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Gibbs KW, Chuang Key CC, Belfield L, Krall J, Purcell L, Liu C, Files DC. Aging Influences the Metabolic and Inflammatory Phenotype in an Experimental Mouse Model of Acute Lung Injury. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:770-777. [PMID: 32997738 PMCID: PMC8087268 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased age is a risk factor for poor outcomes from respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In this study, we sought to define age-related differences in lung inflammation, muscle injury, and metabolism after intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (IT-LPS) acute lung injury (ALI) in adult (6 months) and aged (18-20 months) male C57BL/6 mice. We also investigated age-related changes in muscle fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and the consequences of systemic FAO inhibition with the drug etomoxir. Aged mice had a distinct lung injury course characterized by prolonged alveolar neutrophilia and lack of response to therapeutic exercise. To assess the metabolic consequences of ALI, aged and adult mice underwent whole body metabolic phenotyping before and after IT-LPS. Aged mice had prolonged anorexia and decreased respiratory exchange ratio, indicating increased reliance on FAO. Etomoxir increased mortality in aged but not adult ALI mice, confirming the importance of FAO on survival from acute severe stress and suggesting that adult mice have increased resilience to FAO inhibition. Skeletal muscles from aged ALI mice had increased transcription of key fatty acid metabolizing enzymes, CPT-1b, LCAD, MCAD, FATP1 and UCP3. Additionally, aged mice had increased protein levels of CPT-1b at baseline and after lung injury. Surprisingly, CPT-1b in isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria had decreased activity in aged mice compared to adults. The distinct phenotype of aged ALI mice has similar characteristics to the adverse age-related outcomes of ARDS. This model may be useful to examine and augment immunologic and metabolic abnormalities unique to the critically ill aged population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Gibbs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Diseases, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Wake Forest Critical Illness, Injury, and Recovery Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Chia-Chi Chuang Key
- Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Lanazha Belfield
- Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer Krall
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Diseases, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Lina Purcell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Diseases, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Chun Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Diseases, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - D Clark Files
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Diseases, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Wake Forest Critical Illness, Injury, and Recovery Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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2
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Kwan K, Arapi O, Wagner KE, Schneider J, Sy HL, Ward MF, Sison CP, Li C, Eisenberg MB, Chalif D, Narayan RK, Miller EJ, Ledoux D. Cerebrospinal fluid macrophage migration inhibitory factor: a potential predictor of cerebral vasospasm and clinical outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2020; 133:1786-1791. [PMID: 31585427 DOI: 10.3171/2019.6.jns19613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), poor outcomes have been shown to be correlated with subsequent cerebral vasospasm (CV) and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). The identification of novel biomarkers may aid in the prediction of which patients are vulnerable to developing vasospasm, cerebral ischemia, and neurological deterioration. METHODS In this prospective clinical study at North Shore University Hospital, patients with aSAH or normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) with external ventricular drains were enrolled. The concentration of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in CSF was assessed for correlation with CV or DCI, the primary outcome measures. RESULTS Twenty-five patients were enrolled in the aSAH group and 9 were enrolled in the NPH group. There was a significant increase in aggregate CSF MIF concentration in patients with aSAH versus those with NPH (24.4 ± 19.2 vs 2.3 ± 1.1 ng/ml, p < 0.0002). Incidence of the day of peak MIF concentration significantly correlated with the onset of clinical vasospasm (rho = 0.778, p < 0.0010). MIF concentrations were significantly elevated in patients with versus those without evidence of DCI (18.7 ± 4.93 vs 8.86 ± 1.28 ng/ml, respectively, p < 0.0025). There was a significant difference in MIF concentrations between patients with infection versus those without infection (16.43 ± 4.21 vs 8.5 ± 1.22 ng/ml, respectively, p < 0.0119). CONCLUSIONS Preliminary evidence from this study suggests that CSF concentrations of MIF are correlated with CV and DCI. These results, however, could be confounded in the presence of clinical infection. A study with a larger patient sample size is necessary to corroborate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kwan
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, North Shore University Hospital, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset
| | - Orseola Arapi
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, North Shore University Hospital, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset
| | - Katherine E Wagner
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, North Shore University Hospital, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset
| | - Julia Schneider
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, North Shore University Hospital, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset
| | - Heustein L Sy
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York
| | - Mary Frances Ward
- 3Department of Neurology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Queens
| | - Cristina P Sison
- 4Biostatistics Unit, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset
- 5Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset; and
| | - Chunyan Li
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, North Shore University Hospital, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset
| | - Mark B Eisenberg
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, North Shore University Hospital, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset
| | - David Chalif
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, North Shore University Hospital, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset
| | - Raj K Narayan
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, North Shore University Hospital, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset
| | - Edmund J Miller
- 5Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset; and
- 6Heart and Lung Research Unit, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - David Ledoux
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, North Shore University Hospital, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset
