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French JD, Haugen BR, Worden FP, Bowles DW, Gianoukakis AG, Konda B, Dadu R, Sherman EJ, McCue S, Foster NR, Nikiforov YE, Farias TDJ, Norman PJ, Wirth LJ. Combination Targeted Therapy with Pembrolizumab and Lenvatinib in Progressive, Radioiodine-Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:3757-3767. [PMID: 38922338 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-3417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lenvatinib, a potent multikinase inhibitor, improves progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with radioiodine (RAI)-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer; however, most patients experience disease progression, warranting further therapy. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab in these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We enrolled patients with progressive, RAI-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer who were either naïve to multikinase inhibitors (cohort 1) or who had progressed on lenvatinib (cohort 2). Patients received oral lenvatinib daily (cohort 1, 20 mg; cohort 2, dose at progression) and intravenous pembrolizumab (200 mg) every 21 days. RESULTS In cohorts 1 and 2, 30 and 27 patients were enrolled, respectively. Adverse events were consistent with those observed in other cancers. In cohort 1, the confirmed overall response rate was 65.5%. There were no complete responses (primary endpoint). The 12- and 18-month PFS were 72.0% and 58.0%, respectively, and the median PFS was 26.8 months. In cohort 2, the confirmed overall response rate was 16% (primary endpoint), and the median PFS was 10.0 months (95% confidence interval, 7.0-17.9 months). Tumor histology, driver mutations, and immune-related biomarkers, including PD-L1 expression, thyroid-specific antibody levels, and CD8+ T-cell tumor infiltrate, did not correlate with response to therapy. Increased baseline peripheral blood monocytes and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio were associated with a worse PFS in cohort 1. CONCLUSIONS Lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab may enhance the durability of lenvatinib monotherapy in lenvatinib-naïve patients. Furthermore, the addition of pembrolizumab may be a viable salvage therapy for patients who have progressed on lenvatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena D French
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Bryan R Haugen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Francis P Worden
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel W Bowles
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andrew G Gianoukakis
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Bhavana Konda
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ramona Dadu
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Eric J Sherman
- David H. Koch Center for Cancer Care, Memorial Slone Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Shaylene McCue
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nathan R Foster
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yuri E Nikiforov
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ticiana D J Farias
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Paul J Norman
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lori J Wirth
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Zhang J, Song Y, Ahn AR, Park HS, Park SH, Moon YJ, Kim KM, Jang KY. PAK4 Is Involved in the Stabilization of PD-L1 and the Resistance to Doxorubicin in Osteosarcoma and Predicts the Survival of Diagnosed Patients. Cells 2024; 13:1444. [PMID: 39273017 PMCID: PMC11394300 DOI: 10.3390/cells13171444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
PAK4 and PD-L1 have been suggested as novel therapeutic targets in human cancers. Moreover, PAK4 has been suggested to be a molecule closely related to the immune evasion of cancers. Therefore, this study evaluated the roles of PAK4 and PD-L1 in the progression of osteosarcomas in 32 osteosarcomas and osteosarcoma cells. In human osteosarcomas, immunohistochemical positivity for the expression of PAK4 (overall survival, p = 0.028) and PD-L1 (relapse-free survival, p = 0.002) were independent indicators for the survival of patients in a multivariate analysis. In osteosarcoma cells, the overexpression of PAK4 increased proliferation and invasiveness, while the knockdown of PAK4 suppressed proliferation and invasiveness. The expression of PAK4 was associated with the expression of the molecules related to cell cycle regulation, invasion, and apoptosis. PAK4 was involved in resistance to apoptosis under a treatment regime with doxorubicin for osteosarcoma. In U2OS cells, PAK4 was involved in the stabilization of PD-L1 from ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation and the in vivo infiltration of immune cells such as regulatory T cells and PD1-, CD4-, and CD8-positive cells in mice tumors. In conclusion, this study suggests that PAK4 is involved in the progression of osteosarcoma by promoting proliferation, invasion, and resistance to doxorubicin and stabilized PD-L1 from proteasomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyue Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Yiping Song
- Department of Pathology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae-Ri Ahn
- Department of Pathology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Sung Park
- Department of Pathology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - See-Hyoung Park
- Department of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Moon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Kim
- Department of Pathology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Yun Jang
- Department of Pathology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
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3
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Alam IS, Patel KN. Management of Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Cancer and Differentiated High-Grade Thyroid Carcinoma. Surg Clin North Am 2024; 104:751-765. [PMID: 38944496 DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma of follicular cell origin exists on a histopathologic and clinical spectrum. The authors focus on the category of tumors that fall between the very favorable well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas and the very unfavorable anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. These intermediately aggressive tumors include poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma and the newly defined differentiated high-grade thyroid carcinoma. Both diagnoses require certain histopathologic requirements be met in order to accurately identify these tumors post-operatively. Management remains primarily surgical though adjunctive treatments such as molecular targeted therapies (eg, tyrosine kinase inhibitors) and differentiation therapy (to restore tumor response to radioactive iodine) are also becoming available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram S Alam
- Department of Surgery, NYU Langone Health, 530 First Avenue, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Kepal N Patel
- Faculty Development, Division of Endocrine Surgery, NYU Langone Health, 530 First Avenue, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Mohanty A, Afkhami M, Reyes A, Pharaon R, Yin H, Li H, Do D, Bell D, Nam A, Chang S, Gernon T, Kang R, Amini A, Sampath S, Kulkarni P, Pillai R, Villaflor V, Salgia R, Maghami E, Massarelli E. Exploring markers of immunoresponsiveness in papillary thyroid carcinoma and future treatment strategies. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008505. [PMID: 39074963 PMCID: PMC11288153 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study summarizes the potential use of immunotherapy for BRAF-mutated papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) by analyzing the immune profile of City of Hope PTC patient samples and comparing them to the thyroid dataset available in the TCGA database. MATERIALS AND METHODS PTC cases with available formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded archived tumor tissue were identified. RNA was extracted from the tumor tissue and analyzed by NanoString to evaluate their immune gene expression profile. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of immune suppressive genes and lymphocytic infiltration into the tumor tissue. Thyroid cancer cell lines (MDA-T32, MDA-T68, MDA-T85, and MDA-T120) were used to determine the correlation between the BRAF inhibition and CD274 expression. RESULTS The study found that PTC cases with BRAF mutations had higher expression of immune checkpoint markers CD274 and CTLA4, as well as higher tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, particularly CD4+T cells. Additionally, the study identified immunosuppressive markers expressed by tumor cells like CD73, CD276, and CD200 that could be targeted for immunotherapy. Further experiments using PTC cell lines lead to the conclusion that CD274 expression correlates with BRAF activity and that inhibitors of BRAF could potentially be used in combination with immunotherapy to treat PTC. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that PTC cases with BRAF mutations or high expression may be correlated with an immune hot signature and could benefit from immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atish Mohanty
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, California, USA
| | - Michelle Afkhami
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Amanda Reyes
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Rebecca Pharaon
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Holly Yin
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Haiqing Li
- Computational & Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Dana Do
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Diana Bell
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Arin Nam
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Sue Chang
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Thomas Gernon
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Robert Kang
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Arya Amini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Sagus Sampath
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Raju Pillai
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Vicky Villaflor
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Ellie Maghami
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Erminia Massarelli
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
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5
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Cicin I, Plimack ER, Gurney H, Leibowitz R, Alekseev BY, Parnis FX, Peer A, Necchi A, Bellmunt J, Nishiyama H, Clark J, Munteanu M, Kataria R, Jia C, Powles T, Sternberg CN. Epacadostat plus pembrolizumab versus placebo plus pembrolizumab for advanced urothelial carcinoma: results from the randomized phase III ECHO-303/KEYNOTE-698 study. BMC Cancer 2024; 23:1256. [PMID: 39054485 PMCID: PMC11270759 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) levels correlate with poor outcomes in urothelial carcinoma (UC). IDO1 and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are often co-expressed. Epacadostat is a potent and highly selective inhibitor of IDO1. In a subgroup analysis of patients with advanced UC participating in a phase I/II study, epacadostat-pembrolizumab treatment produced an objective response rate (ORR) of 35%. METHODS ECHO-303/KEYNOTE-698 was a double-blinded, randomized phase III study of adults with metastatic or unresectable locally advanced UC with recurrence or progression following first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. Participants were randomized to epacadostat 100 mg twice daily (BID) plus pembrolizumab or placebo plus pembrolizumab until completion of 35 pembrolizumab infusions, disease progression, or unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed ORR per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1. RESULTS Target enrollment was 648 patients; enrollment was halted early based on efficacy results from the phase III ECHO-301/KEYNOTE-252 study in metastatic melanoma. Forty-two patients were randomized to each treatment arm. Median duration of follow-up was 62 days in each arm. The investigator-assessed ORR (unconfirmed) was 26.2% (95% CI 16.35-48.11) for epacadostat plus pembrolizumab and 11.9% (95% CI 4.67-29.50) for placebo plus pembrolizumab. Two complete responses were reported, both in the placebo-plus-pembrolizumab arm. Circulating kynurenine levels increased from C1D1 to C2D1 in the placebo-plus-pembrolizumab arm and numerically decreased in the epacadostat-plus-pembrolizumab arm. The safety profile of epacadostat plus pembrolizumab was similar to that of pembrolizumab monotherapy, although a numerically greater proportion of patients in the combination vs. control arm experienced treatment-related grade ≥ 3 adverse events (16.7% vs. 7.3%). One patient in each arm died due to cardiovascular events, which were not deemed drug-related. No new safety concerns were identified for either agent. CONCLUSIONS Epacadostat plus pembrolizumab demonstrated anti-tumor activity and was generally tolerable as second-line treatment of patients with unresectable locally advanced or recurrent/progressive metastatic UC. Epacadostat 100 mg BID, when administered with pembrolizumab, did not normalize circulating kynurenine in most patients. Further study of combined IDO1/PD-L1 inhibition in this patient population, particularly with epacadostat doses that result in durable normalization of circulating kynurenine, may be warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03374488. Registered 12/15/2017.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Male
- Female
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Aged
- Middle Aged
- Double-Blind Method
- Sulfonamides/administration & dosage
- Sulfonamides/therapeutic use
- Oximes/administration & dosage
- Oximes/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology
- Aged, 80 and over
- Adult
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Urologic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Urologic Neoplasms/pathology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Cicin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Trakya University, 22030, Edirne, Turkey.
