5 of the CNOT1 gene, NM_016284.5(CNOT1):c.316_317dup(p.Pro107Serfs*10). Importantly, the pathogenicity of this specific variant has not been reported in relevant literature. This study reports a new variant, thereby enriching the variant spectrum of CNOT1 associated with VIBOS, and contributes to the genetic counseling of affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wu
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xi Chen
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Xia W, Wang T, Pan JY. Effects of different doses of long-acting growth hormone in treating children with growth hormone deficiency. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:6715-6724. [PMID: 37901029 PMCID: PMC10600835 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i28.6715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the improvement of economy and living standards, the attention paid to short stature in children has been increasingly highlighted. Numerous causes can lead to short stature in children, among which growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a significant factor. AIM To investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of different doses of long-acting polyethylene glycol recombinant human growth hormone (PEG-rhGH) in the treatment of GHD in children. METHODS We selected 44 pediatric patients diagnosed with GHD who were treated at Wuhu First People's Hospital from 2014 to 2018. Total 23 patients were administered a high dose of long-acting PEG-rhGH at 0.2 mg/kg subcutaneously each week, forming the high-dose group. Meanwhile, 21 patients were given a lower dose of long-acting PEG-rhGH at 0.14 mg/kg subcutaneously each week, establishing the low-dose Group. The total treatment period was 2 years, during which we monitored the patients' height, annual growth velocity (GV), height standard deviation score (HtSDS), chronological age (CA), bone age (BA), and serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) before treatment and at 6 mo, 1 year, and 2 years after treatment initiation. We also monitored thyroid function, fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, and other side effects. Furthermore, we calculated the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance. RESULTS After 1 year of treatment, the GV, HtSDS, IGF-1, BA, and IGFBP-3 in both groups significantly improved compared to the pre-treatment levels (P < 0.05). Moreover, when comparing GV, HtSDS, IGF-1, BA, and IGFBP-3 between the two groups, there were no statistically significant differences either before or after the treatment (P > 0.05). During the treatment intervals of 0-1.0 years and 1.0-2.0 years, both patient groups experienced a slowdown in GV and a decline in HtSDS improvement (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The use of PEG-rhGH in treating GHD patients was confirmed to be effective, with similar outcomes observed in both the high-dose group and low-dose groups, and no significant differences in the main side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xia
- Department of Pediatrics, The First People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu 241000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu 241000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jia-Yan Pan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu 241000, Anhui Province, China
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Mameli C, Orso M, Calcaterra V, Wasniewska MG, Aversa T, Granato S, Bruschini P, Guadagni L, d'Angela D, Spandonaro F, Polistena B, Zuccotti G. Efficacy, safety, quality of life, adherence and cost-effectiveness of long-acting growth hormone replacement therapy compared to daily growth hormone in children with growth hormone deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 2023:106805. [PMID: 37236413 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy, safety, adherence, quality of life (QoL) and cost-effectiveness of long-acting growth hormone (LAGH) vs daily growth hormone (GH) preparations in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in children. Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science up to July 2022 on randomized and non-randomized studies involving children with GHD receiving LAGH as compared to daily GH. Meta-analyses for efficacy and safety were performed comparing different LAGH/daily GH formulations. From the initial 1,393 records, we included 16 studies for efficacy and safety, 8 studies for adherence and 2 studies for QoL. No studies reporting cost-effectiveness were found. Pooled mean differences of mean annualized height velocity (cm/year) showed no difference between LAGH and daily GH: Eutropin Plus® vs Eutropin® [-0.14 (-0.43, 0.15)], Eutropin Plus® vs Genotropin® [-0.74 (-1.83, 0.34)], Jintrolong® vs Jintropin AQ® [0.05 (-0.54, 0.65)], Somatrogon vs Genotropin® [-1.40 (-2.91, 0.10)], TransCon vs Genotropin® [0.93 (0.26, 1.61)]. Also, other efficacy and safety outcomes, QoL and adherence were comparable for LAGH and daily GH. Our results showed that, although most of the included studies had some concerns for risk of bias, regarding efficacy and safety all the LAGH formulations were similar to daily GH. Future high quality studies are needed to confirm these data. Adherence and QoL should be addressed from real-world data studies for both the mid and long term and in a larger population. Cost-effectiveness studies are needed to measure the economic impact of LAGH from the healthcare payer's perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mameli
- Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Università Di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Orso
