1
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Campanella NC, Gomes INF, Alves ALV, Leal LF, Evangelista AF, Rosa MN, Melendez ME, Silva VAO, Dias RLK, Abrahão-Machado LF, Santana I, Martinho O, Guimarães DP, Faça VM, Reis RM. Biological and therapeutic implications of RKIP in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST): an integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:256. [PMID: 37907993 PMCID: PMC10619323 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) represent a significant clinical challenge due to their metastatic potential and limited treatment options. Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP), a suppressor of the MAPK signaling pathway, is downregulated in various cancers and acts as a metastasis suppressor. Our previous studies demonstrated low RKIP expression in GIST and its association with poor outcomes. This study aimed to expand on the previous findings and investigate the biological and therapeutic implications of RKIP loss on GIST. METHODS To validate the RKIP prognostic significance, its expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 142 bona fide GIST cases. The functional role of RKIP was evaluated in vitro, using the GIST-T1 cell line, which was knocked out for RKIP. The biological and therapeutic implications of RKIP were evaluated by invasion, migration, apoptosis, and 2D / 3D viability assays. Additionally, the transcriptome and proteome of RKIP knockout cells were determined by NanoString and mass spectrometry, respectively. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the absence of RKIP in 25.3% of GIST cases, correlating with a tendency toward poor prognosis. Functional assays demonstrated that RKIP knockout increased GIST cells' invasion and migration potential by nearly 60%. Moreover, we found that RKIP knockout cells exhibited reduced responsiveness to Imatinib treatment and higher cellular viability in 2D and 3D in vitro models, as assessed by apoptosis-related protein expression. Through comprehensive genetic and proteomic profiling of RKIP knockout cells, we identified several putative RKIP-regulated proteins in GIST, such as COL3A1. CONCLUSIONS Using a multidimensional integrative analysis, we identified, for the first time in GIST, molecules and pathways modulated by RKIP that may potentially drive metastasis and, consequently, poor prognosis in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Cristina Campanella
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Izabela Natalia Faria Gomes
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura Vieira Alves
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Leticia Ferro Leal
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
- School of Health Sciences Dr. Paulo Prata (FACISB), Barretos, 14785-002, Brazil
| | - Adriane Feijó Evangelista
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Marcela Nunes Rosa
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Matias Eliseo Melendez
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Program, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 20231-050, Brazil
| | - Viviane Aline Oliveira Silva
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40110-909, Brazil
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Richard Lucas Konichi Dias
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
- School of Health Sciences Dr. Paulo Prata (FACISB), Barretos, 14785-002, Brazil
| | | | - Iara Santana
- Department of Pathology, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Olga Martinho
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4806-909, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Denise Peixoto Guimarães
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil
- Department of Endoscopy, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Vitor Marcel Faça
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Rua Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, CEP 14784 400, Barretos, S. Paulo, 14784-400, Brazil.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4806-909, Portugal.
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal.