| | | | | | - Raya Leibowitz
- Oncology Institute and Cancer Research Centre, Sheba Medical Centre Hospital, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Francis X Parnis
- Adelaide University and Adelaide Cancer Centre, Kurralta Park, SA, Australia
| | | | - Andrea Necchi
- Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Joaquim Bellmunt
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and PSMAR-IMIM Lab, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Powles
- Barts Health and the Royal Free NHS Trusts, Barts Cancer Institute, and Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Cora N Sternberg
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Necchi A, Van der Heijden MS, Trukhin D, Peer A, Gurney H, Alekseev BY, Parnis FX, Leibowitz R, De Santis M, Grivas P, Clark J, Munteanu M, Kataria R, Jia C, Balar AV, de Wit R. Pembrolizumab plus either epacadostat or placebo for cisplatin-ineligible urothelial carcinoma: results from the ECHO-307/KEYNOTE-672 study. BMC Cancer 2024; 23:1252. [PMID: 39054491 PMCID: PMC11270764 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10727-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoleamine 2,3- dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an immunosuppressive enzyme that has been correlated with shorter disease-specific survival in patients with urothelial carcinoma (UC). IDO1 may counteract the antitumor effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Epacadostat is a potent and highly selective inhibitor of IDO1. In the phase I/II ECHO-202/KEYNOTE-037 study, epacadostat plus pembrolizumab resulted in a preliminary objective response rate (ORR) of 35% in a cohort of patients with advanced UC. METHODS ECHO-307/KEYNOTE-672 was a double-blinded, randomized, phase III study. Eligible adults had confirmed locally advanced/unresectable or metastatic UC of the urinary tract and were ineligible to receive cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive epacadostat (100 mg twice daily) plus pembrolizumab (200 mg every 3 weeks) or placebo plus pembrolizumab for up to 35 pembrolizumab infusions. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed ORR per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (version 1.1). RESULTS A total of 93 patients were randomized (epacadostat plus pembrolizumab, n = 44; placebo plus pembrolizumab, n = 49). Enrollment was stopped early due to emerging data from the phase III ECHO-301/KEYNOTE-252 study. The median duration of follow-up was 64 days in both arms. Based on all available data at cutoff, ORR (unconfirmed) was 31.8% (95% CI, 22.46-55.24%) for epacadostat plus pembrolizumab and 24.5% (95% CI, 15.33-43.67%) for placebo plus pembrolizumab. Circulating kynurenine levels numerically increased from C1D1 to C2D1 in the placebo-plus-pembrolizumab arm and decreased in the epacadostat-plus-pembrolizumab arm. Epacadostat-plus-pembrolizumab combination treatment was well tolerated with a safety profile similar to the placebo arm. Treatment discontinuations due to treatment-related adverse events were more frequent with epacadostat (11.6% vs. 4.1%). CONCLUSIONS Treatment with epacadostat plus pembrolizumab resulted in a similar ORR and safety profile as placebo plus pembrolizumab in cisplatin-ineligible patients with previously untreated locally advanced/unresectable or metastatic UC. At a dose of 100 mg twice daily, epacadostat did not appear to completely normalize circulating kynurenine levels when administered with pembrolizumab. Larger studies with longer follow-up and possibly testing higher doses of epacadostat, potentially in different therapy settings, may be warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03361865, retrospectively registered December 5, 2017.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Male
- Female
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Aged
- Sulfonamides/therapeutic use
- Sulfonamides/administration & dosage
- Sulfonamides/adverse effects
- Cisplatin/therapeutic use
- Cisplatin/administration & dosage
- Cisplatin/adverse effects
- Double-Blind Method
- Middle Aged
- Urologic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Urologic Neoplasms/pathology
- Aged, 80 and over
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology
- Adult
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Oximes
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Necchi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Milan, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francis X Parnis
- Adelaide Cancer Centre, Kurralta Park, Australia
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Raya Leibowitz
- Oncology Institute, Shamir Medical Center, Be'er yaakov, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maria De Santis
- Department of Urology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Medical University Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Petros Grivas
- University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jason Clark
- Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | | | | | | | - Arjun V Balar
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald de Wit
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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7
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Chern B, Pinto D, Lum JH, Parameswaran R. Nearly Half of Patients with Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer May Be Amenable to Immunotherapy. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1304. [PMID: 38927511 PMCID: PMC11201491 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Poorly differentiated cancer (PDC) and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) have an aggressive course of disease with limited treatment options. The expression of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) has been used to determine the responses of many cancers to immunotherapy. The aim of the study was to investigate the expression of PD-L1 in a cohort of patients with PDC and ATC to assess their suitability for immunotherapy. Data, settings, and participants: This study is a retrospective cohort review of patients treated for PDC and ATC treated at a tertiary referral institution during the period 2000-2020. PD-L1 22C3 pharmDx qualitative immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens of tumours to detect the presence of the PD-L1 protein. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The percentage of tumours that were positive for PD-L1 immunohistochemistry and the PD-L1 protein expression as measured by using the Tumour Proportion Score (TPS). Secondary outcomes studied were the associations between demographic, clinicopathological, treatment and disease outcomes and PD-L1 expression. RESULTS Nineteen patients (12F:7M) with a mean age of 65.4 (±14.3 SD) years were diagnosed with PDC in 4 (21%) and fifteen were diagnosed with ATC (79%) during the study period. Fifteen (79%) patients underwent some form of surgery, with R0 resection achieved in only three of the fifteen (20%) patients. Overall, PD-L1 expression was seen in seven of the fifteen (47%) of the patients with ATC, with no positivity seen in the patients with PDC. PD-L1 expression had no impact on treatment modality and positive expression was not significantly associated with stage of disease, metastasis, or survival. CONCLUSION Nearly half of patients with ATC express PD-L1 and may be amenable to immunotherapy with pembrolizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverley Chern
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, National University Hospital Health System, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore; (B.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Diluka Pinto
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, National University Hospital Health System, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore; (B.C.); (D.P.)
- Division of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Thalagolla Road, Colombo P.O. Box 6, Sri Lanka
| | - Jeffrey Hy Lum
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore;
| | - Rajeev Parameswaran
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, National University Hospital Health System, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore; (B.C.); (D.P.)
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Level 8, IE Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
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8
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Cirello V, Gambale C, Nikitski AV, Masaki C, Roque J, Colombo C. Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma: molecular, clinico-pathological hallmarks and therapeutic perspectives. Panminerva Med 2024; 66:155-173. [PMID: 38576304 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.23.05040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) is a rare and extremely aggressive tumor, accounting for about 2-15% of all thyroid cancer. PDTC has a distinct biological behavior compared to well-differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and, in last years, it has been classified as a separate entity from both anatomopathological and clinical points of view. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of consensus among clinicians regarding inclusion criteria and definition of PDTC that affects its diagnosis and clinical management. Due to its rarity and difficulty in classification compared to other tumors, very few studies are available to date and series often include different histotypes in addition to PDTC. This review focuses on main studies concerning PDTC summarizing the evolution in the definition of its diagnosis criteria, clinicopathological features, management, and outcome. The data available confirm that the pathological evaluation and classification of PDTC are crucial and should therefore be standardized. Since the clinical presentation and prognosis of PDTC may vary widely depending on the different stage of the disease at diagnosis, the patient's management may differ in treatment and should be tailored to each patient. Finally, this review discusses advances in molecular insights of PDTC that, together with the implementation of both in vitro and in vivo models, will provide valuable insights into biological mechanisms of progression, metastasis, and invasion of this aggressive thyroid carcinoma. Further studies on larger, carefully selected series are needed to better assess the peculiar features of PDTC and to better define its management by focusing on the best diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cirello
- Endocrine Oncology Unit, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Gambale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alyaksandr V Nikitski
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chie Masaki
- Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - João Roque
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Colombo
- Endocrine Oncology Unit, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy -
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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9
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Dell'Aquila M, Tralongo P, Granitto A, Martini M, Capodimonti S, Curatolo M, Fiorentino V, Pontecorvi A, Fadda G, Lombardi CP, Raffaelli M, Pantanowitz L, Larocca LM, Rossi ED. Update regarding the role of PD-L1 in oncocytic thyroid lesions on cytological samples. J Clin Pathol 2023; 76:671-677. [PMID: 35701142 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2022-208215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Several papers have shown that programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is a relevant predictive biomarker in anti-PD-L1 cancer immunotherapy. While its role in several human cancers is correlated with poor prognosis and resistance to anticancer therapies, in thyroid cancers the role of PD-L1 remains questionable. Few articles have studied PD-L1 in thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), demonstrating a possible correlation with papillary thyroid carcinoma. However, its role in oncocytic thyroid lesions remains controversial. We accordingly examine the performance of PD-L1 immunostaining in liquid based cytology (LBC) from oncocytic lesions. METHODS From January 2019 to March 2021, 114 thyroid lesions diagnosed by FNAC from lesions with a predominant oncocytic component, were enrolled for evaluation by PD-L1 immunostaining on both LBC and corresponding histology samples. RESULTS The FNAC cohort included 51 benign (B, negative controls), 4 atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesions of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS), 57 follicular lesions (follicular neoplasm/suspicious for FN, FN/SFN) and 2 suspicious for malignancy (SFM) cases. Fifty-four cases (11B, 2 AUS/FLUS, 39 FN/SFN and 2 SFM) had histological follow-up including: 1B case resulted as a hyperplastic oxyphilic nodule in Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT), 10B as goitre, 2 AUS/FLUS cases as oncocytic adenomas (OAs); 39 FN/SFN included 27 OAs, 4 FA and 8 oncocytic follicular carcinoma (OFC). The two SFM cases were diagnosed on histopathology as OAs. Increased plasma membrane and cytoplasmic PD-L1 expression were found in 47 cases of the LBC cases (41.2%). Among the histological series, 67.3% of OAs and 75% of OFC had PD-L1 expression, while negative PD-L1 was found in hyperplastic oncocytic cells in HT. A positivity in more than 30% of the neoplastic cells was found in 72.9% of the cases including six OFC. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that PD-L1 expression is expressed in oncocytic thyroid lesions. While weak PD-L1 expression failed to discriminate benign from malignant lesions, OFC demonstrated more intense cytoplasmic and membranous expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Dell'Aquila
- Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Pietro Tralongo
- Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessia Granitto
- Anatomic Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Martini
- Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Capodimonti
- Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Mariangela Curatolo
- Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fiorentino
- Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Endocrinology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Guido Fadda
- Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Celestino Pio Lombardi
- Endocrine Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Maco Raffaelli
- Endocrine Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Liron Pantanowitz
- Department of Pathology & Clinical Labs, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Luigi Maria Larocca
- Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Esther Diana Rossi
- Anatomic Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
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10
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Luke JJ, Fakih M, Schneider C, Chiorean EG, Bendell J, Kristeleit R, Kurzrock R, Blagden SP, Brana I, Goff LW, O'Hayer K, Geschwindt R, Smith M, Zhou F, Naing A. Phase I/II sequencing study of azacitidine, epacadostat, and pembrolizumab in advanced solid tumors. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:2227-2235. [PMID: 37087488 PMCID: PMC10241827 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), an interferon-inducible enzyme, contributes to tumor immune intolerance. Immune checkpoint inhibition may increase interferon levels; combining IDO1 inhibition with immune checkpoint blockade represents an attractive strategy. Epigenetic agents trigger interferon responses and may serve as an immunotherapy priming method. We evaluated whether epigenetic therapy plus IDO1 inhibition and immune checkpoint blockade confers clinical benefit to patients with advanced solid tumors. METHODS ECHO-206 was a Phase I/II study where treatment-experienced patients with advanced solid tumors (N = 70) received azacitidine plus an immunotherapy doublet (epacadostat [IDO1 inhibitor] and pembrolizumab). Sequencing of treatment was also assessed. Primary endpoints were safety/tolerability (Phase I), maximum tolerated dose (MTD) or pharmacologically active dose (PAD; Phase I), and investigator-assessed objective response rate (ORR; Phase II). RESULTS In Phase I, no dose-limiting toxicities were reported, the MTD was not reached; a PAD was not determined. ORR was 5.7%, with four partial responses. The most common treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were fatigue (42.9%) and nausea (42.9%). Twelve (17.1%) patients experienced ≥1 fatal AE, one of which (asthenia) was treatment-related. CONCLUSIONS Although the azacitidine-epacadostat-pembrolizumab regimen was well tolerated, it was not associated with substantial clinical response in patients with advanced solid tumors previously exposed to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Luke
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Marwan Fakih
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Charles Schneider
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E Gabriela Chiorean
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Johanna Bendell
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute/Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Razelle Kurzrock
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sarah P Blagden
