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Santry LA, van Vloten JP, AuYeung AWK, Mould RC, Yates JGE, McAusland TM, Petrik JJ, Major PP, Bridle BW, Wootton SK. Recombinant Newcastle disease viruses expressing immunological checkpoint inhibitors induce a pro-inflammatory state and enhance tumor-specific immune responses in two murine models of cancer. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1325558. [PMID: 38328418 PMCID: PMC10847535 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1325558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tumor microenvironments are immunosuppressive due to progressive accumulation of mutations in cancer cells that can drive expression of a range of inhibitory ligands and cytokines, and recruitment of immunomodulatory cells, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), tumor-associated macrophages, and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Methods To reverse this immunosuppression, we engineered mesogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) to express immunological checkpoint inhibitors anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 and soluble programmed death protein-1. Results Intratumoral administration of recombinant NDV (rNDV) to mice bearing intradermal B16-F10 melanomas or subcutaneous CT26LacZ colon carcinomas led to significant changes in the tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte profiles. Vectorizing immunological checkpoint inhibitors in NDV increased activation of intratumoral natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells and decreased Tregs and MDSCs, suggesting induction of a pro-inflammatory state with greater infiltration of activated CD8+ T cells. These notable changes translated to higher ratios of activated effector/suppressor tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in both cancer models, which is a promising prognostic marker. Whereas all rNDV-treated groups showed evidence of tumor regression and increased survival in the CT26LacZ and B16-F10, only treatment with NDV expressing immunological checkpoint blockades led to complete responses compared to tumors treated with NDV only. Discussion These data demonstrated that NDV expressing immunological checkpoint inhibitors could reverse the immunosuppressive state of tumor microenvironments and enhance tumor-specific T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Santry
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob P. van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda W. K. AuYeung
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Robert C. Mould
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob G. E. Yates
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas M. McAusland
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - James J. Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Byram W. Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah K. Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Huppert C, Paris C, Langonné I, Muller S, Mathiot J, Abdessadeq H, Gagnaire F, Battais F, Sponne I. Activation of T cells by dendritic cells exposed to a reference sensitizer: Towards a promising model to assess the allergenic potential of chemicals. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 79:67-75. [PMID: 29635784 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low molecular weight chemicals constitute one of the major causes of occupational allergies. European legislation on chemicals recommends limiting the use of in vivo models for assessing the sensitizing potential of chemicals, and encourages the development of integrated alternative methods. An in vitro mouse model of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) that showed good accuracy (75%) and sensitivity (69%) has previously been developed to assess the sensitizing potential of chemicals. OBJECTIVE To assess the ability of BMDCs to activate T cells (TCs) in vitro. METHODS BMDCs pre-exposed to the reference sensitizer ammonium hexachloroplatinate (AHCP) were co-cultured with different subpopulations of TCs. TC activation was assessed by surface marker expression, proliferation, and cytokine release. RESULTS The results showed significant activation of TCs co-cultured with dendritic cells pre-exposed to AHCP as evaluated by CD124 expression, proliferation, and cytokine secretion. Moreover, the response of TCs appeared to be Th2-oriented. Naive TCs were shown to be involved in this response, and the removal of regulatory TCs did not improve the cell response. CONCLUSIONS The BMDCs used in this previously developed model appear to have the ability to activate TCs, confirming that the BMDC model represents a reliable assay for assessing the sensitizing potential of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Huppert
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France.,Faculté de Médecine, INGRES, EA 7298, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christophe Paris
- Faculté de Médecine, INGRES, EA 7298, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,INSERM, Unité U1085-IRSET, Rennes, France
| | - Isabelle Langonné
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Samuel Muller
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Julianne Mathiot
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Hakima Abdessadeq
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - François Gagnaire
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Battais
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Sponne