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2
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Sun Y, Selvarajan S, Zang Z, Liu W, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Chen W, Chen H, Li L, Cai X, Gao H, Wu Z, Zhao Y, Chen L, Teng X, Mantoo S, Lim TKH, Hariraman B, Yeow S, Alkaff SMF, Lee SS, Ruan G, Zhang Q, Zhu T, Hu Y, Dong Z, Ge W, Xiao Q, Wang W, Wang G, Xiao J, He Y, Wang Z, Sun W, Qin Y, Zhu J, Zheng X, Wang L, Zheng X, Xu K, Shao Y, Zheng S, Liu K, Aebersold R, Guan H, Wu X, Luo D, Tian W, Li SZ, Kon OL, Iyer NG, Guo T. Artificial intelligence defines protein-based classification of thyroid nodules. Cell Discov 2022; 8:85. [PMID: 36068205 PMCID: PMC9448820 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of malignancy in thyroid nodules remains a major diagnostic challenge. Here we report the feasibility and clinical utility of developing an AI-defined protein-based biomarker panel for diagnostic classification of thyroid nodules: based initially on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), and further refined for fine-needle aspiration (FNA) tissue specimens of minute amounts which pose technical challenges for other methods. We first developed a neural network model of 19 protein biomarkers based on the proteomes of 1724 FFPE thyroid tissue samples from a retrospective cohort. This classifier achieved over 91% accuracy in the discovery set for classifying malignant thyroid nodules. The classifier was externally validated by blinded analyses in a retrospective cohort of 288 nodules (89% accuracy; FFPE) and a prospective cohort of 294 FNA biopsies (85% accuracy) from twelve independent clinical centers. This study shows that integrating high-throughput proteomics and AI technology in multi-center retrospective and prospective clinical cohorts facilitates precise disease diagnosis which is otherwise difficult to achieve by other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoting Sun
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, No.18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sathiyamoorthy Selvarajan
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zelin Zang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, No.18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Westlake Omics (Hangzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No.1 Yunmeng Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, No.18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wanyuan Chen
- Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Westlake Omics (Hangzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No.1 Yunmeng Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Li
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, No.18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Cai
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, No.18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huanhuan Gao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, No.18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhicheng Wu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, No.18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongfu Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Lirong Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Teng
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sangeeta Mantoo
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tony Kiat-Hon Lim
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bhuvaneswari Hariraman
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Serene Yeow
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Syed Muhammad Fahmy Alkaff
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sze Sing Lee
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guan Ruan
- Westlake Omics (Hangzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No.1 Yunmeng Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiushi Zhang
- Westlake Omics (Hangzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No.1 Yunmeng Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tiansheng Zhu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, No.18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yifan Hu
- Westlake Omics (Hangzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No.1 Yunmeng Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Dong
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, No.18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weigang Ge
- Westlake Omics (Hangzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No.1 Yunmeng Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Xiao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, No.18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weibin Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangzhi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Junhong Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Ultrasound, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics and Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Linyan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi Zheng
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kailun Xu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingkuan Shao
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shu Zheng
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Haixia Guan
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dingcun Luo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Tian
- Department of General Surgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Stan Ziqing Li
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, No.18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Oi Lian Kon
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Narayanan Gopalakrishna Iyer
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Tiannan Guo
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, No.18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Investigation of Marine-Derived Natural Products as Raf Kinase Inhibitory Protein (RKIP)-Binding Ligands. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19100581. [PMID: 34677480 PMCID: PMC8539980 DOI: 10.3390/md19100581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) is an essential regulator of the Ras/Raf-1/MEK/ERK signaling cascade and functions by directly interacting with the Raf-1 kinase. The abnormal expression of RKIP is linked with numerous diseases including cancers, Alzheimer's and diabetic nephropathy. Interestingly, RKIP also plays an indispensable role as a tumor suppressor, thus making it an attractive therapeutic target. To date, only a few small molecules have been reported to modulate the activity of RKIP, and there is a need to explore additional scaffolds. In order to achieve this objective, a pharmacophore model was generated that explores the features of locostatin, the most potent RKIP modulator. Correspondingly, the developed model was subjected to screening, and the mapped compounds from Marine Natural Products (MNP) library were retrieved. The mapped MNPs after ensuing drug-likeness filtration were escalated for molecular docking, where locostatin was regarded as a reference. The MNPs exhibiting higher docking scores than locostatin were considered for molecular dynamics simulations, and their binding affinity towards RKIP was computed via MM/PBSA. A total of five molecules revealed significantly better binding free energy scores than compared to locostatin and, therefore, were reckoned as hits. The hits from the present in silico investigation could act as potent RKIP modulators and disrupt interactions of RKIP with its binding proteins. Furthermore, the identification of potent modulators from marine natural habitat can act as a future drug-discovery source.