- Early Phase Clinical Trials Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Irene Brana
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura W Goff
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Feng Zhou
- Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Aung Naing
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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11
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Denaro N, Romanò R, Alfieri S, Dolci A, Licitra L, Nuzzolese I, Ghidini M, Bareggi C, Bertaglia V, Solinas C, Garrone O. The Tumor Microenvironment and the Estrogen Loop in Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092458. [PMID: 37173925 PMCID: PMC10177023 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) cells employ multiple signaling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/Raf/MAPK, fostering cell proliferation, survival and metastasis. Through a complex interplay with immune cells, inflammatory mediators and stroma, TC cells support an immunosuppressive, inflamed, pro-carcinogenic TME. Moreover, the participation of estrogens in TC pathogenesis has previously been hypothesized, in view of the higher TC incidence observed among females. In this respect, the interactions between estrogens and the TME in TC could represent a relevant, unexplored area of research. We thereby collectively reviewed the available evidence concerning the potential carcinogenic role of estrogens in TC, specifically focusing on their crosstalk with the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerina Denaro
- Medical Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Rebecca Romanò
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Alfieri
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Dolci
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Lisa Licitra
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Imperia Nuzzolese
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Ghidini
- Medical Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Bareggi
- Medical Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Bertaglia
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Solinas
- Medical Oncology, AOU Cagliari, Policlinico di Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ornella Garrone
- Medical Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
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12
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Hu C, Yan L, Li P, Yu Y. Identification of calcium metabolism related score associated with the poor outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1108773. [PMID: 37056339 PMCID: PMC10086330 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1108773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionPapillary thyroid carcinoma is a type of thyroid cancer that exhibits significant variability in prognosis. Extensive research indicates that the impaired signaling of 1,25(OH)2D3-VDR may be a crucial factor in the development and progression of PTC.MethodsTo investigate this further, Integrated analysis mRNA expression information from The Cancer Genome Atlas and GEO, we compared gene expression in cancer and normal tissues and identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Through this analysis, we identified DEGs and calculated risk estimates for seven genetic markers.ResultsSubsequently, we constructed predictive models using LASSO-Cox regression to test the predictive value of these markers. Our results revealed that 64 calcium metabolism-related genes showed significant differences between tumor and normal tissues. Ten of the identified DEGs were significantly associated with overall survival, indicating their potential role in disease progression. Using the average risk score for the seven genetic markers, we divided patients into high- and low-risk groups. We found that patients in the low-risk group had significantly better overall survival than those in the high-risk group, highlighting the importance of these genetic markers in predicting prognosis. Further analysis using Cox regression demonstrated that the risk levels had independent predictive power. Additionally, we conducted functional analysis of the identified genetic markers, which showed significant differences in immune status between the two patient groups. We also investigated the effect of these calcium metabolism-related genes on thyroid cancer biological functions, immune microenvironment, and drug resistance.DiscussionOur findings provide evidence of a novel genetic signature associated with calcium metabolism, which can predict prognosis in patients with PTC. These results may have significant implications for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to improve outcomes for PTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxiang Hu
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Lijuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biology Education and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biology Education and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Li, ; Yang Yu,
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Li, ; Yang Yu,
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13
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IDO1/COX2 Expression Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer Liver Oligometastases. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13030496. [PMID: 36983678 PMCID: PMC10055914 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13030496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: IDO1 and COX2 have emerged as promising immunotherapy targets. It is unclear whether IDO1 and COX2 expression levels in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with liver oligometastases could be independent predictors of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of IDO1 and COX2 expression levels with OS and PFS in CRC patients with liver oligometastases. Methods: The expression levels of IDO1 and COX2 were assessed by immunohistochemistry in 107 specimens from patients with liver oligometastases. The correlation between the expression of IDO1 and COX2 and the clinicopathological parameters and OS/PFS in patients was examined. Results: The expression level of IDO1/COX2 was significantly correlated with age and was not associated with gender, BMI, T stage, N stage, primary tumor size, liver metastasis size, CEA, CA19-9, CD3 TILs or CD8 TILs. In univariate analysis, we found that IDO1/COX2 expression, CEA and N stage all yielded significantly poor OS and PFS outcomes. In our multivariate Cox model, IDO1/COX2 coexpression, CEA and N stage were found to be significantly correlated with OS; IDO1/COX2 coexpression and CEA were significantly correlated with PFS. Conclusions: IDO1/COX2 coexpression plays a pivotal role and may act as a potential prognostic biomarker for survival in CRC patients with liver oligometastases.
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14
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Xu M, Zhu F, Yin Q, Yin H, Fang S, Luo G, Huang J, Huang W, Liu F, Zhong M, Deng X. Serum Response Factor-Regulated IDO1/Kyn-Ahr Pathway Promotes Tumorigenesis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041319. [PMID: 36831659 PMCID: PMC9954402 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum response factor (SRF) regulates pro-carcinogenic genes in various cancers, but its role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unclear. SRF expression in 70 OSCC samples was detected via immunohistochemistry. Abundant SRF expressed in OSCC tissues was closely associated with tumor metastasis. SRF-overexpressing OSCC cells were constructed to evaluate how SRF affects OSCC cell tumorigenesis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro and in vivo. Overexpressed SRF increased OSCC cell migration and invasion in vitro and tumor growth and invasion in vivo. This promoted EMT, characterized by decreased and increased expression of E- and N-cadherin, respectively. Furthermore, an analysis of RNA sequences of transcriptional targets of SRF showed that SRF transactivated the indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)/kynurenine-aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Kyn-AhR) signaling pathway in OSCC cell lines. Direct SRF binding to the IDO1 gene promoter upregulated transcription, which was detected through chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual luciferase reporter assays. Inhibiting IDO1 or AhR impaired SRF-induced migration and invasion and prevented EMT in OSCC cells. Our results demonstrated that SRF is a critical regulator of the IDO1/Kyn-AhR signaling pathway. This in turn increases OSCC cell migration and invasion by modulating EMT, which, consequently, favors OSCC cell growth and metastasis. We revealed a novel molecular mechanism through which SRF modulates OSCC metastasis. This should provide potential targets or biomarkers for OSCC diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Xu
- Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College & Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen 361008, China
| | - Feixiang Zhu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361104, China
| | - Qi Yin
- Department of Stomatology of Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Department of Stomatology of Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Shaobin Fang
- Department of Stomatology of Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Gongwei Luo
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361104, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361104, China
| | - Wenxia Huang
- Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College & Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen 361008, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361104, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College & Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen 361008, China
- Department of Stomatology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361104, China
| | - Xiaoling Deng
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361104, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0592-2185363
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15
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Sukrithan V, Jain P, Shah MH, Konda B. Kinase inhibitors in thyroid cancers. ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2023; 3:e220062. [PMID: 37434642 PMCID: PMC10305552 DOI: 10.1530/eo-22-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective The treatment landscape for thyroid cancers has changed rapidly with the availability of kinase inhibitors against VEGFR, BRAF, MEK, NTRK, and RET. We provide an up-to-date review of the role of kinase inhibitors in thyroid cancer and discuss upcoming trials. Design & Methods A comprehensive review of the available literature describing kinase inhibitors in thyroid cancer was performed. Results and Conclusions Kinase inhibitors have become the standard of care for patients with metastatic radioactive iodine-refractory thyroid cancer. Short-term treatment can re-sensitize differentiated thyroid cancer to radioactive iodine, thereby potentially improving outcomes and sparing toxicities associated with the long-term use of kinase inhibitors. The approval of cabozantinib as salvage therapy for progressive radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer following failure with sorafenib or lenvatinib adds to the available armamentarium of active agents. Vandetanib and cabozantinib have become mainstay treatments for metastatic medullary thyroid cancer regardless of RET mutation status. Selpercatinib and pralsetinib, potent and selective receptor kinase inhibitors with activity against RET, have revolutionized the treatment paradigm for medullary thyroid cancers and other cancers with driver mutations in RET. Dabrafenib plus trametinib for BRAF mutated anaplastic thyroid cancer provides an effective treatment option for this aggressive cancer with a dismal prognosis. In order to design the next generation of agents for thyroid cancer, future efforts will need to focus on developing a better understanding of the mechanisms of resistance to kinase inhibition including bypass signaling and escape mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeth Sukrithan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University and Arthur G James Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Prachi Jain
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University and Arthur G James Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Manisha H Shah
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University and Arthur G James Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Bhavana Konda
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University and Arthur G James Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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16
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Nervo A, Retta F, Ragni A, Piovesan A, Gallo M, Arvat E. Management of Progressive Radioiodine-Refractory Thyroid Carcinoma: Current Perspective. Cancer Manag Res 2022; 14:3047-3062. [PMID: 36275786 PMCID: PMC9584766 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s340967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with thyroid cancer (TC) usually have an excellent prognosis; however, 5-10% of them develop an advanced disease. The prognosis of this subgroup is still favourable if the lesions respond to radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment. Nearly two-thirds of advanced TC patients become RAI-refractory (RAI-R), and their management is challenging. A multidisciplinary approach in the context of a tumour board is essential to define a personalized strategy. Systemic therapy is not always the best option. In case of slow neoplastic growth and low tumour burden, active surveillance may represent a valuable choice. Local approaches might be considered if the disease progression is limited to a single or few lesions, also in combination and during systemic therapy. Antiresorptive treatment may be started in presence of bone metastases. In case of rapid and/or symptomatic progression involving multiple lesions and/or organs, systemic therapy has to be considered, in absence of contraindications. The multi-kinase inhibitors (MKIs) lenvatinib and sorafenib are currently available as first-line treatment for advanced progressive RAI-R TC. Among second-line options, cabozantinib has been recently approved in RAI-R TC who progressed during MKIs targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR). In the last few years, next-generation sequencing (NGS) assays have been increasingly employed, permitting identification of the genetic alterations harboured by TC, with a significant impact on patients' management. Novel selective targeted therapies have been introduced for the treatment of RAI-R TC in selected cases: REarranged during Transfection (RET) inhibitors (selpercatinib and pralsetinib) and Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase (TRK) inhibitors (larotrectinib and entrectinib) have recently expanded the panorama of the therapeutic options. Moreover, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown promising results, and they are still under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Nervo
- Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,Correspondence: Alice Nervo, Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, University of Turin, Via Genova 3, Turin, 10126, Italy, Tel +390116336611, Fax +390116334703, Email
| | - Francesca Retta
- Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Ragni
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, AO SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piovesan
- Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Gallo
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, AO SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Emanuela Arvat
- Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Rationale Efficacy and Safety Evidence of Lenvatinib and Pembrolizumab Association in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:7718-7731. [PMID: 36290887 PMCID: PMC9601195 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29100610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) are highly aggressive malignant tumors with poor overall prognosis despite multimodal therapy. As ATC are extremely rare, no randomized controlled study has been published for metastatic disease. Thyrosine kinase inhibitors, especially lenvatinib and immune checkpoint inhibitors such as pembrolizumab, are emerging drugs for ATC. Few studies have reported the efficacity of pembrolizumab and lenvatinib association, resulting in its frequent off-label use. In this review, we discuss rationale efficacy and safety evidence for the association of lenvatinib and pembrolizumab in ATC. First, we discuss preclinical rationale for pembrolizumab monotherapy, lenvatinib monotherapy and synergistic action of pembrolizumab and lenvatinib in the metastatic setting. We also discuss clinical evidence for immunotherapy and pembrolizumab in ATC through the analysis of studies evaluating immunotherapy, lenvatinib and pembrolizumab lenvatinib association in ATC. In addition, we discuss the safety of this association and potential predictive biomarkers of efficiency.