- C.R.E.A. Sanità (Centre for Applied Economic Research in Healthcare), Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini V. Buzzi, Milan, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Malgorzata Gabriela Wasniewska
- Pediatric Unit, AOU Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy; Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Tommaso Aversa
- Pediatric Unit, AOU Policlinico "G. Martino", Messina, Italy; Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - Liliana Guadagni
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela d'Angela
- C.R.E.A. Sanità (Centre for Applied Economic Research in Healthcare), Rome, Italy; University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Spandonaro
- C.R.E.A. Sanità (Centre for Applied Economic Research in Healthcare), Rome, Italy; San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Polistena
- C.R.E.A. Sanità (Centre for Applied Economic Research in Healthcare), Rome, Italy; University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Università Di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Villarruel LA, Brie B, Municoy S, Becú-Villalobos D, Desimone MF, Catalano PN. Silica-collagen nanoformulations with extended human growth hormone release. Int J Pharm 2023; 634:122662. [PMID: 36736675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone deficiency has been treated by the daily administration of recombinant human growth hormone (hGH) for decades. Patient compliance to this treatment is generally incomplete due to challenges including dose frequency and lack of perceived benefits. This stimulates the research on new formulations to reduce the number of periodic administrations. In this study silica nanoparticles and silica-collagen nanocomposites were evaluated for hGH loading and release. Bare nanoparticles showed higher hGH adsorption capacity than thiol- and isobutyl-bearing particles of similar diameters. Monitoring of bound protein conformation changes indicated hGH structure retention when adsorbed on bare silica nanoparticles and suggested no alterations on protein activity. Protein-loaded particles incorporated into collagen matrices (silica-collagen nanocomposites) showed a progressive protein release profile different from the observed for hGH-loaded silica nanoparticles and hGH-loaded collagen matrices. While both the collagen and the silica nanoparticle systems reached a 100 % release after 4 and 7 days respectively, silica-collagen nanocomposites showed a bi-phasic prolonged hGH release reaching approximately an 80 % after 15 days. These findings suggest that biocompatible silica-collagen nanocomposites could be used as vehicles for the prolonged delivery of hGH which could lead to a potential reduction in the number of periodic administrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Villarruel
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (CNEA - CONICET), Nodo Constituyentes, Av. Gral.Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología, Gerencia de Desarrollo Tecnológico y Proyectos Especiales, Gerencia de Área de Investigación y Aplicaciones No Nucleares, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Belén Brie
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490 (C1428ADN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofía Municoy
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junin 954 (1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damasia Becú-Villalobos
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490 (C1428ADN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín F Desimone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junin 954 (1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Paolo N Catalano
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (CNEA - CONICET), Nodo Constituyentes, Av. Gral.Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología, Gerencia de Desarrollo Tecnológico y Proyectos Especiales, Gerencia de Área de Investigación y Aplicaciones No Nucleares, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (B1650KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junin 954 (1113), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Choi HS, Kwon A, Suh J, Song K, Chae HW, Kim HS. Effect of long-acting growth hormone treatment on endogenous growth hormone secretion in prepubertal patients with idiopathic short stature: A preliminary study. Growth Horm IGF Res 2022; 66:101486. [PMID: 35868146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Long-acting growth hormone (LAGH) is emerging to be a new preparation for treatment of short stature. We aimed to determine whether 12-month treatment with LAGH in patients with idiopathic short stature has an effect on the nocturnal endogenous growth hormone (GH) secretion and metabolic consequences and efficacy. Participants included 10 GH-naïve prepubertal children with idiopathic short stature (ISS). One patient was withdrawn due to own decline during study. Participants were randomized on a 1:1 ratio to receive either a daily GH (0.37 mg/kg/week) or once-weekly LAGH (0.7 mg/kg/week) over a 12-month period. Nocturnal endogenous GH secretory profiles obtained from 12-h blood samplings at 30-min interval were assessed at baseline and 2 weeks after the completion of GH treatment. Post-treatment changes in height velocity, height standard deviation score (SDS), metabolic parameters, and adverse events were measured. A total of 4 patients received LAGH, and 5 patients received daily GH. Nocturnal endogenous GH secretory profiles, such as mean serum GH concentrations, frequency, amplitude, interpulse interval of spontaneous GH secretory bursts, and mass of GH released per secretory burst were similar at baseline and after 12-month treatment in both groups. The efficacy and safety after LAGH treatment for 12 months were similar