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4
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Hu CT, Mandal JP, Wu WS. Regulation on tumor metastasis by Raf kinase inhibitory protein: New insight with reactive oxygen species signaling. Tzu Chi Med J 2021; 33:332-338. [PMID: 34760627 PMCID: PMC8532577 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_296_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy aiming at the metastatic signal pathway, such as that triggered by receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), for the prevention of tumor progression is promising. However, RTK-based targeted therapy frequently suffered from drug resistance due to the co-expression of multiple growth factor receptors that may raise compensatory secondary signaling and acquired mutations after treatment. One alternative strategy is to manipulate the common negative regulators of the RTK signaling. Among them, Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) is highlighted and focused on this review. RKIP can associate with Raf-1, thus suppressing the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. RKIP also negatively regulates other metastatic signal molecules including NF-κB, STAT3, and NOTCH1. In general, RKIP achieves this task via associating and blocking the activity of the critical molecules on upstream of the aforementioned pathways. One novel RKIP-related signaling involves reactive oxygen species (ROS). In our recent report, we found that PKCδ-mediated ROS generation may interfere with the association of RKIP with heat shock protein 60 (HSP60)/MAPK complex via oxidation of HSP60 triggered by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. The departure of RKIP may impact the downstream MAPK in two aspects. One is to trigger the Mt→cytosol translocation of HSP60 coupled with MAPKs. The other is to change the conformation of HSP60, favoring more efficient activation of the associated MAPK by upstream kinases in cytosol. It is worthy of investigating whether various RTKs capable of generating ROS can drive metastatic signaling via affecting RKIP in the same manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Tan Hu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Hepatology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | | | - Wen-Sheng Wu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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5
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Parate S, Rampogu S, Lee G, Hong JC, Lee KW. Exploring the Binding Interaction of Raf Kinase Inhibitory Protein With the N-Terminal of C-Raf Through Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:655035. [PMID: 34124147 PMCID: PMC8194344 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.655035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are indispensable physiological processes regulating several biological functions. Despite the availability of structural information on protein-protein complexes, deciphering their complex topology remains an outstanding challenge. Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) has gained substantial attention as a favorable molecular target for numerous pathologies including cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. RKIP interferes with the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling cascade by endogenously binding with C-Raf (Raf-1 kinase) and preventing its activation. In the current investigation, the binding of RKIP with C-Raf was explored by knowledge-based protein-protein docking web-servers including HADDOCK and ZDOCK and a consensus binding mode of C-Raf/RKIP structural complex was obtained. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were further performed in an explicit solvent to sample the conformations for when RKIP binds to C-Raf. Some of the conserved interface residues were mutated to alanine, phenylalanine and leucine and the impact of mutations was estimated by additional MD simulations and MM/PBSA analysis for the wild-type (WT) and constructed mutant complexes. Substantial decrease in binding free energy was observed for the mutant complexes as compared to the binding free energy of WT C-Raf/RKIP structural complex. Furthermore, a considerable increase in average backbone root mean square deviation and fluctuation was perceived for the mutant complexes. Moreover, per-residue energy contribution analysis of the equilibrated simulation trajectory by HawkDock and ANCHOR web-servers was conducted to characterize the key residues for the complex formation. One residue each from C-Raf (Arg398) and RKIP (Lys80) were identified as the druggable “hot spots” constituting the core of the binding interface and corroborated by additional long-time scale (300 ns) MD simulation of Arg398Ala mutant complex. A notable conformational change in Arg398Ala mutant occurred near the mutation site as compared to the equilibrated C-Raf/RKIP native state conformation and an essential hydrogen bonding interaction was lost. The thirteen binding sites assimilated from the overall analysis were mapped onto the complex as surface and divided into active and allosteric binding sites, depending on their location at the interface. The acquired information on the predicted 3D structural complex and the detected sites aid as promising targets in designing novel inhibitors to block the C-Raf/RKIP interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Parate
- Division of Life Sciences, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Korea
| | - Shailima Rampogu
- Division of Life Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Department of Bio and Medical Big Data (BK21 Four Program), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Korea
| | - Gihwan Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Korea
| | - Jong Chan Hong
- Division of Life Sciences, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Department of Bio and Medical Big Data (BK21 Four Program), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Korea
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6