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Tong J, Ruan M, Jin Y, Fu H, Cheng L, Luo Q, Liu Z, Lv Z, Chen L. Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a clinician's perspective. Eur Thyroid J 2022; 11:e220021. [PMID: 35195082 PMCID: PMC9010806 DOI: 10.1530/etj-22-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) is a rare thyroid carcinoma originating from follicular epithelial cells. No explicit consensus can be achieved to date due to sparse clinical data, potentially compromising the outcomes of patients. In this comprehensive review from a clinician's perspective, the epidemiology and prognosis are described, diagnosis based on manifestations, pathology, and medical imaging are discussed, and both traditional and emerging therapeutics are addressed as well. Turin consensus remains the mainstay diagnostic criteria for PDTC, and individualized assessments are decisive for treatment option. The prognosis is optimal if complete resection is performed at early stage but dismal in nearly half of patients with locally advanced and/or distant metastatic diseases, in which adjuvant therapies such as 131I therapy, external beam radiation therapy, and chemotherapy should be incorporated. Emerging therapeutics including molecular targeted therapy, differentiation therapy, and immunotherapy deserve further investigations to improve the prognosis of PDTC patients with advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Tong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maomei Ruan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Jin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Fu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyan Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongwei Lv
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Libo Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Jung MY, Aibaidula A, Brown DA, Himes BT, Cumba Garcia LM, Parney IF. Superinduction of immunosuppressive glioblastoma extracellular vesicles by IFN-γ through PD-L1 and IDO1. Neurooncol Adv 2022; 4:vdac017. [PMID: 35990703 PMCID: PMC9389426 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common primary brain tumor, has a median survival of 15-16 months. Immunotherapy is promising but GBM-mediated immunosuppression remains a barrier. GBMs express the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-responsive immunosuppressive molecules PD-L1 and IDO1. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have also been implicated in GBM-mediated immunosuppression, in part through PD-L1. We therefore sought to determine if GBM IFN-γ exposure increased GBM EV-mediated immunosuppression and mechanisms underlying this.
Methods
Human GBM-derived cells were cultured in the presence/absence of IFN-γ. EV’s were harvested. PD-L1, IDO1, and EV-associated protein expression was assessed. GBM EV’s (+/-IFN-γ) were cultured with healthy donor monocytes. Immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) and non-classical monocyte (NCM) frequency was determined. Impact of GBM (+/-IFN-γ) EV-treated monocytes on CD3/CD28-mediated T cell proliferation was assessed. The impact of PD-L1 and IDO1 knockdown in GBM EV’s in this system was evaluated.
Results
IFN-γ exposure increased PD-L1 and IDO1 expression in GBM cells and EV’s without altering EV size or frequency. IFN-γ-exposed GBM EVs induced more MDSC and NCM differentiation in monocytes and these monocytes caused more T cell inhibition than IFN-γ-naive GBM EVs. PD-L1 and/or IDO1 knockdown in GBM cells abrogated the immunosuppressive effects of IFN-γ-exposed GBM EVs on monocytes.
Conclusions
IFN-γ exposure such as might occur during an anti-tumor immune response results in superinduction of GBM EVs’ baseline immunosuppressive effects on monocytes. These effects are mediated by increased PD-L1 and IDO1 expression in GBM EV’s. This data highlights mechanisms of GBM EV-mediated immunosuppression and identifies therapeutic targets (PD-L1, IDO1) to reverse these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Yeon Jung
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Abudumijiti Aibaidula
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Desmond A Brown
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Benjamin T Himes
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Luz M Cumba Garcia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ian F Parney
- Corresponding Author: Ian F. Parney, MD, PhD, Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA ()
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20
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Song X, Si Q, Qi R, Liu W, Li M, Guo M, Wei L, Yao Z. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1: A Promising Therapeutic Target in Malignant Tumor. Front Immunol 2022; 12:800630. [PMID: 35003126 PMCID: PMC8733291 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.800630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is a complex multifactorial and multistep process in which tumors can utilize a diverse repertoire of immunosuppressive mechanisms to evade host immune attacks. The degradation of tryptophan into immunosuppressive kynurenine is considered an important immunosuppressive mechanism in the tumor microenvironment. There are three enzymes, namely, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2), involved in the metabolism of tryptophan. IDO1 has a wider distribution and higher activity in catalyzing tryptophan than the other two; therefore, it has been studied most extensively. IDO1 is a cytosolic monomeric, heme-containing enzyme, which is now considered an authentic immune regulator and represents one of the promising drug targets for tumor immunotherapy. Collectively, this review highlights the regulation of IDO1 gene expression and the ambivalent mechanisms of IDO1 on the antitumoral immune response. Further, new therapeutic targets via the regulation of IDO1 are discussed. A comprehensive analysis of the expression and biological function of IDO1 can help us to understand the therapeutic strategies of the inhibitors targeting IDO1 in malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Song
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qianqian Si
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rui Qi
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Weidan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The People's Hospital, Pingxiang County, Xingtai, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mengyue Guo
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhiyan Yao
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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21
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Luo Y, Yang YC, Shen CK, Ma B, Xu WB, Wang QF, Zhang Y, Liao T, Wei WJ, Wang Y. Immune Checkpoint Protein Expression Defines the Prognosis of Advanced Thyroid Carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:859013. [PMID: 35574031 PMCID: PMC9094437 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.859013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with advanced thyroid carcinoma (TC), such as anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC), and locally advanced papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), have poor prognoses and require novel treatments. Immune checkpoint (ICP) inhibitors have demonstrated encouraging and good results; nevertheless, their effect in advanced TCs remains largely unclear. Thus, we demonstrated ICP profiles and investigated their potential clinical significance. METHODS A total of 234 TC patients were involved, with 22 ATCs, 44 PDTCs, and 168 PTCs, including 58 advanced PTCs. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate nine ICPs [programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1), Programmed cell death 1 (PD1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), T-cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domain (TIGIT), lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3), V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA), B7 homolog 3 (B7-H3), and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain- 3 protein (TIM3)] expression via tissue microarrays (TMAs), and clinical correlations were analyzed simultaneously. RESULTS ATC had the highest positive rate of ICPs among the three pathological types, as well as relatively high ICP co-expression. ATC with high expression of PDL1 positivity had a poor prognosis. Shorter survival was associated with VISTA, B7H3, TIM3, and TIGIT expression in PDTC. The greater the co-expression of these four ICPs, the poorer the prognosis in PDTC patients. VISTA and B7H3 were the two most commonly expressed ICPs in advanced PTC, both of which were linked to a poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS PDL1 is linked to the overall survival (OS) of ATC. A subset of PDTC is likely immunogenic with poor prognosis and co-expression of VISTA, B7H3, TIM3, and TIGIT. Furthermore, VISTA and B7H3 are prognostic biomarkers in advanced PTC. Single or combined blockade targeting these ICPs might be effective for advanced TCs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Chen Yang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cen-Kai Shen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ben Ma
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Bo Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Feng Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Liao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wei
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Wang, ; Wen-Jun Wei,
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Wang, ; Wen-Jun Wei,
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Garcia-Alvarez A, Hernando J, Carmona-Alonso A, Capdevila J. What is the status of immunotherapy in thyroid neoplasms? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:929091. [PMID: 35992118 PMCID: PMC9389039 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.929091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has changed the treatment of patients with advanced cancer, with different phase III trials showing durable responses across different histologies. This review focuses on the preclinical and clinical evidence of potential predictive biomarkers of response and efficacy of immunotherapy in thyroid neoplasms. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) staining by immunohistochemistry has shown higher expression in anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) compared to other subtypes. The tumor mutational burden in thyroid neoplasms is low but seems to be higher in ATC. Immune infiltrates in the tumor microenvironment (TME) differ between the different thyroid neoplasm subtypes. In general, differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) has a higher number of tumor-associated lymphocytes and regulatory T cells (Tregs), while ATC and medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) display a high density of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Nevertheless, results from clinical trials with immunotherapy as monotherapy or combinations have shown limited efficacy. Further investigation into new strategies aside from anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4)/programmed death 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 antibodies, validation of predictive biomarkers, and better population selection for clinical trials in thyroid neoplasms is more than needed in the near future.
