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Valassi E, Castinetti F, Ferriere A, Tsagarakis S, Feelders RA, Netea-Maier RT, Droste M, Strasburger CJ, Maiter D, Kastelan D, Chanson P, Webb SM, Demtröder F, Pirags V, Chabre O, Franz H, Santos A, Reincke M. Corticotroph tumor progression after bilateral adrenalectomy: data from ERCUSYN. Endocr Relat Cancer 2022; 29:681-691. [PMID: 36197784 DOI: 10.1530/erc-22-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Corticotroph tumor progression after bilateral adrenalectomy/Nelson's syndrome (CTP-BADX/NS) is a severe complication of bilateral adrenalectomy (BADX). The aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence, presentation and outcome of CTP-BADX/NS in patients with Cushing's disease (CD) included in the European Registry on Cushing's Syndrome (ERCUSYN). We examined data on 1045 CD patients and identified 85 (8%) who underwent BADX. Of these, 73 (86%) had follow-up data available. The median duration of follow-up since BADX to the last visit/death was 7 years (IQR 2-9 years). Thirty-three patients (45%) experienced CTP-BADX/NS after 3 years (1.5-6) since BADX. Cumulative progression-free survival was 73% at 3 years, 66% at 5 years and 46% at 10 years. CTP-BADX/NS patients more frequently had a visible tumor at diagnosis of CD than patients without CTP-BADX/NS (P < 0.05). Twenty-seven CTP-BADX/NS patients underwent surgery, 48% radiotherapy and 27% received medical therapy. The median time since diagnosis of CTP-BADX/NS to the last follow-up visit was 2 years (IQR, 1-5). Control of tumor progression was not achieved in 16 of 33 (48%) patients, of whom 8 (50%) died after a mean of 4 years. Maximum adenoma size at diagnosis of CD was associated with further tumor growth in CTP-BADX/NS despite treatment (P = 0.033). Diagnosis of CTP-BADX/NS, older age, greater UFC levels at diagnosis of CD and initial treatment predicted mortality. In conclusion, CTP-BADX/NS was reported in 45% of the ERCUSYN patients who underwent BADX, and control of tumor growth was reached in half of them. Future studies are needed to establish effective strategies for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Valassi
- IIB-Sant Pau and Department of Endocrinology/Medicine, Hospital Sant Pau and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER, Unidad 747), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frédéric Castinetti
- Department of Endocrinology, Aix Marseille University, AP-HM, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Marmara Institute, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Amandine Ferriere
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stylianos Tsagarakis
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Erasmus Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Romana T Netea-Maier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Droste
- Praxis für Endokrinologie Dr. med. Michael Droste, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christian J Strasburger
- Division of Clinical Endocrinology, Department of Medicine CCM, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominique Maiter
- Service d'Endocrinologie et Nutrition, Cliniques universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Darko Kastelan
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Philippe Chanson
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1185, Le Kremlin, Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Susan M Webb
- IIB-Sant Pau and Department of Endocrinology/Medicine, Hospital Sant Pau and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER, Unidad 747), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frank Demtröder
- Zentrum für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie, Rheumatologie Dr. Demtröder & Kollegen, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Valdis Pirags
- Paula Stradiņa klīniskā universitātes slimnīca, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Holger Franz
- Lohmann & Birkner Health Care Consultimg GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alicia Santos
- IIB-Sant Pau and Department of Endocrinology/Medicine, Hospital Sant Pau and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER, Unidad 747), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik UND Poliklinik IV, Campus Innestadt, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Losa M, Detomas M, Bailo M, Barzaghi LR, Albano L, Piloni M, Pagnano A, Pedone E, Mortini P. Gamma knife radiosurgery in patients with Nelson's syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:2243-2251. [PMID: 33611756 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01531-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nelson's syndrome (NS) is a long-term complication of bilateral adrenalectomy in patients with Cushing's disease. The best therapeutic strategy in NS has not been well defined. Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) is very effective to stop the growth of the pituitary adenoma, which is the main goal of the treatment of patients with NS. We report the largest series of patients with NS treated by GKRS at a single center. METHODS The study was an observational, retrospective analysis of 28 consecutive patients with NS treated by GKRS in our department between 1995 and 2019. All patients had a growing ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. The main outcome of the study was to assess by the Kaplan-Meier method the risk of tumor progression after GKRS. RESULTS The median follow-up after GKRS treatment was 98 months (IQR 61-155 months, range 7-250 months). Two patients (7.1%) had a recurrence of disease during follow-up. The 10-year progression-free survival was 91.7% (95% CI 80.5-100%). No patient had deterioration of visual function or oculomotor function after GKRS. New onset of hypogonadism and hypothyroidism occurred in 18.8% and 14.3% of the patients at risk. CONCLUSION Our study confirms that GKRS may stop the tumor growth in the majority of patients with NS, even though very aggressive adenomas may ultimately escape this treatment. Safety of GKRS was good in our experience, but due attention must be paid to planning the distribution of radiation to critical structures, especially in patients previously treated by radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Losa