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
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Freeman CM, McCubbrey AL, Crudgington S, Nelson J, Martinez FJ, Han MK, Washko GR, Chensue SW, Arenberg DA, Meldrum CA, McCloskey L, Curtis JL. Basal gene expression by lung CD4+ T cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease identifies independent molecular correlates of airflow obstruction and emphysema extent. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96421. [PMID: 24805101 PMCID: PMC4013040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung CD4+ T cells accumulate as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) progresses, but their role in pathogenesis remains controversial. To address this controversy, we studied lung tissue from 53 subjects undergoing clinically-indicated resections, lung volume reduction, or transplant. Viable single-cell suspensions were analyzed by flow cytometry or underwent CD4+ T cell isolation, followed either by stimulation with anti-CD3 and cytokine/chemokine measurement, or by real-time PCR analysis. In lung CD4+ T cells of most COPD subjects, relative to lung CD4+ T cells in smokers with normal spirometry: (a) stimulation induced minimal IFN-γ or other inflammatory mediators, but many subjects produced more CCL2; (b) the T effector memory subset was less uniformly predominant, without correlation with decreased IFN-γ production. Analysis of unstimulated lung CD4+ T cells of all subjects identified a molecular phenotype, mainly in COPD, characterized by markedly reduced mRNA transcripts for the transcription factors controlling TH1, TH2, TH17 and FOXP3+ T regulatory subsets and their signature cytokines. This mRNA-defined CD4+ T cell phenotype did not result from global inability to elaborate mRNA; increased transcripts for inhibitory CD28 family members or markers of anergy; or reduced telomerase length. As a group, these subjects had significantly worse spirometry, but not DLCO, relative to subjects whose lung CD4+ T cells expressed a variety of transcripts. Analysis of mRNA transcripts of unstimulated lung CD4+ T cell among all subjects identified two distinct molecular correlates of classical COPD clinical phenotypes: basal IL-10 transcripts correlated independently and inversely with emphysema extent (but not spirometry); by contrast, unstimulated IFN-γ transcripts correlated independently and inversely with reduced spirometry (but not reduced DLCO or emphysema extent). Aberrant lung CD4+ T cells polarization appears to be common in advanced COPD, but also exists in some smokers with normal spirometry, and may contribute to development and progression of specific COPD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Freeman
- Research Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alexandra L. McCubbrey
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sean Crudgington
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Joshua Nelson
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Fernando J. Martinez
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - MeiLan K. Han
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - George R. Washko
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Womans Hospital and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen W. Chensue
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Douglas A. Arenberg
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Meldrum
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lisa McCloskey
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L. Curtis
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section, Medicine Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bedenikovic G, Crouse J, Oxenius A. T-cell help dependence of memory CD8+T-cell expansion upon vaccinia virus challenge relies on CD40 signaling. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:115-26. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Josh Crouse
- Institute of Microbiology; ETH Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
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5
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Wiesel M, Oxenius A. From crucial to negligible: functional CD8⁺ T-cell responses and their dependence on CD4⁺ T-cell help. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1080-8. [PMID: 22539281 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells play an important role in controlling pathogenic infections and are therefore key players in the immune response. It has been shown that among other factors CD4(+) T cells can shape the magnitude as well as the quality of primary and/or secondary CD8(+) T-cell responses. However, due to the complexity and the differences among diverse immunization or infection models, the overall requirement, the time points, as well as the specific mechanism(s) of CD4(+) T-cell help may differ substantially. Here, we summarize current knowledge about the differential requirement of CD4(+) T-cell help in promoting primary CD8(+) T-cell responses as well as establishing functional memory CD8(+) T cells in various experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Wiesel