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23
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Tumor microenvironment in giant cell tumor of bone: evaluation of PD-L1 expression and SIRPα infiltration after denosumab treatment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14821. [PMID: 34285260 PMCID: PMC8292371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94022-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is an intermediate malignant bone tumor that is locally aggressive and rarely metastasizes. Denosumab, which is a receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) inhibitor, can be used to treat GCTB. We focused on potential immunotherapy for GCTB and investigated the tumor microenvironment of GCTB. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) expression and signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα), forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), and cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8) infiltration were assessed by immunohistochemical studies of 137 tumor tissues from 96 patients. Of the naive primary specimens, 28% exhibited PD-L1 expression and 39% exhibited IDO1 expression. There was significantly more SIRPα+, FOXP3+, and CD8+ cell infiltration in PD-L1- and IDO1-positive tumors than in PD-L1- and IDO1-negative tumors. The frequency of PD-L1 expression and SIRPα+ cell infiltration in recurrent lesions treated with denosumab was significantly higher than in primary lesions and recurrent lesions not treated with denosumab. PD-L1 expression and higher SIRPα+ cell infiltration were significantly correlated with shorter recurrence-free survival. PD-L1 and SIRPα immune checkpoint inhibitors may provide clinical benefit in GCTB patients with recurrent lesions after denosumab therapy.
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24
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Dierks C, Seufert J, Aumann K, Ruf J, Klein C, Kiefer S, Rassner M, Boerries M, Zielke A, la Rosee P, Meyer PT, Kroiss M, Weißenberger C, Schumacher T, Metzger P, Weiss H, Smaxwil C, Laubner K, Duyster J, von Bubnoff N, Miething C, Thomusch O. Combination of Lenvatinib and Pembrolizumab Is an Effective Treatment Option for Anaplastic and Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma. Thyroid 2021; 31:1076-1085. [PMID: 33509020 PMCID: PMC8290324 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) and metastatic poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas (PDTCs) are rare aggressive malignancies with poor overall survival (OS) despite extensive multimodal therapy. These tumors are highly proliferative, with frequently increased tumor mutational burden (TMB) compared with differentiated thyroid carcinomas, and elevated programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) levels. These tumor properties implicate responsiveness to antiangiogenic and antiproliferative multikinase inhibitors such as lenvatinib, and immune checkpoint inhibitors such as pembrolizumab. Patients and Methods: In a retrospective study, we analyzed six patients with metastatic ATC and two patients with PDTC, who received a combination therapy of lenvatinib and pembrolizumab. Lenvatinib was started at 14-24 mg daily and combined with pembrolizumab at a fixed dose of 200 mg every three weeks. Maximum treatment duration with this combination was 40 months, and 3 of 6 ATC patients are still on therapy. Patient tumors were characterized by whole-exome sequencing and PD-L1 expression levels (tumor proportion score [TPS] 1-90%). Results: Best overall response (BOR) within ATCs was 66% complete remissions (4/6 CR), 16% stable disease (1/6 SD), and 16% progressive disease (1/6 PD). BOR within PDTCs was partial remission (PR 2/2). The median progression-free survival was 17.75 months for all patients, and 16.5 months for ATCs, with treatment durations ranging from 1 to 40 months (1, 4, 11, 15, 19, 25, 27, and 40 months). Grade III/IV toxicities developed in 4 of 8 patients, requiring dose reduction/discontinuation of lenvatinib. The median OS was 18.5 months, with three ATC patients being still alive without relapse (40, 27, and 19 months) despite metastatic disease at the time of treatment initiation (UICC and stage IVC). All patients with long-term (>2 years) or complete responses (CRs) had either increased TMB or a PD-L1 TPS >50%. Conclusions: Our results implicate that the combination of lenvatinib and pembrolizumab might be safe and effective in patients with ATC/PDTC and can result in complete and long-term remissions. The combination treatment is now being systematically examined in a phase II clinical trial (Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma Lenvatinib Pembrolizumab [ATLEP]) in ATC/PDTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Dierks
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, KIM IV, Faculty of Medicine, University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Seufert
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Aumann
- Institute of Pathology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juri Ruf
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudius Klein
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Selina Kiefer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rassner
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zielke
- Outcomes Research Unit, Department of Endocrine Surgery, Endocrine Center Stuttgart, Diakonie Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Paul la Rosee
- Klinikum Villingen-Schwenningen, Hämatologie/Onkologie, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Philipp Tobias Meyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Division of Endocrinology/Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Patrick Metzger
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Constantin Smaxwil
- Outcomes Research Unit, Department of Endocrine Surgery, Endocrine Center Stuttgart, Diakonie Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katharina Laubner
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Justus Duyster
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nikolas von Bubnoff
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Cornelius Miething
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Thomusch
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Cameselle-García S, Abdulkader-Sande S, Sánchez-Ares M, Rodríguez-Carnero G, Garcia-Gómez J, Gude-Sampedro F, Abdulkader-Nallib I, Cameselle-Teijeiro JM. PD-L1 expression and immune cells in anaplastic carcinoma and poorly differentiated carcinoma of the human thyroid gland: A retrospective study. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:553. [PMID: 34093774 PMCID: PMC8170268 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) and poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) have limited treatment options, and immune profiling may help select patients for immunotherapy. The prevalence and relevance of programmed death-1 ligand (PD-L1) expression and the presence of immune cells in ATC and PDTC has not yet been well established. The present study investigated PD-L1 expression (clone 22C3) and cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), including tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and dendritic cells, in whole tissue sections of 15 cases of ATC and 13 cases of PDTC. Immunohistochemical PD-L1 expression using a tumor proportion score (TPS) with a 1% cut-off was detected in 9/15 (60%) of ATC cases and 1/13 (7.7%) of PDTC cases (P=0.006). PD-L1 expression in TILs was limited to the ATC group (73.3 vs. 0% in ATC and PDTC, respectively). In the ATC group, the TPS for tumor positive PD-L1 expression revealed a non-significant trend towards worse survival, but no difference was observed when investigating PD-L1 expression in TILs and TAMs. In addition to increased PD-L1 expression, all ATC cases exhibited significantly increased CD3+ and CD8+ T cells, CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages, and S100+ dendritic cells compared with the PDTC cases. Loss of mutL homolog 1 and PMS1 homolog 2 expression was observed in one ATC case with the highest PD-L1 expression, as well as in the only PDTC case positive for PD-L1. Notably, the latter was the only PDTC case exhibiting positivity for p53 and a cellular microenvironment similar to ATC. The current results indicated that PD-L1 expression was frequent in ATC, but rare in PDTC. In addition to PD-L1, the present study suggested that microsatellite instability may serve a role in both the TME and the identification of immunotherapy candidates among patients with PDTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Cameselle-García
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Complex of Ourense, Galician Healthcare Service, 32005 Ourense, Spain
| | - Sámer Abdulkader-Sande
- Department of Pathology, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Galician Healthcare Service, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Ares
- Department of Pathology, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Galician Healthcare Service, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gemma Rodríguez-Carnero
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Galician Healthcare Service, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús Garcia-Gómez
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Complex of Ourense, Galician Healthcare Service, 32005 Ourense, Spain
| | - Francisco Gude-Sampedro
- Department of Epidemiology, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Galician Healthcare Service, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ihab Abdulkader-Nallib
- Department of Pathology, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Galician Healthcare Service, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Manuel Cameselle-Teijeiro
- Department of Pathology, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Galician Healthcare Service, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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26
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The Genomic Landscape of Thyroid Cancer Tumourigenesis and Implications for Immunotherapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051082. [PMID: 34062862 PMCID: PMC8147376 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent endocrine malignancy that comprises mostly indolent differentiated cancers (DTCs) and less frequently aggressive poorly differentiated (PDTC) or anaplastic cancers (ATCs) with high mortality. Utilisation of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and advanced sequencing data analysis can aid in understanding the multi-step progression model in the development of thyroid cancers and their metastatic potential at a molecular level, promoting a targeted approach to further research and development of targeted treatment options including immunotherapy, especially for the aggressive variants. Tumour initiation and progression in thyroid cancer occurs through constitutional activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway through mutations in BRAF, RAS, mutations in the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway and/or receptor tyrosine kinase fusions/translocations, and other genetic aberrations acquired in a stepwise manner. This review provides a summary of the recent genetic aberrations implicated in the development and progression of thyroid cancer and implications for immunotherapy.