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - M Detomas
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Bailo
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - L R Barzaghi
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - L Albano
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - M Piloni
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - A Pagnano
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - E Pedone
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - P Mortini
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
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Reincke M, Albani A, Assie G, Bancos I, Brue T, Buchfelder M, Chabre O, Ceccato F, Daniele A, Detomas M, Di Dalmazi G, Elenkova A, Findling J, Grossman AB, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Heaney AP, Honegger J, Karavitaki N, Lacroix A, Laws ER, Losa M, Murakami M, Newell-Price J, Pecori Giraldi F, Pérez-Rivas LG, Pivonello R, Rainey WE, Sbiera S, Schopohl J, Stratakis CA, Theodoropoulou M, van Rossum EFC, Valassi E, Zacharieva S, Rubinstein G, Ritzel K. Corticotroph tumor progression after bilateral adrenalectomy (Nelson's syndrome): systematic review and expert consensus recommendations. Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 184:P1-P16. [PMID: 33444221 PMCID: PMC8060870 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticotroph tumor progression (CTP) leading to Nelson's syndrome (NS) is a severe and difficult-to-treat complication subsequent to bilateral adrenalectomy (BADX) for Cushing's disease. Its characteristics are not well described, and consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment are missing. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed focusing on clinical studies and case series (≥5 patients). Definition, cumulative incidence, treatment and long-term outcomes of CTP/NS after BADX were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results were presented and discussed at an interdisciplinary consensus workshop attended by international pituitary experts in Munich on October 28, 2018. RESULTS Data covered definition and cumulative incidence (34 studies, 1275 patients), surgical outcome (12 studies, 187 patients), outcome of radiation therapy (21 studies, 273 patients), and medical therapy (15 studies, 72 patients). CONCLUSIONS We endorse the definition of CTP-BADX/NS as radiological progression or new detection of a pituitary tumor on thin-section MRI. We recommend surveillance by MRI after 3 months and every 12 months for the first 3 years after BADX. Subsequently, we suggest clinical evaluation every 12 months and MRI at increasing intervals every 2-4 years (depending on ACTH and clinical parameters). We recommend pituitary surgery as first-line therapy in patients with CTP-BADX/NS. Surgery should be performed before extrasellar expansion of the tumor to obtain complete and long-term remission. Conventional radiotherapy or stereotactic radiosurgery should be utilized as second-line treatment for remnant tumor tissue showing extrasellar extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reincke
- Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany
| | - Adriana Albani
- Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany
| | - Guillaume Assie
- Department of Endocrinology, Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Irina Bancos
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic Minnesota, Diabetes, Metabolism, Nutrition, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thierry Brue
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Institut MarMaRa and Endocrinology Department, Conception Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Marseille, France
| | - Michael Buchfelder
- Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Neurochirurgische Klinik, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olivier Chabre
- CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Unit of Endocrinology, Pavillon des Ecrins, Grenoble, France
| | - Filippo Ceccato
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Veneto, Italy
| | - Andrea Daniele
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Veneto, Italy
| | - Mario Detomas
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Bayern, Germany
| | - Guido Di Dalmazi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care Unit, University of Bologna, S. Orsola Policlinic, Bologna, Italy
| | - Atanaska Elenkova
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - James Findling
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ashley B Grossman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine, Endocrine Service, G.V. Montgomery VA Medical Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Anthony P Heaney
- Division of Endocrinology, Medical Director, Pituitary & Neuroendocrine Tumor Program, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Juergen Honegger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Niki Karavitaki
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andre Lacroix
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Edward R Laws
- Pituitary/Neuroendocrine Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marco Losa
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Masanori Murakami
- Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John Newell-Price
- Dept of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Francesca Pecori Giraldi