to those of daily GH. In conclusions, these findings indicated that LAGH does not suppress endogenous GH secretion, and can be used for treatment of non-GH deficient short stature with similar efficacy and safety compared to daily GH. These may contribute to define and develop treatment and follow-up protocols for LAGH use in ISS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Saem Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Severance Children's Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahreum Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Severance Children's Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghwan Suh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Severance Children's Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungchul Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Severance Children's Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Severance Children's Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Severance Children's Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Effectiveness and Safety of Combination Therapy with Herbal Medicine and Growth Hormone Compared to Growth Hormone Monotherapy for Short Stature Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5725258. [PMID: 35982997 PMCID: PMC9381207 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5725258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Herbal medicines (HM) and growth hormones (GH) are widely used to treat short stature (SS) in children. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of combination therapy with HM and GH (CHG) compared to those of GH monotherapy (GHM) in children with SS. Methods We searched 17 electronic databases from inception to 1 April 2021. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Two authors independently performed the selection and quality assessment of the included studies using Cochrane Handbook criteria. Relative risk (RR) was used to measure dichotomous outcomes with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Mean difference (MD) or standard MD (SMD) was used to measure continuous outcomes with a 95% CI. Results Seven RCTs involving 455 participants with SS were included. Standard deviations in height (MD = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.24–0.38, p < 0.00001), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (MD = 1.39, 95% CI: 0.93–1.85, p < 0.00001) were significantly higher in the CHG group than in the GHM group. Growth velocity (MD = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.34–2.31, p < 0.00001) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (MD = 61.85, 95% CI: 55.80–67.90, p < 0.00001) were significantly higher in the CHG group. Adverse events were significantly lower in the CHG group (risk ratio: 0.10, 95% CI: 0.02–0.54, p = 0.007). However, the level of evidence was low. Conclusions CHG demonstrated significantly better efficacy than GHM for treating SS, with a low incidence of adverse events. However, since the level of evidence is low, methodologically standardized RCTs are required to verify these results.
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Dutta D, Mahajan K, Kumar M, Sharma M. Efficacy and safety of long-acting growth hormone in adult growth hormone deficiency: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2022; 16:102421. [PMID: 35158212 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS No meta-analysis has analysed efficacy and safety of long-acting growth hormone (GH) therapy in adult GH deficiency. We undertook this meta-analysis to address this gap in knowledge METHODS: Electronic databases were searched for RCTs involving adult GH deficiency patients receiving weekly long-acting GH as compared to daily GH/placebo controls. Primary outcome was to evaluate changes in body-composition parameters. Secondary outcomes were to evaluate alterations in glycaemia and adverse-events. RESULTS Data from 5 studies involving 648 patients were analysed (4 studies having daily GH as active controls; 1 study having placebo as passive controls). Over 24-34 weeks clinical use, patients receiving long-acting GH had comparable change in lean mass [MD-0.28 kg (95%CI: 0.94 - 0.38); P = 0.41; I2 = 29% (low heterogeneity)] and fat mass [MD-0.10 kg (95%CI: 1.97-1.78); P = 0.92; I2 = 77%(considerable heterogeneity)] as compared to daily GH injections. Long-acting GH use was associated with significantly lower visceral adipose tissue [MD-1.75 cm2(95%CI: 2.14 to -1.35); P < 0.01; I2 = 0% (low heterogeneity)] and higher gynoid fat-mass [MD 0.14 kg(95%CI:0.02-0.26); P = 0.03] compared to daily GH injections. Total adverse events [Risk ratio (RR) 1.65 (95% CI: 0.83-3.29); P = 0.15; I2 = 68%] and severe adverse events [RR 0.60 (95% CI: 0.30-1.19); P = 0.14; I2 = 0%] were not significantly different in long-acting GH group compared to controls. Occurrence of headache, arthralgia, nasopharyngitis, new onset diabetes, anti-GH antibodies were comparable among groups. Long-acting GH users had significantly higher treatment adherence compared to controls [OR 4.80 (95%CI:3.58-6.02); P < 0.01; I2 = 0%]. CONCLUSION Long-acting GH has comparable beneficial impact on body composition parameters in adult GH deficiency, is well tolerated without any increased adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Dutta
- Department of Endocrinology, CEDAR Super-speciality Healthcare, Dwarka, New Delhi, India.
| | - Kunal Mahajan
- Department of Cardiology, Holy Heart Advanced Cardiac Care and Research Center, Rohtak, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Endocrinology, CEDAR Super-speciality Healthcare, Zirakpur, India.
| | - Meha Sharma
- Department of Rheumatology, CEDAR Super-speciality Healthcare, Dwarka, New Delhi, India.