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Wan B, Deng P, Dai W, Wang P, Dong Z, Yang C, Tian J, Hu T, Yan K. Association between programmed cell death ligand 1 expression and thyroid cancer: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25315. [PMID: 33832105 PMCID: PMC8036129 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is highly expressed in a variety of malignant tumors, is closely related to clinicopathological features and prognosis. However, there are few studies on the potential effects of PD-L1 on thyroid carcinoma, the incidence of which has shown an upward trend worldwide. This study aimed to explore the association between PD-L1 expression and clinicopathological features and prognosis of thyroid cancer. METHODS An elaborate retrieval was performed using Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, WanFang databases, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure to determine the association between PD-L1 expression and disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and clinicopathological features in patients with thyroid cancer. Study selection, data extraction, risk assessment, and data synthesis were performed independently by 2 reviewers. In this meta-analysis, RevMan 5.3 and Stata 15.1 were used for bias risk assessment and data synthesis. RESULTS After a detailed search, 2546 cases reported in 13 articles were included in this meta-analysis. The outcomes revealed that high expression of PD-L1 in patients with thyroid cancer was associated with poor DFS (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.54-4.48, P < .00001) and OS (HR = 2.52, 95% CI: 1.20-5.32, P = .01). High PD-L1 expression was associated with tumor size ≥2 cm, tumor recurrence, extrathyroidal extension, concurrent thyroiditis, unifocal tumor, and absence of psammoma body (P < .05). Subgroup analysis showed that positive expression of PD-L1 was related to poor prognosis for DFS of non-medullary thyroid carcinoma, and the overexpression of PD-L1 in differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) was related to tumor recurrence, concurrent thyroiditis, extrathyroidal extension, unifocal DTC, late stage DTC, and BRAFV600E mutation in DTC. CONCLUSION PD-L1 is a significant predictor of prognosis and malignancy of thyroid cancer (especially DTC), and PD-L1 inhibitors may be a promising therapeutic option for refractory thyroid cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhizhi Dong
- Department of Ultrasound, the First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University
| | - Chaojun Yang
- Central Laboratory, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | | | - Tao Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
| | - Kai Yan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
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28
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Zhang GQ, Jiao Q, Shen CT, Song HJ, Zhang HZ, Qiu ZL, Luo QY. Interleukin 6 regulates the expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 in thyroid cancer. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:997-1010. [PMID: 33247999 PMCID: PMC7935800 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1), inducing T cell exhaustion to facilitate immune escape of tumor cells, is upregulated by interleukin 6 (IL‐6) in T cell lymphoma and ovarian cancer. The purpose of this study is to investigate the expression of IL‐6 and PD‐L1 in thyroid cancer, and whether IL‐6 regulates PD‐L1 expression. As a result, IL‐6 and PD‐L1 were highly expressed in thyroid cancer tissues. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that tumor size, distant metastasis, and risk stratification were significantly associated with IL‐6 expression (P < .05), and multifocality, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, risk stratification, and IL‐6 expression were identified as the independent predictors of PD‐L1 expression (P < .05). The invasiveness of thyroid cancer was significantly enhanced after IL‐6 treatment or PD‐L1 overexpression. PD‐L1 positive rate correlated with IL‐6 expression in cancer tissues (P < .001), and after IL‐6 treatment, the PD‐L1 expression in TPC‐1 and BCPAP significantly increased. The mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK) and the Janus‐activated kinase (JAK)–signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathways were activated by IL‐6, and the IL‐6–induced PD‐L1 expression decreased after treatment with these two signaling pathway inhibitors. Knockdown of transcription factors c‐Jun and stat3 suppressed the expression of PD‐L1 induced by IL‐6, and these two factors could bind to PD‐L1 gene promoter directly and promote its transcription. It is concluded that IL‐6 and PD‐L1 are overexpressed in thyroid cancer and are related to tumor invasiveness. IL‐6 upregulates PD‐L1 expression through the MAPK and JAK‐STAT3 signaling pathways, which function via transcription factors c‐Jun and stat3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Jiao
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Tian Shen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Jun Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Ling Qiu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan-Yong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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29
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D'Andréa G, Lassalle S, Guevara N, Mograbi B, Hofman P. From biomarkers to therapeutic targets: the promise of PD-L1 in thyroid autoimmunity and cancer. Theranostics 2021; 11:1310-1325. [PMID: 33391536 PMCID: PMC7738901 DOI: 10.7150/thno.50333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) immune checkpoint proteins hold promise as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets for precision oncology. By restoring antitumor T cell surveillance, the high degree of effectiveness of the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized cancer treatment. However, the majority of patients (65-80 %) treated with ICIs experience significant side effects, called immune-related adverse events (irAEs), resulting in autoimmune damage to various organs. Therefore, broadening the clinical applicability of these treatments to all cancer types requires an improved understanding of the mechanisms linking cancer immune evasion and autoimmunity. The thyroid is the endocrine gland the most frequently involved in autoimmunity and cancer, the growing incidence of which is raising serious public health issues worldwide. In addition, the risk of developing thyroid cancer is increased in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease and thyroid dysfunction is one of the most common irAEs, especially with PD‑1/PD-L1 blockade. Therefore, we chose the thyroid as a model for the study of the link between autoimmunity, irAEs, and cancer. We provide an update into the current knowledge of the PD‑1/PD-L1 axis and discuss the growing interest of this axis in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of thyroid diseases within the context of autoimmunity and cancer, while embracing personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire D'Andréa
- ENT and Head and Neck surgery department, Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, CHU de Nice, University Hospital, Côte d'Azur University, Nice, France
- Côte d'Azur University, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
| | - Sandra Lassalle
- Côte d'Azur University, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Côte d'Azur University and Biobank, Pasteur Hospital, University Côte d'Azur, FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
| | - Nicolas Guevara
- ENT and Head and Neck surgery department, Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, CHU de Nice, University Hospital, Côte d'Azur University, Nice, France
| | - Baharia Mograbi
- Côte d'Azur University, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
- Antoine Lacassagne Cancer Center, FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
| | - Paul Hofman
- Côte d'Azur University, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
- Antoine Lacassagne Cancer Center, FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Côte d'Azur University and Biobank, Pasteur Hospital, University Côte d'Azur, FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
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30
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Metovic J, Vignale C, Annaratone L, Osella-Abate S, Maletta F, Rapa I, Cabutti F, Patriarca S, Gallo M, Nikiforov YE, Volante M, Papotti M. The Oncocytic Variant of Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma Shows a Specific Immune-Related Gene Expression Profile. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5906602. [PMID: 32936917 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC) is a rare, follicular cell-derived neoplasm with an unfavorable prognosis. The oncocytic variant of PDTC may be associated with even more adverse outcome than classical PDTC cases, but its specific molecular features are largely unknown. Our aim was to explore the immune-related gene expression profile of oncocytic and classical PDTC, in correlation with clinical and pathological characteristics (including programmed death ligand 1 [PD-L1] expression) and outcome, and in comparison with a control group of well-differentiated follicular carcinomas (WDFCs), including conventional follicular carcinomas (FTCs) and Hürthle cell carcinomas (HCCs). METHODS A retrospective series of 48 PDTCs and 24 WDFCs was analyzed by means of NanoString technology employing the nCounter PanCancer Immune Profiling panel. Gene expression data were validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Oncocytic PDTCs showed a specific immune-related gene expression profile, with higher expression of LAIR2, CD274, DEFB1, IRAK1, CAMP, LCN2, LY96, and APOE, and lower expression of NOD1, as compared to conventional PDTCs. This molecular signature was associated with increased intratumoral lymphocytic infiltration, PD-L1 expression, and adverse outcome. Three of these genes, CD274, DEFB1, and IRAK1, as well as PD-L1 expression, were also the hallmarks of HCCs as compared to FTCs. By contrast, the panel of genes differentially regulated in PDTCs as compared to WDFCs was unrelated to the oncocytic phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed a distinctive immune-related gene expression profile of oncocytic PDTC and confirmed a more aggressive outcome in this cancer subtype. These findings may provide guidance when exploring novel immunotherapeutic options for oncocytic PDTC patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/pathology
- Adenoma, Oxyphilic/genetics
- Adenoma, Oxyphilic/immunology
- Adenoma, Oxyphilic/mortality
- Adenoma, Oxyphilic/pathology
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunity/genetics
- Male
- Microarray Analysis
- Middle Aged
- Oxyphil Cells/metabolism
- Oxyphil Cells/pathology
- Retrospective Studies
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/immunology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/mortality
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Transcriptome
- Tumor Escape/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Metovic
- Department of Oncology, Pathology Unit of Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Vignale
- Department of Oncology, Pathology Unit of Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Annaratone
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pathology Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, Pathology Division, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Simona Osella-Abate
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pathology Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Maletta
- Department of Oncology, Pathology Unit of Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ida Rapa
- Department of Oncology, Pathology Unit of San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Cabutti
- Department of Oncology, Pathology Unit of Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Patriarca
- Piedmont Cancer Registry-CRPT, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Gallo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Yuri E Nikiforov
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular Genomic Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marco Volante
- Department of Oncology, Pathology Unit of San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Department of Oncology, Pathology Unit of Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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31
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French JD. Immunotherapy for advanced thyroid cancers - rationale, current advances and future strategies. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:629-641. [PMID: 32839578 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0398-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, the field of cancer immunotherapy has been revolutionized by immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) technologies. Success across a broad spectrum of cancers has led to a paradigm shift in therapy for patients with advanced cancer. Early data are now accumulating in progressive thyroid cancers treated with single-agent ICB therapies and combination approaches that incorporate ICB technologies. This Review discusses our current knowledge of the immune response in thyroid cancers, the latest and ongoing immune-based approaches, and the future of immunotherapies in thyroid cancer. Physiologically relevant preclinical mouse models and human correlative research studies will inform development of the next stage of immune-based therapies for patients with advanced thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena D French
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
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32
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Association of PD-L1 and IDO1 expression with JAK-STAT pathway activation in soft-tissue leiomyosarcoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 147:1451-1463. [PMID: 32951108 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Therapies targeting the immune checkpoint molecules programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) have been explored in various malignant tumours. In this study, we examined the relationship between PDL-1, IDO1 and JAK2 expression and the roles of these signal pathways in soft tissue leiomyosarcoma (LMS). METHODS The next-generation sequencing data of 53 patients with LMS were obtained from an online public database and were used to assess PD-L1, IDO1 and JAK2 gene amplification and mRNA expression. Then, we determined the relationship between JAK-STAT pathway activation and PD-L1 and IDO1 expression in a LMS cell line. In addition, immunohistochemical staining of 69 cases of LMS was performed for PD-L1, IDO1, TDO2 and phosphorylated JAK2 (pJAK2). RESULTS Comprehensive gene expression analysis using microarray and RNA-Seq data revealed that PD-L1 and IDO1 mRNA expression positively correlated with JAK2 and STAT1 mRNA expression. Two of the 53 cases exhibited PD-L1 and JAK2 gene amplification; however, they were not related to their gene expression. LMS cell line analysis revealed that IFN-γ supplementation induced IDO1 and PD-L1 expression; these effects were suppressed by JAK inhibition. Immunohistochemical analysis of the resected specimens revealed that TDO2 expression positively correlated with pJAK2 (P = 0.0490) and IDO1 expression (P < 0.0001). PD-L1-positive specimens tended to express pJAK2; however, the relationship did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.1477). CONCLUSION The results suggest the possible feasibility of the combined inhibition of PD-1/PD-L1 or IDO1 with IFN-γ-JAK-STAT pathway inhibition to treat soft tissue LMS.
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Girolami I, Pantanowitz L, Mete O, Brunelli M, Marletta S, Colato C, Trimboli P, Crescenzi A, Bongiovanni M, Barbareschi M, Eccher A. Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Is a Potential Biomarker of Disease-Free Survival in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of PD-L1 Immunoexpression in Follicular Epithelial Derived Thyroid Carcinoma. Endocr Pathol 2020; 31:291-300. [PMID: 32468210 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-020-09630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an established prerequisite for the administration of checkpoint inhibitor therapy and is of prognostic value in several cancer types. Data concerning the potential effect of PD-L1 on the prognosis of thyroid carcinoma are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a systematic review of the published data on this topic. The literature was reviewed to gather and quantify evidence on the prognostic role of PD-L1 in follicular epithelial derived thyroid carcinomas and determine its association with clinicopathological parameters. A meta-analysis was performed using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. The quality of studies was evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and a modified GRADE approach used to rate the quality of evidence. Out of 445 papers, 18 were included and 15 provided adequate data for meta-analysis. The quality of evidence ranged from low to high. PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with a reduced disease-free survival (DFS) (RR 1.63, CI 1.04-2.56, p = 0.03, I2 68%, τ2 0.19 and HR 1.90, CI 1.33-2.70, p< 0.001, I2 0%, τ2 0.00); however, no association was found with the overall survival (OS). Furthermore, a significant association was found with respect to underlying chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and BRAFV600E mutation status in papillary thyroid carcinomas. In the subgroup analysis, the association of PD-L1 and DFS remained strong in papillary thyroid carcinoma when compared with dedifferentiated thyroid carcinomas (anaplastic and poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas) that failed to demonstrate a significant association with respect to PD-L1. These findings underscore the role of PD-L1 immunohistochemistry as a potential prognostic biomarker of disease recurrence in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/diagnosis
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/therapy
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- B7-H1 Antigen/analysis
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/diagnosis
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/metabolism
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/mortality
- Prognosis
- Thyroid Cancer, Papillary/diagnosis
- Thyroid Cancer, Papillary/metabolism
- Thyroid Cancer, Papillary/mortality
- Thyroid Cancer, Papillary/therapy
- Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/mortality
- Thyroid Neoplasms/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Girolami
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, P.le Stefani n. 1, 37126, Verona, Italy
| | - Liron Pantanowitz
- Department of Pathology, UPMC Shadyside Hospital, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ozgur Mete
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Matteo Brunelli
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, P.le Stefani n. 1, 37126, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Marletta
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, P.le Stefani n. 1, 37126, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Colato
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, P.le Stefani n. 1, 37126, Verona, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Trimboli
- Clinic for Nuclear Medicine and Competence Centre for Thyroid Disease, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Anna Crescenzi
- Section of Pathology, University Hospital Campus Bio Medico, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Albino Eccher
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, P.le Stefani n. 1, 37126, Verona, Italy.