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Community Health, University of Milan Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Instituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Luis G Pérez-Rivas
- Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - William E Rainey
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Bayern, Germany
| | - Jochen Schopohl
- Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Genetics & Endocrinology Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Insitute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) National Institute of Health (NIH), NIH Clinical Research Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marily Theodoropoulou
- Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth F C van Rossum
- Department of Internal Medicine, division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Valassi
- IIB-Sant Pau and Department of Endocrinology/Medicine, Hospital Sant Pau, UAB, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER, Unidad 747), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sabina Zacharieva
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - German Rubinstein
- Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Ritzel
- Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Munich, Germany
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Capatina C, Hinojosa-Amaya JM, Poiana C, Fleseriu M. Management of patients with persistent or recurrent Cushing's disease after initial pituitary surgery. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2020; 15:321-339. [PMID: 32813595 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2020.1802243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment options for persistent and recurrent Cushing's disease (CD) include an individualized approach for repeat surgery, medical treatment, radiation therapy (RT), and bilateral adrenalectomy (BLA). AREAS COVERED In this expert opinion perspective, the authors review the latest treatment(s) for persistent/recurrent CD. A PubMed search was undertaken (English articles through May 2020) and relevant articles discussed. Repeat pituitary surgery should be considered in most patients with proven hypercortisolism; there is potential for cure with low risk of major complications. Medical therapy is valuable either alone, while awaiting the effects of RT, or in preparation for BLA. Medical therapy includes steroidogenesis inhibitors, agents that act at the pituitary or glucocorticoid receptor level, and novel agents in development. Radiation therapy has been used successfully to treat CD, but hypopituitarism risk and delayed efficacy (improved with radiosurgery) are major drawbacks. Laparoscopic BLA is safe and effective in patients with severe, difficult-to-manage hypercortisolism, but long-term follow-up is required as corticotroph tumor progression can develop. EXPERT OPINION Treatment of persistent/recurrent CD is challenging. Most patients require >1 therapy to achieve long-lasting remission. There is currently no ideal single treatment option that provides high and rapid efficacy, low adverse effects, and preserves normal pituitary-adrenal axis function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Capatina
- Department of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, C.I. Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology , Bucharest, Romania
| | - José Miguel Hinojosa-Amaya
- Departments of Medicine (Endocrinology) and Neurological Surgery, and Northwest Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon, USA
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitario Dr. José E. González, Universidad Autónoma De Nuevo León , Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Catalina Poiana
- Department of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, C.I. Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology , Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Fleseriu
- Departments of Medicine (Endocrinology) and Neurological Surgery, and Northwest Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon, USA
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Renner U, Ciato D, Stalla GK. Recent advances in understanding corticotroph pituitary tumor initiation and progression. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30228864 PMCID: PMC6117851 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14789.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cushing’s disease is the most frequent form of hypercortisolism and is caused by hypophyseal corticotroph adenomas secreting excessive amounts of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Most of the tumors develop sporadically and only a limited number of corticotroph adenomas have been found to be associated with different neuroendocrine syndromes or with familial isolated pituitary adenomas. The pathogenic mechanisms of corticotroph adenomas are largely unknown, but the discovered aberrant chaperoning activity of heat shock protein 90 on the one hand and the presence of ubiquitin-specific protease 8 mutations on the other hand partially explained the causes of their development. Corticotroph tumors arise initially as benign microadenomas but with time form invasively growing aggressive macroadenomas which can switch to corticotroph carcinomas in extremely rare cases. The mechanisms through which corticotroph tumors escape from glucocorticoid negative feedback are still poorly understood, as are the processes that trigger the progression of benign corticotroph adenomas toward aggressive and malignant phenotypes. This review summarizes recent findings regarding initiation and progression of corticotroph pituitary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Renner
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Neuroendocrinology Group, Munich, Germany
| | - Denis Ciato
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Neuroendocrinology Group, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter K Stalla