- Institute for Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Identification of an HLA-DPB1*0501 restricted Melan-A/MART-1 epitope recognized by CD4+ T lymphocytes: prevalence for immunotherapy in Asian populations. J Immunother 2011; 34:525-34. [PMID: 21760531 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e318226bd45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD4 T lymphocytes play a central role in orchestrating an efficient antitumor immune response. Much effort has been devoted in the identification of major histocompatibility complex class II eptiopes from different tumor-associated antigens. Melan-A/MART-1 is expressed specifically in normal melanocytes and tumor cells of 75% to 100% of melanoma patients. Melan-A/MART-1 is considered as an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. In the past, several human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II restricted epitopes have been identified and characterized, including Melan-A/MART-11-20 (HLA-DR11 restricted), Melan-A/MART-125-36 (HLA-DQ6 and HLA-DR3 restricted), Melan-A/MART-127-40 (HLA-DR1 restricted), Melan-A/MART-151-73 (HLA-DR4 restricted), Melan-A/MART-191-110 (HLA-DR52 restricted), and Melan-A/MART-1100-111 (HLA-DR1 restricted). Owing to the infrequent expression of the above HLA class II alleles in Asian populations, immunotherapy using these defined Melan-A/MART-1 peptides could potentially only benefit a very small percentage of Asian melanoma patients. In this study, we established several CD4 T-cell clones by in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a healthy donor by a peptide pool of 28 to 30 amino acid long peptides spanning the entire Melan-A/MART-1 protein. These CD4 T-cell clones recognized a peptide that is embedded within Melan-A/MART-121-50, in a HLA-DPB1*0501 restricted manner. Finally, we demonstrated that this epitope is naturally processed and presented by dendritic cells. HLA-DPB1*0501 is frequently expressed in Asian population (44.9% to 73.1%). Therefore, this epitope could provide a new tool and could significantly increase the percentage of melanoma patients that can benefit from cancer immunotherapy.
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7
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Wilson EB, Brooks DG. Translating insights from persistent LCMV infection into anti-HIV immunity. Immunol Res 2011; 48:3-13. [PMID: 20725865 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-010-8162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major global health concern with more than 30 million individuals currently infected worldwide. To date, attempts to stimulate protective immunity to viral components of HIV have been unsuccessful in preventing or clearing infection. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is an established murine model of persistent viral infection that has been instrumental in illuminating several critical aspects of antiviral immunity. Although virologically the course of LCMV infection differs significantly from HIV, the immune responses and regulatory mechanisms elicited by these two viruses are markedly similar. In this review we discuss important recent findings in the LCMV model, highlighting the role of host-derived proteins in shaping immune responses to persistent infections, and explore the therapeutic potential of manipulating these pathways to enhance HIV vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and the UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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8
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Lewis DB, Haines C, Ross D. Protein tyrosine kinase 7: a novel surface marker for human recent thymic emigrants with potential clinical utility. J Perinatol 2011; 31 Suppl 1:S72-81. [PMID: 21448210 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2010.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) are antigenically naive T cells that have recently completed intrathymic maturation and have emigrated from the thymus to the periphery. RTEs are clinically and immunologically important as they are essential for maintaining peripheral T cells in sufficient numbers in order to recognize, by their αβT-cell receptors (TCRs), a diverse array of foreign peptide antigens. However, RTE frequency and function has been poorly understood because of a lack of surface markers to distinguish them from older non-RTE naive T cells. This review summarizes the biology of the intrathymic generation and function of RTEs, including the recent identification of protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) as a novel marker for human RTEs of the CD4 (helper) T-cell lineage. PTK7+ RTEs in adults have a reduced capacity for activation-induced proliferation and cytokine production (interleukin-2 and interferon-γ) than older PTK7- naive CD4 T cells. Importantly, this immaturity in CD4 RTE effector function may contribute to the reduced adaptive immune responses observed in situations in which CD4 RTEs predominate, including the fetus, neonate and young infant, and following immune reconstitution, such as post-hematopoietic stem cell transplant. The ability to identify viable CD4+ RTEs based on PTK7 surface staining may be particularly useful in the infant for better defining the impact of nutritional and environmental factors on thymic output, peripheral T-cell function and adaptive immune responses to vaccination and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Lewis