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Ma L, Li L, Pan W, Huang C, Liu L, Zhang X. Effect of Weekly Long-Acting Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy Compared to Daily Growth Hormone on Children With Short Stature: A Meta-Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:726172. [PMID: 34912293 PMCID: PMC8667176 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.726172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of weekly long-acting growth hormone replacement therapy compared to daily growth hormone in children with short stature. Methods A systematic literature search up to April 2021 was performed and 11 studies included 1,232 children with short stature treated with growth hormone replacement therapy at the start of the study; 737 of them were using weekly long-acting growth hormone replacement therapy and 495 were using daily growth hormone. They were reporting relationships between the efficacy and safety of long-acting growth hormone replacement therapy and daily growth hormone in children with short stature. We calculated the odds ratio (OR), and mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the efficacy and safety of weekly long-acting growth hormone replacement therapy compared to daily growth hormone in children with short stature using the dichotomous or continuous method with a random or fixed-effect model. Results Long-acting growth hormone replacement therapy had significantly lower height standard deviation scores chronological age (MD, -0.10; 95% CI, -0.13 to -0.08, p <0.001), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (MD, -0.69; 95% CI, -1.09 to -0.30, p <0.001) compared to daily growth hormone in children with short stature.However, growth hormone replacement therapy had no significantly difference in height velocity (MD, -0.09; 95% CI, -0.69-0.5, p = 0.76), height standard deviation scores bone age (MD, -0.04; 95% CI, -0.10-0.02, p = 0.16), insulin-like growth factor 1 standard deviation scores (MD, 0.26; 95% CI, -0.26-0.79, p = 0.33), and incidence of adverse events (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.90-1.50, p = 0.25) compared to daily growth hormone in children with short stature. Conclusions Long-acting growth hormone replacement therapy had significantly lower height standard deviation scores chronological age, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 compared to daily growth hormone in children with short stature. However, growth hormone replacement therapy had no significant difference in height velocity, height standard deviation scores bone age, insulin-like growth factor 1 standard deviation scores, and incidence of adverse events compared to daily growth hormone in children with short stature. Further studies are required to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical Univeristy, Yinchuan, China
| | - Liangyi Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Wen Pan
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Qingdao Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Congfu Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Limei Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical Univeristy, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chongqing Jiangbei Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
- Department of Child Healthcare, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Hage C, Gan HW, Ibba A, Patti G, Dattani M, Loche S, Maghnie M, Salvatori R. Advances in differential diagnosis and management of growth hormone deficiency in children. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:608-624. [PMID: 34417587 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) in children is defined as impaired production of GH by the pituitary gland that results in growth failure. This disease might be congenital or acquired, and occurs in isolation or in the setting of multiple pituitary hormone deficiency. Isolated GHD has an estimated prevalence of 1 patient per 4000-10,000 live births and can be due to multiple causes, some of which are yet to be determined. Establishing the correct diagnosis remains key in children with short stature, as initiating treatment with recombinant human GH can help them attain their genetically determined adult height. During the past two decades, our understanding of the benefits of continuing GH therapy throughout the transition period from childhood to adulthood has increased. Improvements in transitional care will help alleviate the consequent physical and psychological problems that can arise from adult GHD, although the consequences of a lack of hormone replacement are less severe in adults than in children. In this Review, we discuss the differential diagnosis in children with GHD, including details of clinical presentation, neuroimaging and genetic testing. Furthermore, we highlight advances and issues in the management of GHD, including details of transitional care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Hage
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hoong-Wei Gan
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anastasia Ibba
- Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Paediatric Hospital Microcitemico "A. Cao", AO Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Patti
- Department of Paediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Mehul Dattani
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sandro Loche
- Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Paediatric Hospital Microcitemico "A. Cao", AO Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mohamad Maghnie
- Department of Paediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Salvatori