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Neuroendocrinology Group, Munich, Germany
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Syro LV, Rotondo F, Ortiz LD, Kovacs K. 65 YEARS OF THE DOUBLE HELIX: Treatment of pituitary tumors with temozolomide: an update. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018. [PMID: 29535142 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Temozolomide is an alkylating chemotherapeutic agent used in malignant neuroendocrine neoplasia, melanoma, brain metastases and an essential component of adjuvant therapy in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic astrocytoma. Since 2006, it has been used for the treatment of pituitary carcinomas and aggressive pituitary adenomas. Here, we discuss the current indications and results of temozolomide therapy in pituitary tumors, as well as frequently asked questions regarding temozolomide treatment, duration of therapy, dosage, tumor recurrence and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis V Syro
- Department of NeurosurgeryHospital Pablo Tobon Uribe and Clinica Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Fabio Rotondo
- Division of PathologyDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leon D Ortiz
- Division of Neuro-OncologyInstituto de Cancerologia, Clinica Las Americas. Medellin, Colombia
| | - Kalman Kovacs
- Division of PathologyDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Micko ASG, Wöhrer A, Höftberger R, Vila G, Marosi C, Knosp E, Wolfsberger S. MGMT and MSH6 immunoexpression for functioning pituitary macroadenomas. Pituitary 2017; 20:643-653. [PMID: 28900805 PMCID: PMC5655586 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-017-0829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Knowledge of biological behavior is crucial for clinical management of functioning pituitary macroadenomas. For recurrent cases unresponsive to standard treatment, temozolomide (TMZ) has been used as a therapeutic alternative. MGMT (O6-methyl-guanine-DNA methyltransferase) and MSH6 (mutS homolog 6) immunoexpression have been linked to the response to TMZ treatment and MGMT immunoexpression has been additionally linked to early recurrence of non-functioning pituitary adenomas. The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic value of MGMT and MSH6 immunoexpression for aggressive functioning pituitary adenomas. METHODS The study cohort comprised a single center series of 76 patients who underwent an operation for functioning pituitary macroadenoma. We retrospectively compared 38 patients with postoperative persistent or recurrent disease with another set of 38 patients who were in endocrine remission. RESULTS Low-to-moderate MGMT immunoexpression (<50%) was significantly more frequent in the group with persistent/recurrent disease than in cases of endocrine remission (66 vs. 21%, p < 0.001). Furthermore, adenomas with low-to-moderate MGMT immunoexpression were significantly more often recurrent (76 vs. 30%, p < 0.001) and invasive (64 vs. 28%, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION In our series, low-to-moderate MGMT immunoexpression was the only marker that significantly correlated with surgical invasiveness and recurrence in functioning pituitary macroadenomas. Therefore, in the future, MGMT status may be considered an additional marker for understanding the biological behavior of pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S G Micko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1097, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelheid Wöhrer
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Greisa Vila
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Marosi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Engelbert Knosp
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1097, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefan Wolfsberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1097, Vienna, Austria
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O-6-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase expression is associated with pituitary adenoma tumor recurrence: a systematic meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:19674-19683. [PMID: 28152515 PMCID: PMC5386713 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) reportedly counteracts the cytotoxic effects of the alkylating agent temozolomide. MGMT expression is often low in aggressive pituitary adenomas (PAs) and recurrent PAs. However, because these associations are controversial, we performed this meta-analysis to clarify the involvement of MGMT in the prognosis and clinicopathology of PA. We searched for relevant studies in electronic databases (MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library Database, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science and the Chinese Biomedical Database (CBD)) and calculated/pooled the odds ratios (ORs) or standard mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Eleven case-control studies with a total of 454 PA patients were included. Our meta-analysis revealed that lower expression of MGMT was associated with PA recurrence (OR=2.09, 95% CI=1.09-4.02; p=0.026). On the other hand, MGMT expression was not associated with PA invasiveness (OR=1.112, 95% CI=0.706-1.753; p=0.646), Unexpectedly, MGMT expression could not be used to distinguish functional from non-functional PA patients (OR=1.766, 95% CI=0.938-3.324; p=0.078). The MGMT expression was not found to be related to other clinicopathological indicators of PA including age, gender or tumor size. No publication bias was detected in this meta-analysis (p>0.05). This meta-analysis suggests that MGMT expression may be associated with PA tumor recurrence, but not be related to invasiveness or other clinicopathological indicators. Thus, detection of MGMT expression may facilitate outcome prediction and guide clinical therapy for PA patients.