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Penas C, Apraiz A, Muñoa I, Arroyo-Berdugo Y, Rasero J, Ezkurra PA, Velasco V, Subiran N, Bosserhoff AK, Alonso S, Asumendi A, Boyano MD. RKIP Regulates Differentiation-Related Features in Melanocytic Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061451. [PMID: 32503139 PMCID: PMC7352799 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein (RKIP) has been extensively reported as an inhibitor of key signaling pathways involved in the aggressive tumor phenotype and shows decreased expression in several types of cancers. However, little is known about RKIP in melanoma or regarding its function in normal cells. We examined the role of RKIP in both primary melanocytes and malignant melanoma cells and evaluated its diagnostic and prognostic value. IHC analysis revealed a significantly higher expression of RKIP in nevi compared with early-stage (stage I–II, AJCC 8th) melanoma biopsies. Proliferation, wound healing, and collagen-coated transwell assays uncovered the implication of RKIP on the motility but not on the proliferative capacity of melanoma cells as RKIP protein levels were inversely correlated with the migration capacity of both primary and metastatic melanoma cells but did not alter other parameters. As shown by RNA sequencing, endogenous RKIP knockdown in primary melanocytes triggered the deregulation of cellular differentiation-related processes, including genes (i.e., ZEB1, THY-1) closely related to the EMT. Interestingly, NANOG was identified as a putative transcriptional regulator of many of the deregulated genes, and RKIP was able to decrease the activation of the NANOG promoter. As a whole, our data support the utility of RKIP as a diagnostic marker for early-stage melanomas. In addition, these findings indicate its participation in the maintenance of a differentiated state of melanocytic cells by modulating genes intimately linked to the cellular motility and explain the progressive decrease of RKIP often described in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Penas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.P.); (A.A.); (Y.A.-B.); (P.A.E.); (A.A.)
| | - Aintzane Apraiz
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.P.); (A.A.); (Y.A.-B.); (P.A.E.); (A.A.)
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.); (J.R.); (V.V.); (N.S.)
| | - Iraia Muñoa
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.); (J.R.); (V.V.); (N.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Yoana Arroyo-Berdugo
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.P.); (A.A.); (Y.A.-B.); (P.A.E.); (A.A.)
| | - Javier Rasero
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.); (J.R.); (V.V.); (N.S.)
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburg, PA 15213, USA
| | - Pilar A. Ezkurra
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.P.); (A.A.); (Y.A.-B.); (P.A.E.); (A.A.)
| | - Veronica Velasco
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.); (J.R.); (V.V.); (N.S.)
| | - Nerea Subiran
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.); (J.R.); (V.V.); (N.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Anja K. Bosserhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Santos Alonso
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - Aintzane Asumendi
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.P.); (A.A.); (Y.A.-B.); (P.A.E.); (A.A.)
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.); (J.R.); (V.V.); (N.S.)
| | - Maria D. Boyano
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (C.P.); (A.A.); (Y.A.-B.); (P.A.E.); (A.A.)
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.M.); (J.R.); (V.V.); (N.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-946015689
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Fang M, Huang W, Wu X, Gao Y, Ou J, Zhang X, Li Y. MiR-141-3p Suppresses Tumor Growth and Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Cancer via Targeting Yin Yang 1. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:258-268. [PMID: 30290400 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
MicroR-141-3p has been found to be downregulated in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), while little is known about the cellular functions and precise signals elicited by miR-141-3p in PTC. The results of this study indicated that the expression of miR-141-3p was aberrantly down-regulated in PTC tissues and cell lines, compared with the adjacent normal tissues and normal thyroid epithelial cells. Furthermore, the miR-141-3p expression level was negatively associated with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis in PTC. Expression of miR-141-3p effectively inhibited cell growth, promoted apoptosis, and suppressed invasion in PTC cells. Meanwhile, miR-141-3p knockdown with miR-141-3p inhibitor reversed these effects. Consistent with the in vitro study, miR-141-3p also exhibited anti-neoplastic activity in vivo. Moreover, the results revealed that miR-141-3p directly recognized the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of Yin Yang 1 (YY1) and negatively regulated the expression of YY1 at both protein and mRNA levels. Ectopic expression of YY1 could effectively abrogate the anti-metastatic and proapoptotic effects of miR-141-3p. In summary, the findings suggested that miR-141-3p can act as a tumor suppressor in PTC and may be a potential therapeutic target for PTC treatment. Anat Rec, 302:258-268, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Fang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Jiangyin People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Jiangyin, 214400, China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Jiangyin People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Jiangyin, 214400, China
| | - Xinchi Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Jiangyin People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Jiangyin, 214400, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Jiangyin People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Jiangyin, 214400, China