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Graber E, Reiter EO, Rogol AD. Human Growth and Growth Hormone: From Antiquity to the Recominant Age to the Future. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:709936. [PMID: 34290673 PMCID: PMC8287422 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.709936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Since antiquity Man has been fascinated by the variations in human (and animal) growth. Stories and art abound about giants and little people. Modern genetics have solved some of etiologies at both extremes of growth. Serious study began with the pathophysiology of acromegaly followed by early attempts at treatment culminating in modern endoscopic surgery and multiple pharmacologic agents. Virtually at the same time experiments with the removal of the pituitary from laboratory animals noted the slowing or stopping of linear growth and then over a few decades the extraction and purification of a protein within the anterior pituitary that restored, partially or in full, the animal's growth. Human growth hormone was purified decades after those from large animals and it was noted that it was species specific, that is, only primate growth hormone was metabolically active in primates. That was quite unlike the beef and pork insulins which revolutionized the care of children with diabetes mellitus. A number of studies included mild enzymatic digestion of beef growth hormone to determine if those "cores" had biologic activity in primates and man. Tantalizing data showed minimal but variable metabolic efficacy leading to the "active core" hypothesis, for these smaller peptides would be amenable to peptide synthesis in the time before recombinant DNA. Recombinant DNA changed the landscape remarkably promising nearly unlimited quantities of metabolically active hormone. Eight indications for therapeutic use have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and a large number of clinical trials have been undertaken in multiple other conditions for which short stature in childhood is a sign. The future predicts other clinical indications for growth hormone therapy (and perhaps other components of the GH?IGF-1 axis), longer-acting analogues and perhaps a more physiologic method of administration as virtually all methods at present are far from physiologic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Graber
- DO Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Nemours/Alfred I. Dupont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Edward O. Reiter
- Baystate Children’s Hospital, UMassMedical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA, United States
| | - Alan D. Rogol
- Pediatrics/Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Kim JH, Chae HW, Chin SO, Ku CR, Park KH, Lim DJ, Kim KJ, Lim JS, Kim G, Choi YM, Ahn SH, Jeon MJ, Hwangbo Y, Lee JH, Kim BK, Choi YJ, Lee KA, Moon SS, Ahn HY, Choi HS, Hong SM, Shin DY, Seo JA, Kim SH, Oh S, Yu SH, Kim BJ, Shin CH, Kim SW, Kim CH, Lee EJ. Diagnosis and Treatment of Growth Hormone Deficiency: A Position Statement from Korean Endocrine Society and Korean Society of Pediatric Endocrinology. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:272-287. [PMID: 32615711 PMCID: PMC7386113 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.35.2.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) deficiency is caused by congenital or acquired causes and occurs in childhood or adulthood. GH replacement therapy brings benefits to body composition, exercise capacity, skeletal health, cardiovascular outcomes, and quality of life. Before initiating GH replacement, GH deficiency should be confirmed through proper stimulation tests, and in cases with proven genetic causes or structural lesions, repeated GH stimulation testing is not necessary. The dosing regimen of GH replacement therapy should be individualized, with the goal of minimizing side effects and maximizing clinical improvements. The Korean Endocrine Society and the Korean Society of Pediatric Endocrinology have developed a position statement on the diagnosis and treatment of GH deficiency. This position statement is based on a systematic review of evidence and expert opinions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Chin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Cheol Ryong Ku
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Kyeong Hye Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang,
Korea
| | - Dong Jun Lim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Kwang Joon Kim
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Jung Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju,
Korea
| | - Gyuri Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Yun Mi Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong,
Korea
| | - Seong Hee Ahn
- Department of Endocrinology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon,
Korea
| | - Min Ji Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Yul Hwangbo
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang,
Korea
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon,
Korea
| | - Bu Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan,
Korea
| | - Yong Jun Choi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon,
Korea
| | - Kyung Ae Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju,
Korea
| | - Seong-Su Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju,
Korea
| | - Hwa Young Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Hoon Sung Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon,
Korea
| | - Sang Mo Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong,
Korea
| | - Dong Yeob Shin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Ji A Seo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan,
Korea
| | - Se Hwa Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, International St. Mary’s Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon,
Korea
| | - Seungjoon Oh
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri,
Korea
| | - Byung Joon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon,
Korea
| | - Choong Ho Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sung-Woon Kim
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Chong Hwa Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Sejong General Hospital, Bucheon,
Korea
| | - Eun Jig Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