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, The Interdepartmental Program Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Barker BR, Gladstone MN, Gillard GO, Panas MW, Letvin NL. Critical role for IL-21 in both primary and memory anti-viral CD8+ T-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:3085-96. [PMID: 21061439 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While it is well established that CD8(+) T cells generated in the absence of CD4(+) T cells mediate defective recall responses, the mechanism by which CD4(+) T cells confer help in the generation of CD8(+) T-cell responses remains poorly understood. To determine whether CD4(+) T-cell-derived IL-21 is an important regulator of CD8(+) T-cell responses in help-dependent and -independent viral infections, we examined these responses in the IL-21Rα(-/-) mouse model. We show that IL-21 has a role in primary CD8(+) T-cell responses and in recall CD8(+) T-cell responses in help-dependent viral infections. This effect is due to a direct action of IL-21 in enhancing the proliferation of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells and reducing their TRAIL expression. These findings indicate that IL-21 is an important mediator of CD4(+) T-cell help to CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne R Barker
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Reikie BA, Smolen KK, Fortuno ES, Loeffler DIM, Cai B, Blimkie D, Kollmann TR. A single immunization near birth elicits immediate and lifelong protective immunity. Vaccine 2010; 29:83-90. [PMID: 21034825 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Most existing vaccines do not induce protective immunity immediately following birth, nor do they retain protective efficacy in the latter years of life without booster doses. Using a mouse model, we present evidence that a live-replicating vaccine administered only once shortly after birth was able to induce both immediate and lifelong protection. Newborn mice immunized with a safe, highly attenuated strain of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) were already protected by day 7 post-vaccination when challenged with a virulent strain of Lm. Furthermore, all mice remained fully protected for 2 years after only a single immunization. Vaccine-specific T cell immune responses were still detectable 2 years later, indicating long-lived immune memory even in neonatal vaccine recipients. Analysis of memory precursor subsets, specific for antigens homologous to Lm or a model vaccine (Ova), demonstrated remarkable similarity between adult and neonatal vaccine recipient effector and central memory CD8 T cell development. The magnitude of expansion of antigen specific memory T cells post-infectious challenge correlated with protection in both groups. This is the first direct evidence that vaccination--even in the absence of a booster dose--is capable of inducing immediate and lifelong protective immune memory regardless of age at the time of initial vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Reikie
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1M9, Canada
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11
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Wiesel M, Joller N, Ehlert AK, Crouse J, Spörri R, Bachmann MF, Oxenius A. Th cells act via two synergistic pathways to promote antiviral CD8+ T cell responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5188-97. [PMID: 20881183 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of how Th cells promote CD8(+) T cell responses during viral infections are largely unknown. In this study, we unraveled the mechanisms of T cell help for CD8(+) T cell responses during vaccinia virus infection. Our results demonstrate that Th cells promote vaccinia virus-specific CD8(+) T cell responses via two interconnected synergistic pathways: First, CD40L expressed by activated CD4(+) T cells instructs dendritic cells to produce bioactive IL-12p70, which is directly sensed by Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells, resulting in increased IL-2Rα expression. Second, Th cells provide CD8(+) T cells with IL-2, thereby enhancing their survival. Thus, Th cells are at the center of an important communication loop with a central role for IL-2/IL-2R and bioactive IL-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Wiesel
- Institute for Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
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12
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Bridging innate and adaptive antitumor immunity targeting glycans. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:354068. [PMID: 20617150 PMCID: PMC2896669 DOI: 10.1155/2010/354068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective immunotherapy for cancer depends on cellular responses to tumor antigens. The role of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in T-cell recognition and T-cell receptor repertoire selection has become a central tenet in immunology. Structurally, this does not contradict earlier findings that T-cells can differentiate between small hapten structures like simple glycans. Understanding T-cell recognition of antigens as defined genetically by MHC and combinatorially by T cell receptors led to the “altered self” hypothesis. This notion reflects a more fundamental principle underlying immune surveillance and integrating evolutionarily and mechanistically diverse elements of the immune system. Danger associated molecular patterns, including those generated by glycan remodeling, represent an instance of altered self. A prominent example is the modification of the tumor-associated antigen MUC1. Similar examples emphasize glycan reactivity patterns of antigen receptors as a phenomenon bridging innate and adaptive but also humoral and cellular immunity and providing templates for immunotherapies.