| | - Jing Ou
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Jiangyin People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Jiangyin, 214400, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Jiangyin People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Jiangyin, 214400, China
| | - Yanyun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Jiangyin People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Jiangyin, 214400, China
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8
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RKIP: A Key Regulator in Tumor Metastasis Initiation and Resistance to Apoptosis: Therapeutic Targeting and Impact. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090287. [PMID: 30149591 PMCID: PMC6162400 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RAF-kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is a well-established tumor suppressor that is frequently downregulated in a plethora of solid and hematological malignancies. RKIP exerts antimetastatic and pro-apoptotic properties in cancer cells, via modulation of signaling pathways and gene products involved in tumor survival and spread. Here we review the contribution of RKIP in the regulation of early metastatic steps such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and invasion, as well as in tumor sensitivity to conventional therapeutics and immuno-mediated cytotoxicity. We further provide updated justification for targeting RKIP as a strategy to overcome tumor chemo/immuno-resistance and suppress metastasis, through the use of agents able to modulate RKIP expression in cancer cells.
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Lee S, Wottrich S, Bonavida B. Crosstalks between Raf-kinase inhibitor protein and cancer stem cell transcription factors (Oct4, KLF4, Sox2, Nanog). Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692253. [PMID: 28378634 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Raf-kinase inhibitor protein has been reported to inhibit both the Raf/mitogen extracellular signal-regulated kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain of activated B cells pathways. It has also been reported in cancers that Raf-kinase inhibitor protein behaves as a metastatic suppressor as well as a chemo-immunosensitizing factor to drug/immune-mediated apoptosis. The majority of cancers exhibit low or no levels of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein. Hence, the activities of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein contrast, in part, to those mediated by several cancer stem cell transcription factors for their roles in resistance and metastasis. In this review, the existence of crosstalks in the signaling pathways between Raf-kinase inhibitor protein and several cancer stem cell transcription factors (Oct4, KLF4, Sox2 and Nanog) was assembled. Oct4 is induced by Lin28, and Raf-kinase inhibitor protein inhibits the microRNA binding protein Lin28. The expression of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein inversely correlates with the expression of Oct4. KLF4 does not interact directly with Raf-kinase inhibitor protein, but rather interacts indirectly via Raf-kinase inhibitor protein's regulation of the Oct4/Sox2/KLF4 complex through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The mechanism by which Raf-kinase inhibitor protein inhibits Sox2 is via the inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by Raf-kinase inhibitor protein. Thus, Raf-kinase inhibitor protein's relationship with Sox2 is via its regulation of Oct4. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase by Raf-kinase inhibitor protein results in the upregulation of Nanog. The inhibition of Oct4 by Raf-kinase inhibitor protein results in the failure of the heterodimer formation of Oct4 and Sox2 that is necessary to bind to the Nanog promoter for the transcription of Nanog. The findings revealed that there exists a direct correlation between the expression of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein and the expression of each of the above transcription factors. Based on these analyses, we suggest that the expression level of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein may be involved in the regulation of the cancer stem cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- SoHyun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Wottrich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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10
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Kim HS, DO SI, Noh BJ, Jeong YI, Park SJ, Kim YW. Expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase at the invasive front of hepatic colorectal metastasis. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:1261-1265. [PMID: 25663894 PMCID: PMC4315101 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.2874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP), an endogenous inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, suppresses metastasis in a number of cancer types, including colorectal carcinoma (CRC); thus, RKIP downregulation significantly contributes to CRC invasiveness and metastatic potential. However, our previous study demonstrated that RKIP-positive tumors in CRC patients are predictive of hepatic colorectal metastases (HCMs). Based on the previous finding that the ERK pathway can be activated independently of RKIP, we hypothesized that RKIP-expressing HCMs may express significant levels of phosphorylated ERK (pERK). Thus, the present study evaluated the expression of RKIP and pERK in 68 HCM tissue samples using immunohistochemistry. RKIP expression was positive in 22 (32.4%) of the 68 samples, seven (31.8%) of which exhibited nuclear pERK immunoreactivity exclusively at the invasive tumor front. Furthermore, pERK expression at the invasive front was significantly associated with recurrent HCM following hepatic resection, and pERK expression observed at the invasive front of RKIP-expressing HCMs indicated that the activation of the ERK pathway may also be involved in the invasive process of these tumors, despite the presence of RKIP. A strong association between pERK expression and the presence of recurrent HCM may indicate that the ERK pathway is important in the metastatic recurrence of RKIP-positive HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea ; Department of Aerospace Medicine, Republic of Korea Air Force Aerospace Medical Center, Cheongju 363-849, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Im DO