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Abstract
This review focuses on discussing the main changes on the upcoming fourth edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Pituitary Gland emphasizing histopathological and molecular genetics aspects of pituitary neuroendocrine (i.e., pituitary adenomas) and some of the non-neuroendocrine tumors involving the pituitary gland. Instead of a formal review, we introduced the highlights of the new WHO classification by answering select questions relevant to practising pathologists. The revised classification of pituitary adenomas, in addition to hormone immunohistochemistry, recognizes the role of other immunohistochemical markers including but not limited to pituitary transcription factors. Recognizing this novel approach, the fourth edition of the WHO classification has abandoned the concept of "a hormone-producing pituitary adenoma" and adopted a pituitary adenohypophyseal cell lineage designation of the adenomas with subsequent categorization of histological variants according to hormone content and specific histological and immunohistochemical features. This new classification does not require a routine ultrastructural examination of these tumors. The new definition of the Null cell adenoma requires the demonstration of immunonegativity for pituitary transcription factors and adenohypophyseal hormones Moreover, the term of atypical pituitary adenoma is no longer recommended. In addition to the accurate tumor subtyping, assessment of the tumor proliferative potential by mitotic count and Ki-67 index, and other clinical parameters such as tumor invasion, is strongly recommended in individual cases for consideration of clinically aggressive adenomas. This classification also recognizes some subtypes of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors as "high-risk pituitary adenomas" due to the clinical aggressive behavior; these include the sparsely granulated somatotroph adenoma, the lactotroph adenoma in men, the Crooke's cell adenoma, the silent corticotroph adenoma, and the newly introduced plurihormonal Pit-1-positive adenoma (previously known as silent subtype III pituitary adenoma). An additional novel aspect of the new WHO classification was also the definition of the spectrum of thyroid transcription factor-1 expressing pituitary tumors of the posterior lobe as representing a morphological spectrum of a single nosological entity. These tumors include the pituicytoma, the spindle cell oncocytoma, the granular cell tumor of the neurohypophysis, and the sellar ependymoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Mete
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, 11th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada.
- Endocrine Oncology Site Group, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - M Beatriz Lopes
- Department of Pathology and Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Azad TD, Veeravagu A, Kumar S, Katznelson L. Nelson Syndrome: Update on Therapeutic Approaches. World Neurosurg 2015; 83:1135-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Liu JK, Patel J, Eloy JA. The role of temozolomide in the treatment of aggressive pituitary tumors. J Clin Neurosci 2015; 22:923-9. [PMID: 25772801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary tumors are amongst the most common intracranial neoplasms and are generally benign. However, some pituitary tumors exhibit clinically aggressive behavior that is characterized by tumor recurrence and continued progression despite repeated treatments with conventional surgical, radiation and medical therapies. More recently, temozolomide, a second generation oral alkylating agent, has shown therapeutic promise for aggressive pituitary adenomas and carcinomas with favorable clinical and radiographic responses. Temozolomide causes DNA damage by methylation of the O(6) position of guanine, which results in potent cytotoxic DNA adducts and consequently, tumor cell apoptosis. The degree of MGMT expression appears to be inversely related to therapeutic responsiveness to temozolomide with a significant number of temozolomide-sensitive pituitary tumors exhibiting low MGMT expression. The presence of high MGMT expression appears to mitigate the effectiveness of temozolomide and this has been used as a marker in several studies to predict the efficacy of temozolomide. Recent evidence also suggests that mutations in mismatch repair proteins such as MSH6 could render pituitary tumors resistant to temozolomide. In this article, the authors review the development of temozolomide, its biochemistry and interaction with O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), its role in adjuvant treatment of aggressive pituitary neoplasms, and future works that could influence the efficacy of temozolomide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Liu
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Suite 8100, 90 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
| | - Jimmy Patel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jean Anderson Eloy
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Suite 8100, 90 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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12
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Wang Y, Li J, Tohti M, Hu Y, Wang S, Li W, Lu Z, Ma C. The expression profile of Dopamine D2 receptor, MGMT and VEGF in different histological subtypes of pituitary adenomas: a study of 197 cases and indications for the medical therapy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:56. [PMID: 25027022 PMCID: PMC4223393 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study the expression of D2R, MGMT and VEGF for clinical significance in pituitary adenomas, and to predict the potential curative medical therapy of dopamine agonists, temozolomide and bevacizumab on pituitary adenomas. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and western blot were performed to detect the expression of expression of D2R, MGMT and VEGF in pituitary adenoma tissue samples. The ratio of high expression of D2R, MGMT or VEGF in different subtypes of PA was compared by the use of chi-squared tests. The relationships between D2R, MGMT and VEGF expression were assessed by the Spearman rank correlation test. The association between their expression and clinical parameters was analyzed using a chi-squared test, or Fisher's exact probability test when appropriate. RESULTS The data showed that in 197 different histological subtypes of pituitary adenomas (PAs), 64.9% of them were D2R high expression, 86.3% were MGMT low expression and 58.9% were VEGF high expression. D2R high expression existed more frequently in PRL- and GH- secreting PAs. MGMT low expression existed in all PA subtypes. VEGF high expression existed more frequently in PRL, ACTH, FSH secreting and non-functioning PAs. The data of western blot also support the results. Spearman's rank correlation analysis showed that expression of MGMT was positively associated with D2R (r = 0.154, P = 0.031) and VEGF (r = 0.161, P = 0.024) in PAs, but no correlation was showed between D2R and VEGF expression (r = -0.025, P = 0.725 > 0.05). The association between their expression and clinical parameters was analyzed using a chi-squared test, or Fisher's exact probability test when appropriate, but the result showed no significant association. CONCLUSIONS PRL-and GH-secreting PAs exist high expression of D2R, responding to dopamine agonists; Most PAs exist low expression of MGMT and high expression of VEGF, TMZ or bevacizumab treatment could be applied under the premise of indications.