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PD-L1 and IDO1 expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in osteosarcoma patients: comparative study of primary and metastatic lesions. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:2607-2620. [PMID: 32388585 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) are immunosuppressive proteins known to be associated with poor prognosis in various cancers. However, their expression and clinical relevance in osteosarcoma remain unknown. In this study, the relationships of PD-L1 and IDO1 expression with clinicopathological features and prognosis were explored. METHODS The expression of PD-L1, IDO1, CD3, CD4, and CD8 in 112 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissues collected by biopsy or surgical resection from 56 osteosarcoma patients was evaluated immunohistochemically. Moreover, four osteosarcoma cell lines were evaluated for the effects of IFNγ on PD-L1 and IDO1 mRNA expression by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In pre-neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) primary specimens, 10 cases (17%) showed PD-L1 expression and 12 (21%) showed IDO1 expression. Six of ten cases (60%) with PD-L1 positivity co-expressed IDO1. In post-NAC metastatic lesions, the frequency of immunoexpression of PD-L1 and IDO1 was increased compared with that in pre-NAC specimens. PD-L1 and/or IDO1 expression was not associated with poor prognosis. PD-L1 immunoexpression was significantly associated with the infiltration of CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells; while, IDO1 immunoexpression was significantly associated with the infiltration of CD3+ T cells and CD4+ T cells. In all osteosarcoma cell lines, PD-L1 and IDO1 expression was upregulated by stimulation with IFNγ. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the PD-L1 and IDO1 immune checkpoint inhibitors may provide clinical benefit in osteosarcoma patients with metastatic lesions after conventional chemotherapy.
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35
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Zhang GQ, Shen CT, Song HJ, Qiu ZL, Luo QY. High Expression of Interleukin-12A and Its Association with the Clinicopathology and Prognosis of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Eur Thyroid J 2020; 9:139-147. [PMID: 32523890 PMCID: PMC7265709 DOI: 10.1159/000505811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inflammatory microenvironment is closely related to the occurrence and development of cancer. Members of the interleukin-12 (IL-12) cytokine family play synergistic or antagonistic roles in the tumor microenvironment, in the form of classic heterodimers or newly discovered monomers or homodimers. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between IL-12A and the clinicopathology and prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). METHODS A total of 101 pathologically confirmed DTC patients were included in this study. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess IL-12A expression in DTC and corresponding paracancerous tissues. The associations of IL-12A with clinicopathology and prognosis were evaluated. RESULTS IL-12A was expressed in both normal thyroid tissues and DTC, but its expression level was significantly higher in DTC than in normal thyroid tissues (p < 0.001). IL-12A was positively correlated with tumor size (p = 0.027), risk stratification (p = 0.020), and TNM (Tumor-Node-Metastasis) stage (p = 0.024), but not with age, sex, pathological type, multifocality, extrathyroid extension, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis (all p > 0.05). Lymphocytic thyroiditis was found in 26/101 patients (25.7%), which was negatively associated with IL-12A expression (p = 0.018). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that risk stratification was the significant independent predictor of IL-12A expression. The rate of disease persistence or recurrence (P&R) was 13/101 (12.9%), and a positive relationship was found between IL-12A expression and P&R (p = 0.020). Disease-free survival was affected by factors such as tumor size, extrathyroid extension, tumor stage (T stage), and IL-12A expression, with p values of 0.006, 0.048, 0.002, and 0.012, respectively. Multivariate Cox proportional-hazards analysis showed that tumor size ≥2 cm (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.041 [95% CI: 1.144-14.274], p = 0.031) and high IL-12A expression (HR = 4.027 [95% CI 1.014-15.994], p = 0.049) were independent predictors of prognosis of DTC patients. CONCLUSIONS IL-12A is highly expressed in DTC and is associated with disease aggressiveness. In addition, IL-12A is an independent predictor of the outcome of DTC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Quan-Yong Luo
- *Dr. Quan-Yong Luo or Dr. Zhong-Ling Qiu, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233 (China), or
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36
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Elia G, Ferrari SM, Galdiero MR, Ragusa F, Paparo SR, Ruffilli I, Varricchi G, Fallahi P, Antonelli A. New insight in endocrine-related adverse events associated to immune checkpoint blockade. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 34:101370. [PMID: 31983543 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2019.101370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer immunotherapy, in the form of immune checkpoint inhibition, is a paradigm shift that has transformed the care of patients with different types of solid and hematologic cancers. The most notable improvements have been seen in patients with melanoma, non-small-cell lung, bladder, renal, cervical, urotherial, and colorectal cancers, Merkel cell carcinoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting immune checkpoints (i.e., anti-CTLA: ipilimumab; anti-PD-1: nivolumab, pembrolizumab; anti-PD-L1: durvalumab, atezolizumab, avelumab) unleash the immune system against tumor cells targeting mainly T cells. Treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is associated with a variety of diverse and distinct immune-related adverse events (irAEs), reflecting the mechanistic underpinning of each target (i.e., CTLA-4, and PD-1/PD-L1 network). The most frequent endocrine irAEs associated with anti-PD-1 mAb treatment are thyroid dysfunctions, whereas hypophysitis is mostly linked to anti-CTLA-4 treatment. Type 1 diabetes mellitus and adrenalitis are rare irAEs. Combination therapy (anti-CTLA-4 plus anti-PD-1/PD-L1) can be associated with an increased risk and prevalence of endocrine irAEs. In this paper we discuss the pathophysiological and clinical aspects of irAEs with specific emphasis on endocrine irAEs associated with ICIs. With a growing number of patients treated with ICIs, a tight collaboration among oncologists, endocrinologists and immunologists appears necessary when the circumstances are more challenging and for better management of severe endocrine irAEs. Further investigations are urgently needed to better understand the mechanisms by which different ICIs can induce a variety of endocrine irAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Elia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Silvia Martina Ferrari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, 80131, Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesca Ragusa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Rosaria Paparo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Ruffilli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy; WAO Center of Excellence, 80131, Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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Pusztaszeri MP, Bongiovanni M, Brimo F. Do we need PD-L1 as a biomarker for thyroid cytologic and histologic specimens? Cancer Cytopathol 2019; 128:160-165. [PMID: 31821734 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fadi Brimo
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Dell’Aquila M, Granitto A, Martini M, Capodimonti S, Cocomazzi A, Musarra T, Fiorentino V, Pontecorvi A, Lombardi CP, Fadda G, Pantanowitz L, Larocca LM, Rossi ED. PD‐L1 and thyroid cytology: A possible diagnostic and prognostic marker. Cancer Cytopathol 2019; 128:177-189. [DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Dell’Aquila
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Histology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS Rome Italy
| | - Alessia Granitto
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Histology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS Rome Italy
| | - Maurizio Martini
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Histology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS Rome Italy
| | - Sara Capodimonti
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Histology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS Rome Italy
| | - Alessandra Cocomazzi
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Histology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS Rome Italy
| | - Teresa Musarra
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Histology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS Rome Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fiorentino
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Histology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS Rome Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Division of Endocrinology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS Rome Italy
| | - Celestino Pio Lombardi
- Division of Endocrine Surgery Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS Rome Italy
| | - Guido Fadda
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Histology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS Rome Italy
| | - Liron Pantanowitz
- Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Luigi Maria Larocca
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Histology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS Rome Italy
| | - Esther Diana Rossi
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Histology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS Rome Italy
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Molecular Alterations in Thyroid Cancer: From Bench to Clinical Practice. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10090709. [PMID: 31540307 PMCID: PMC6771012 DOI: 10.3390/genes10090709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer comprises different clinical and histological entities. Whereas differentiated (DTCs) malignancies are sensitive to radioiodine therapy, anaplastic (ATCs) and medullary (MTCs) tumors do not uptake radioactive iodine and display aggressive features associated with a poor prognosis. Moreover, in a majority of DTCs, disease evolution leads to the progressive loss of iodine sensitivity. Hence, iodine-refractory DTCs, along with ATCs and MTCs, require alternative treatments reflective of their different tumor biology. In the last decade, the molecular mechanisms promoting thyroid cancer development and progression have been extensively studied. This has led to a better understanding of the genomic landscape, displayed by thyroid malignancies, and to the identification of novel therapeutic targets. Indeed, several pharmacological compounds have been developed for iodine-refractory tumors, with four multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitors already available for DTCs (sorafenib and lenvatinib) and MTCs (cabozantib and vandetanib), and a plethora of drugs currently being evaluated in clinical trials. In this review, we will describe the genomic alterations and biological processes intertwined with thyroid cancer development, also providing a thorough overview of targeted drugs already tested or under investigation for these tumors. Furthermore, given the existing preclinical evidence, we will briefly discuss the potential role of immunotherapy as an additional therapeutic strategy for the treatment of thyroid cancer.