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Miller BS, Velazquez E, Yuen KCJ. Long-Acting Growth Hormone Preparations - Current Status and Future Considerations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5611083. [PMID: 31676901 PMCID: PMC7755139 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Long-acting GH (LAGH) preparations are currently being developed in an attempt to improve adherence. The profile of GH action following administration of LAGH raises practical questions about clinical monitoring and long-term safety and efficacy of these new therapeutic agents. METHODS Recent literature and meeting proceedings regarding LAGH preparations are reviewed. RESULTS Multiple LAGH preparations are currently at various stages of development, allowing for decreased GH injection frequency from daily to weekly, biweekly, or monthly. Following administration of LAGH, the serum peak and trough GH and IGF-I levels vary depending upon the mechanism used to prolong GH action. Randomized, controlled clinical trials of some LAGH preparations have reported non-inferiority compared with daily recombinant human GH (rhGH) for improved growth velocity and body composition in children and adults with GH deficiency (GHD), respectively. No significant LAGH-related adverse events have been reported during short-term therapy. CONCLUSION Multiple LAGH preparations are proceeding through clinical development with some showing promising evidence of short-term clinical efficacy and safety in children and adults with GHD. The relationship of transient elevations of GH and IGF-I following administration of LAGH to efficacy and safety remain to be elucidated. For LAGH to replace daily rhGH in the treatment of individuals with GHD, a number of practical questions need to be addressed including methods of dose adjustment, timing of monitoring of IGF-I, safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness. Long-term surveillance of efficacy and safety of LAGH preparations will be needed to answer these clinically relevant questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Miller
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Bradley S. Miller, MD, PhD, 8952D, MB671 East Bldg, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55454. E-mail:
| | - Eric Velazquez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kevin C J Yuen
- Departments of Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Barrow Pituitary Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
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Alexandraki KI, Grossman AB. Management of Hypopituitarism. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8122153. [PMID: 31817511 PMCID: PMC6947162 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypopituitarism includes all clinical conditions that result in partial or complete failure of the anterior and posterior lobe of the pituitary gland’s ability to secrete hormones. The aim of management is usually to replace the target-hormone of hypothalamo-pituitary-endocrine gland axis with the exceptions of secondary hypogonadism when fertility is required, and growth hormone deficiency (GHD), and to safely minimise both symptoms and clinical signs. Adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency replacement is best performed with the immediate-release oral glucocorticoid hydrocortisone (HC) in 2–3 divided doses. However, novel once-daily modified-release HC targets a more physiological exposure of glucocorticoids. GHD is treated currently with daily subcutaneous GH, but current research is focusing on the development of once-weekly administration of recombinant GH. Hypogonadism is targeted with testosterone replacement in men and on estrogen replacement therapy in women; when fertility is wanted, replacement targets secondary or tertiary levels of hormonal settings. Thyroid-stimulating hormone replacement therapy follows the rules of primary thyroid gland failure with L-thyroxine replacement. Central diabetes insipidus is nowadays replaced by desmopressin. Certain clinical scenarios may have to be promptly managed to avoid short-term or long-term sequelae such as pregnancy in patients with hypopituitarism, pituitary apoplexy, adrenal crisis, and pituitary metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystallenia I. Alexandraki
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
| | - Ashley B. Grossman
- Department of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
In this chapter, we want to give an overview on what we have learned from more than 30 years ago on the use of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) and later recombinant human IGF-1 which was introduced for the treatment of short children and what are the safety issues concerned with this treatment. However, rhGH is used not solely in conditions where short stature is the consequence of GH deficiency but also in various disorders without a proven GH deficiency. In clinical studies, growth responses to various forms of rhGH therapy were analyzed, adding to our concept about the physiology of growth. Most patients under rhGH treatment show a considerable short-term effect; however, the long-term gain of height in a child obtained by a year-long treatment until final height remains controversial in some of the growth disorders that have been treated with rhGH or IGF-1. Today the first studies on the long-term safety of rhGH treatment have been published and raising some questions whether this treatment is similarly safe for all the patient groups treated with rhGH. Although there is a long-standing safety record for these hormone replacement therapies, in the face of the considerable costs involved, the discussion about the risk to benefit ratio is continuing. Newer developments of rhGH treatment include long-term preparations, which have only to be injected once a week. Although some of these drugs already have proven their non-inferiority to conventional rhGH treatment, we have to await further results to see whether they show improvements in treatment adherence of the patients and prove their long-term safety.
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