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13
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McCormack A, Kaplan W, Gill AJ, Little N, Cook R, Robinson B, Clifton-Bligh R. MGMT expression and pituitary tumours: relationship to tumour biology. Pituitary 2013; 16:208-19. [PMID: 22797801 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-012-0406-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the past half decade, temozolomide, an oral akylating chemotherapeutic agent, has been shown to have significant activity in the management of aggressive pituitary tumours. The expression of 06-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), a DNA repair enzyme, is an important predictor of response to therapy. Low MGMT expression has been reported with a higher frequency amongst more aggressive pituitary tumours, suggesting MGMT may play a role in pituitary tumour progression. In this study, we performed a microarray analysis to determine whether there was a distinct gene expression profile between tumours with low MGMT and high MGMT expression. Overall, 1,403 differentially expressed genes were identified with raw p values less than 0.05. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed significant differences in the gene expression profile between high and low MGMT expressing pituitary tumours. High MGMT expressing pituitary tumours were found to have upregulation of components of the FGFR family and downstream signaling cascades such as PI3 K/Akt and MAPK pathways. Activation of genes involved in the DNA damage response and DNA repair pathways, as well as genes involved in transcription, were identified in pituitary tumours with low MGMT expression. These results form the basis of our proposed model to describe the role of MGMT in pituitary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann McCormack
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Hormones and Cancer Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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14
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Annamalai AK, Dean AF, Kandasamy N, Kovacs K, Burton H, Halsall DJ, Shaw AS, Antoun NM, Cheow HK, Kirollos RW, Pickard JD, Simpson HL, Jefferies SJ, Burnet NG, Gurnell M. Temozolomide responsiveness in aggressive corticotroph tumours: a case report and review of the literature. Pituitary 2012; 15:276-87. [PMID: 22076588 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-011-0363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary carcinoma occurs in ~0.2% of resected pituitary tumours and carries a poor prognosis (mean survival <4 years), with standard chemotherapy regimens showing limited efficacy. Recent evidence suggests that temozolomide (TMZ), an orally-active alkylating agent used principally in the management of glioblastoma, may also be effective in controlling aggressive/invasive pituitary adenomas/carcinomas. A low level of expression of the DNA-repair enzyme O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) predicts TMZ responsiveness in glioblastomas, and a similar correlation has been observed in the majority of aggressive pituitary adenomas/carcinomas reported to date. Here, we report a case of a silent pituitary corticotroph adenoma, which subsequently re-presented with Cushing's syndrome due to functioning hepatic metastases. The tumour exhibited low immunohistochemical MGMT expression in both primary (pituitary) and secondary (hepatic) lesions. Initial TMZ therapy (200 mg/m² for 5 days every 28 days-seven cycles) resulted in marked clinical, biochemical [>50% fall in adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)] and radiological [partial RECIST (response evaluation criteria in solid tumors) response] improvements. The patient then underwent bilateral adrenalectomy. However, despite reintroduction of TMZ therapy (further eight cycles) ACTH levels plateaued and no further radiological regression was observed. We review the existing literature reporting TMZ efficacy in pituitary corticotroph tumours, and highlight the pointers/lessons for treating aggressive pituitary neoplasia that can be drawn from experience of susceptibility and evolving resistance to TMZ therapy in glioblastoma. Possible strategies for mitigating resistance developing during TMZ treatment of pituitary adenomas/carcinomas are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Annamalai
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge & Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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