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Zhang GQ, Wei WJ, Song HJ, Sun ZK, Shen CT, Zhang XY, Chen XY, Qiu ZL, Luo QY. PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH-LIGAND 1 OVEREXPRESSION IN THYROID CANCER. Endocr Pract 2019; 25:279-286. [PMID: 30913016 DOI: 10.4158/ep-2018-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on tumor tissue has been associated with favorable response to anti-programmed cell death-receptor 1/PD-L1 therapy in many human cancers. Studies have reported that PD-L1 is also expressed in thyroid cancer. The objective of this paper is to introduce the potential predictive and therapeutic values of PD-L1 in thyroid cancer. METHODS A literature search was conducted in the PubMed database using the terms "PD-L1," "B7-H1," and "thyroid cancer." PD-L1 positivity was determined by immunohistochemical assay. RESULTS The frequency of PD-L1 positivity in different studies ranged from 6.1 to 82.5% in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) patients and 22.2 to 81.2% in anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) patients. PD-L1 positivity rate was higher in ATC than in PTC within the same studies, and its expression intensity was significantly higher in tumor tissue than in the corresponding nontumor thyroid tissues. Moreover, PD-L1 expression was positively associated with the aggressiveness and recurrence of thyroid cancers and negatively associated with the differentiation status and outcomes. PD-L1 checkpoint pathway blockade may emerge as a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of thyroid cancers. CONCLUSION PD-L1 is a potential biomarker to predict the recurrence and prognosis of thyroid cancers. It is also a novel immunotherapy target for optimizing the management landscape of radioiodine-refractory and ATCs. ABBREVIATIONS ATC = anaplastic thyroid cancer; DTC = differentiated thyroid cancer; IHC = immunohistochemical; OS = overall survival; PD-1 = programmed cell death-receptor 1; PD-L1 = programmed cell death-ligand 1; PD-L2 = programmed cell death-ligand 2; PTC = papillary thyroid cancer; TNM = tumor-node-metastasis; Treg = regulatory T cell.
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Cantara S, Bertelli E, Occhini R, Regoli M, Brilli L, Pacini F, Castagna MG, Toti P. Blockade of the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) as potential therapy for anaplastic thyroid cancer. Endocrine 2019; 64:122-129. [PMID: 30762153 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a rare, highly aggressive form of thyroid cancer (TC) characterized by an aggressive behavior and poor prognosis, resulting in patients' death within a year. Standard treatments, such as chemo and radiotherapy, as well as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, are ineffective for ATC treatment. Cancer immunotherapy is one of the most promising research area in oncology. The PD-1/PD-L1 axis is of particular interest, in light of promising data showing a restoration of host immunity against tumors, with the prospect of long-lasting remissions. METHODS In this study, we evaluated PD-L1 expression in a large series of TCs (20 cases) showing a progressive dedifferentiation of the thyroid tumor from well differentiated TC to ATC, employing two different antibodies [R&D Systems and VENTANA PD-L1 (SP263) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody]. We also tested the anti PD-L1 mAb in an in vivo animal model. RESULTS We found that approximately 70-90% of ATC cases were positive for PD-L1 whereas normal thyroid and differentiated TC were negative. Moreover, all analyzed cases presented immunopositive staining in the endothelium of vessels within or in close proximity to the tumor, while normal thyroid vessels were negative. PD-L1 mAb was also effective in inhibiting ATC growth in an in vivo model. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that immunotherapy may be a promising treatment specific for ATC suggesting the need to start with clinical TRIALs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cantara
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Eugenio Bertelli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Marì Regoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Brilli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Furio Pacini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Castagna
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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42
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Zhang ML, Kem M, Mooradian MJ, Eliane JP, Huynh TG, Iafrate AJ, Gainor JF, Mino-Kenudson M. Differential expression of PD-L1 and IDO1 in association with the immune microenvironment in resected lung adenocarcinomas. Mod Pathol 2019; 32:511-523. [PMID: 30367104 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-018-0160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Like programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is known to exert immunosuppressive effects and be variably expressed in human lung cancer. However, IDO1 expression has not been well studied in lung adenocarcinoma. PD-L1 and IDO1 expression was evaluated in 261 resected lung adenocarcinomas using tissue microarrays and H-scores (cutoff: 5). We compared IDO1 and PD-L1 expression with clinical features, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, HLA class I molecule expression, molecular alterations, and patient outcomes. There was expression of PD-L1 in 89 (34%) and IDO1 in 74 (29%) cases, with co-expression in 49 (19%). Both PD-L1 and IDO1 were significantly associated with smoking, aggressive pathologic features, and abundant CD8+ and T-bet+ (Th1 marker) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. PD-L1 expression was also associated with preserved HLA class I molecule expression (p = 0.002). Compared to PD-L1+/IDO1+ and PD-L1+ only cases, significantly fewer IDO1+ only cases had abundant CD8+ and T-bet+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (p < 0.001, respectively). PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with EGFR wild-type (p < 0.001) and KRAS mutants (p = 0.021), whereas isolated IDO1 expression was significantly associated with EGFR mutations (p = 0.007). As for survival, PD-L1 was a significant predictor of decreased progression-free and overall survival by univariate but not multivariate analysis, while IDO1 was not associated with progression-free or overall survival. Interestingly, there was a significant difference in the 5-year progression-free and overall survival (p = 0.004 and 0.038, respectively), where cases without PD-L1 or IDO1 expression had the longest survival, and those with PD-L1 alone had the shortest survival. While PD-L1+/-IDO1 expression is observed in association with HLA class I expression, cytotoxic T lymphocyte/Th1 microenvironments, EGFR wild-type, and KRAS mutations, isolated IDO1 expression does not demonstrate these associations, suggesting that IDO1 may serve a distinct immunosuppressive role in lung adenocarcinomas. Thus, further investigation of IDO1 may demonstrate its role as a potential biomarker for patients who undergo anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lisa Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marina Kem
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meghan J Mooradian
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Eliane
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiffany G Huynh
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin F Gainor
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Ulisse S, Tuccilli C, Sorrenti S, Antonelli A, Fallahi P, D'Armiento E, Catania A, Tartaglia F, Amabile MI, Giacomelli L, Metere A, Cornacchini N, Pironi D, Carbotta G, Vergine M, Monti M, Baldini E. PD-1 Ligand Expression in Epithelial Thyroid Cancers: Potential Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061405. [PMID: 30897754 PMCID: PMC6471477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The new immunotherapy targeting the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) receptor and its cognate ligand PD-L1 has renewed hopes of eradicating the most difficult human cancers to treat. Among these, there are the poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancers, unresponsive to all the therapies currently in use. In the present review we will summarize information regarding the expression of PD-L1 in the different thyroid cancer histotypes, its correlation with clinicopathological features, and its potential prognostic value. Then, we will evaluate the available data indicating the PD-1/PD-L1 axis as a promising target for thyroid cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Ulisse
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Tuccilli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Sorrenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Eleonora D'Armiento
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Catania
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Tartaglia
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Ida Amabile
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Giacomelli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessio Metere
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Nicola Cornacchini
- Department of Surgery, S. Kliment Ohridski University, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Daniele Pironi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Carbotta
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Vergine
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Monti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Enke Baldini
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 and Programmed Cell Death-ligand 1 Co-expression Predicts Poor Pathologic Response and Recurrence in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020169. [PMID: 30717285 PMCID: PMC6406509 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) expression, programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) status, and their combination on pathologic complete response (pCR) and recurrence in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1, PD-L1, and CD8+ TIL statuses were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis on pre-CRT biopsies of 158 patients. Sixty-eight patients (43.0%) achieved pCR after neoadjuvant CRT and 48 patients (30.4%) developed recurrences after surgery. IDO1 and PD-L1 proteins were co-expressed in 28 patients (17.7%). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 positive patients showed a significantly lower pCR rate than IDO1 negative patients (28.6% vs. 51.0%, P = 0.007). Similarly, PD-L1 high expression was significantly negatively correlated with pCR rate (27.3% vs. 51.5%, P = 0.004). On multivariate analysis, IDO1 expression was an independent prognostic factor for developing recurrences. Stratification analysis revealed that patients with co-expression of IDO1 and PD-L1 were significantly associated with a lower pCR rate and worse recurrence-free survival than those with one or none positive protein. In conclusion, IDO1 and PD-L1 co-expression could predict poor pathologic response and high risk of recurrence in ESCC after neoadjuvant CRT, indicating a subset of patients who may benefit from CRT combined with immunotherapy.
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45
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Zhang W, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Guo Y, Wu Y, Wang R, Wang L, Mao S, Yao X. Overexpression of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition by Activation of the IL-6/STAT3/PD-L1 Pathway in Bladder Cancer. Transl Oncol 2018; 12:485-492. [PMID: 30594037 PMCID: PMC6307990 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a key enzyme in tryptophan metabolism and plays an important role in tumor cell immunosuppression and angiogenesis. The molecular mechanisms of IDO1 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have not been elucidated or studied in bladder cancer. Therefore, the aims of this study were to detect IDO1 expression in bladder cancer tissues and then to investigate the role of IDO1 in bladder cancer cell EMT and malignant phenotypes as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. By immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction experiments, IDO1 was found to be overexpressed in bladder cancer tissues and cell lines compared to the noncancerous ones. In addition, knockdown of IDO1 expression was shown to inhibit bladder cancer cell growth, migration, invasion, and EMT. Furthermore, we demonstrated that IDO1 may promote EMT by activation of the interleukin 6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/programmed cell death ligand 1 signaling pathway. Collectively, these data suggest that IDO1 may play an important role in bladder cancer and may be a novel therapeutic target for patients with bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China; Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Yadong Guo
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Yuan Wu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China; Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | | | | | - Shiyu Mao
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Xudong Yao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China; Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China.
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46
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Lubin D, Baraban E, Lisby A, Jalali-Farahani S, Zhang P, Livolsi V. Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Emerging from Hashimoto Thyroiditis Demonstrates Increased PD-L1 Expression, Which Persists with Metastasis. Endocr Pathol 2018; 29:317-323. [PMID: 30121940 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-018-9540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is expressed by thyroid follicular epithelium in thyroiditis, but the role of PD-L1 in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is poorly understood. We aimed to determine whether (1) the presence of background chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) or Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) influenced the expression of PD-L1 in benign follicular epithelium or in PTC and (2) if PD-L1 expression in PTC persisted with lymph node metastasis. We performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) for PD-L1 on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. We first studied five cases of unremarkable thyroid, five cases of CLT, and five cases of HT without carcinoma. We subsequently performed PD-L1 IHC on ten cases of PTC arising in normal thyroid, ten cases of PTC arising in CLT, and ten cases of PTC arising in HT. Whenever available, we evaluated corresponding synchronous lymph node metastases from all cases for PD-L1 expression. PD-L1 expression was increased (10-90%) in all five cases of HT, only minimal expressed (1-5%) in two of five cases of CLT, and not expressed in five cases of unremarkable thyroid. PTC arising in normal thyroid or CLT nearly uniformly lacked PD-L1 expression. In contrast, PTC arising in HT demonstrated significant PD-L1 expression, which persisted in corresponding lymph node metastases. Background non-neoplastic follicular epithelium in the HT cases also demonstrated PD-L1 expression. Thyroid follicular epithelium in HT demonstrates increased PD-L1 expression, and PTC arising in a background of HT shows increased PD-L1 expression, which is retained with metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lubin
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 6 Founders, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Ezra Baraban
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 6 Founders, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Amanda Lisby
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 6 Founders, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sahar Jalali-Farahani
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 6 Founders, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Paul Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 6 Founders, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Virginia Livolsi
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 6 Founders, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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