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Joo Noh
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young In Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Jin Park
- Department of Surgery, Kyung Hee University Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Wha Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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11
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Martinho O, Pinto F, Granja S, Miranda-Gonçalves V, Moreira MAR, Ribeiro LFJ, di Loreto C, Rosner MR, Longatto-Filho A, Reis RM. RKIP inhibition in cervical cancer is associated with higher tumor aggressive behavior and resistance to cisplatin therapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59104. [PMID: 23527098 PMCID: PMC3602518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide, being high-risk group the HPV infected, the leading etiological factor. The raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) has been associated with tumor progression and metastasis in several human neoplasms, however its role on cervical cancer is unclear. In the present study, 259 uterine cervix tissues, including cervicitis, cervical intraepithelial lesions and carcinomas, were analyzed for RKIP expression by immunohistochemistry. We found that RKIP expression was significantly decreased during malignant progression, being highly expressed in non-neoplastic tissues (54% of the samples; 73/135), and expressed at low levels in the cervix invasive carcinomas (∼15% (19/124). Following in vitro downregulation of RKIP, we observed a viability and proliferative advantage of RKIP-inhibited cells over time, which was associated with an altered cell cycle distribution and higher colony number in a colony formation assay. An in vitro wound healing assay showed that RKIP abrogation is associated with increased migratory capability. RKIP downregulation was also associated with an increased vascularization of the tumors in vivo using a CAM assay. Furthermore, RKIP inhibition induced cervical cancer cells apoptotic resistance to cisplatin treatment. In conclusion, we described that RKIP protein is significantly depleted during the malignant progression of cervical tumors. Despite the lack of association with patient clinical outcome, we demonstrate, in vitro and in vivo, that loss of RKIP expression can be one of the factors that are behind the aggressiveness, malignant progression and chemotherapy resistance of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Martinho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Health Sciences School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Filipe Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Health Sciences School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sara Granja
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Health Sciences School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Vera Miranda-Gonçalves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Health Sciences School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Marise A. R. Moreira
- Department of Pathology of the School of Medicine of the Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Goias, Brazil
| | | | - Celso di Loreto
- Pathology Division, Adolfo Lutz Institute São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marsha R. Rosner
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Adhemar Longatto-Filho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Health Sciences School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM) 14, Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Health Sciences School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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MEK-1 activates C-Raf through a Ras-independent mechanism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:976-86. [PMID: 23360980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
C-Raf is a member of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway that plays key roles in diverse physiological processes and is upregulated in many human cancers. C-Raf activation involves binding to Ras, increased phosphorylation and interactions with co-factors. Here, we describe a Ras-independent in vivo pathway for C-Raf activation by its downstream target MEK. Using (32)P-metabolic labeling and 2D-phosphopeptide mapping experiments, we show that MEK increases C-Raf phosphorylation by up-to 10-fold. This increase was associated with C-Raf kinase activation, matching the activity seen with growth factor stimulation. Consequently, coexpression of wildtype C-Raf and MEK was sufficient for full and constitutive activation of ERK. Notably, the ability of MEK to activate C-Raf was completely Ras independent, since mutants impaired in Ras binding that are irresponsive to growth factors or Ras were fully activated by MEK. The ability of MEK to activate C-Raf was only partially dependent on MEK kinase activity but required MEK binding to C-Raf, suggesting that the binding results in a conformational change that increases C-Raf susceptibility to phosphorylation and activation or in the stabilization of the phosphorylated-active form. These findings propose a novel Ras-independent mechanism for activating the C-Raf and the MAPK pathway without the need for mutations in the pathway. This mechanism could be of significance in pathological conditions or cancers overexpressing C-Raf and MEK or in conditions where C-Raf-MEK interaction is enhanced due to the down-regulation of RKIP and MST2.