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Abstract
While many aspects of memory T-cell immunobiology have been characterized, we suggest that we know only a fraction of the effector functions that CD4 T cells can bring to bear during secondary challenges. Exploring the full impact of memory CD4 T-cell responses is key to the development of improved vaccines against many prominent pathogens, including influenza viruses, and also to a better understanding of the mechanisms of autoimmunity. Here we discuss factors regulating the generation of memory CD4 T cells during the activation of naïve cells and how the nature of the transition from highly activated effector to resting memory upon the resolution of primary responses might impact memory CD4 T-cell heterogeneity in vivo. We stress that memory CD4 T cells have unique functional attributes beyond the secretion of T helper (Th) subset-associated cytokines that can shape highly effective secondary responses through novel mechanisms. These include the recruitment of innate inflammatory responses at early phases of secondary responses as well as the action of enhanced direct effector functions at later phases, in addition to well-established helper roles for CD8 T-cell and B-cell responses.
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14
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CD4+ T cell epitope discovery and rational vaccine design. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:121-30. [PMID: 20155490 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T cell epitope-driven vaccine design employs bioinformatic algorithms to identify potential targets of vaccines against infectious diseases or cancer. Potential epitopes can be identified with major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-binding algorithms, and the ability to bind to MHC class I or class II indicates a predominantly CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cell response. Furthermore, an epitope-based vaccine can circumvent evolutionary events favoring immune escape present in native proteins from pathogens. It can also focus on only the most relevant epitopes (i.e. conserved and promiscuous) recognized by the majority of the target population. Mounting evidence points to the critical role of CD4(+) T cells in natural antigen encounter and active immunization. In this paper the need for CD4(+) T cell help in vaccine development, the selection of CD4(+) T cell epitopes for an epitope-based vaccine, and how the approach can be used to induce a protective effect are reviewed.
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15
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Dynamic regulation of functionally distinct virus-specific T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:3669-74. [PMID: 20133680 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0915168107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional capacities of CD8(+) T cells important for virus clearance are influenced by interactions with antigen presenting cells (APCs) and CD4(+) T cells during initial selection, subsequent expansion, and development of memory. Recently, investigators have shown that polyfunctional T cells correlate best with long-term protection, however, it is still unknown how to stimulate T cells to achieve these responses. To study this, we examined the phenotypes and functions of CD8(+) T cells specific for two different virus antigens stimulated ex vivo using either autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) or HLA-A2-Ig-based artificial APCs (aAPCs). Although similar numbers of influenza virus and measles virus tetramer-positive cells were generated by stimulation with peptide-loaded moDCs and aAPCs, T cell function, assessed by expression of IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, MIP1beta, and CD107a, showed that aAPC-generated CD8(+) T cells were multifunctional, whereas moDC-generated cells were mostly monofunctional. aAPC-generated cells also produced more of each cytokine per cell than CD8(+) T cells generated with moDCs. These phenotypes were not fixed, as changing the culture conditions of expanding T cells from aAPCs to moDCs, and moDCs to aAPCs, reversed the phenotypes. We conclude that CD8(+) T cells are heterogeneous in their functionality and that this is dependent, in a dynamic way, on the stimulating APC. These studies will lead to understanding the factors that influence induction of optimal CD8(+) T cell function.
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Lord EM. Immunology at the university of Rochester. Immunol Res 2009; 45:97-9. [PMID: 19240990 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-009-8099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edith M Lord
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642, USA.
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