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13
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Reduced expression of Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein in renal cell carcinomaa: a significant prognostic marker. Pathology 2012; 44:534-9. [DOI: 10.1097/pat.0b013e32835817e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Han NK, Kim BC, Lee HC, Lee YJ, Park MJ, Chi SG, Ko YG, Lee JS. Secretome analysis of ionizing radiation-induced senescent cancer cells reveals that secreted RKIP plays a critical role in neighboring cell migration. Proteomics 2012; 12:2822-32. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na-Kyung Han
- Divisions of Radiation Cancer Research; Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences; Seoul Korea
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Korea
| | - Bong Cho Kim
- Divisions of Radiation Cancer Research; Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences; Seoul Korea
| | - Hyung Chul Lee
- Divisions of Radiation Cancer Research; Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences; Seoul Korea
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Korea
| | - Yoon-Jin Lee
- Divisions of Radiation Effects; Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences; Seoul Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Park
- Divisions of Radiation Cancer Research; Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences; Seoul Korea
| | - Sung-Gil Chi
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Korea
| | - Young-Gyu Ko
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Divisions of Radiation Cancer Research; Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences; Seoul Korea
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15
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Reduced expression of Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein predicts regional lymph node metastasis and shorter survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2012; 208:292-9. [PMID: 22464151 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP), a suppressor of metastasis, is associated inversely with the progression and metastasis of human malignancies. The present study evaluated relationships between RKIP expression and metastatic potential, clinicopathological characteristics and patient outcome in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We examined tissue specimens from 138 patients with thoracic ESCC. Using immunohistochemistry, RKIP expression was detected in ESCC in situ, primary ESCC and nodal metastatic ESCC. RKIP expression was reduced in 28.9% (13/45) of ESCC in situ, in 50.0% (69/138) of primary ESCC and in 71.4% (65/91) of nodal metastatic ESCC. These levels of RKIP down-regulation differed significantly. RKIP expression was associated inversely with histological grade (P=0.008), pathological T stage (P=0.044), lymphatic invasion (P=0.019), regional lymph node metastasis (LNM; P=0.002) and stage (P=0.041). Pathological T stage (P=0.001), lymphatic invasion (P<0.001) and reduced RKIP expression (P=0.039) were independent predictors of regional LNM in ESCC. In addition, the postoperative survival of patients with RKIP-reduced ESCC was significantly shorter than for patients with RKIP-positive ESCC (P=0.004). Reduced RKIP expression in ESCC correlated with advanced disease, regional LNM and poor prognosis. RKIP expression may serve as a novel clinical biomarker in patients with ESCC.
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Kim HS, Lee SH, Won KY, Kim GY, Park YK, Kim YW. Expression of Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein in carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. Virchows Arch 2011; 460:61-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies, with dismal prognosis, resistance to multimodal treatments and a median survival of only 5-6 months. Advances in the discovery of genetic pathway aberrations involved in this aggressive disease have been made, and multiple novel therapies targeting these pathways are undergoing clinical trials. So far, there is no single effective treatment for this disease; however, multimodal therapies with a combination of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy hold some promise. We conducted a PubMed search using the words thyroid neoplasm, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, anaplastic thyroid cancer and anaplastic thyroid neoplasm, revealing 1673 publications. We review the pathophysiology, current treatments and advances made in identifying the alterations in genetic pathways, as well as novel therapies targeting these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ejigayehu G Abate
- a Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Robert C Smallridge
- a Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- b
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