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Yazicioglu T, Mühlfeld C, Autilio C, Huang CK, Bär C, Dittrich-Breiholz O, Thum T, Pérez-Gil J, Schmiedl A, Brandenberger C. Aging impairs alveolar epithelial type II cell function in acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L755-L769. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00093.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality rates in acute lung injury (ALI) increase with age. As alveolar epithelial type II cells (AE2) are crucial for lung function and repair, we hypothesized that aging promotes senescence in AE2 and contributes to the severity and impaired regeneration in ALI. ALI was induced with 2.5 μg lipopolysaccharide/g body weight in young (3 mo) and old (18 mo) mice that were euthanized 24 h, 72 h, and 10 days later. Lung function, pulmonary surfactant activity, stereology, cell senescence, and single-cell RNA sequencing analyses were performed to investigate AE2 function in aging and ALI. In old mice, surfactant activity was severely impaired. A 60% mortality rate and lung function decline were observed in old, but not in young, mice with ALI. AE2 of young mice adapted to injury by increasing intracellular surfactant volume and proliferation rate. In old mice, however, this adaptive response was compromised, and AE2 of old mice showed signs of cell senescence, increased inflammatory signaling, and impaired surfactant metabolism in ALI. These findings provide evidence that ALI promotes a limited proliferation rate, increased inflammatory response, and surfactant dysfunction in old, but not in young, mice, supporting an impaired regenerative capacity and reduced survival rate in ALI with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Yazicioglu
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Mühlfeld
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Chiara Autilio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, and Research Institute “Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12)”, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cheng-Kai Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Bär
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jesús Pérez-Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, and Research Institute “Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12)”, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreas Schmiedl
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Brandenberger
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
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Wyman AE, Nguyen TTT, Karki P, Tulapurkar ME, Zhang CO, Kim J, Feng TG, Dabo AJ, Todd NW, Luzina IG, Geraghty P, Foronjy RF, Hasday JD, Birukova AA, Atamas SP, Birukov KG. SIRT7 deficiency suppresses inflammation, induces EndoMT, and increases vascular permeability in primary pulmonary endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12497. [PMID: 32719338 PMCID: PMC7385158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI), a common condition in critically ill patients, has limited treatments and high mortality. Aging is a risk factor for ALI. Sirtuins (SIRTs), central regulators of the aging process, decrease during normal aging and in aging-related diseases. We recently showed decreased SIRT7 expression in lung tissues and fibroblasts from patients with pulmonary fibrosis compared to controls. To gain insight into aging-related mechanisms in ALI, we investigated the effects of SIRT7 depletion on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses and endothelial barrier permeability in human primary pulmonary endothelial cells. Silencing SIRT7 in pulmonary artery or microvascular endothelial cells attenuated LPS-induced increases in ICAM1, VCAM1, IL8, and IL6 and induced endomesenchymal transition (EndoMT) with decreases in VE-Cadherin and PECAM1 and increases in collagen, alpha-smooth muscle actin, TGFβ receptor 1, and the transcription factor Snail. Loss of endothelial adhesion molecules was accompanied by increased F-actin stress fibers and increased endothelial barrier permeability. Together, these results show that an aging phenotype induced by SIRT7 deficiency promotes EndoMT with impaired inflammatory responses and dysfunction of the lung vascular barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Wyman
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - Trang T T Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pratap Karki
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mohan E Tulapurkar
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chen-Ou Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Theresa G Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Abdoulaye J Dabo
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Nevins W Todd
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Irina G Luzina
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Robert F Foronjy
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Hasday
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna A Birukova
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sergei P Atamas
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Konstantin G Birukov
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Ahmed M, Miller E. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the development and progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2018; 2018:14. [PMID: 30083544 PMCID: PMC6062764 DOI: 10.21542/gcsp.2018.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been described as a pro-inflammatory cytokine and regulator of neuro-endocrine function. It plays an important upstream role in the inflammatory cascade by promoting the release of other inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-6, ultimately triggering a chronic inflammatory immune response. As lungs can synthesize and release MIF, many studies have investigated the potential role of MIF as a biomarker in assessment of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and using anti-MIFs as a new therapeutic modality for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ahmed
- Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pediatrics Department Cohen Children’s Hospital at New York, Northwell Health System
- The Center for Heart and Lung Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
- School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Edmund Miller
- The Center for Heart and Lung Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
- School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, USA
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, New York, USA
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6
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Miller EJ, Linge HM. Age-Related Changes in Immunological and Physiological Responses Following Pulmonary Challenge. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1294. [PMID: 28629122 PMCID: PMC5486115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the current status of knowledge of sepsis and pneumonia in the elderly population and how the dynamics of the pulmonary challenge affects outcome and consequences. Led by an unprecedented shift in demographics, where a larger proportion of the population will reach an older age, clinical and experimental research shows that aging is associated with certain pulmonary changes, but it is during infectious insult of the lungs, as in the case of pneumonia, that the age-related differences in responsiveness and endurance become obvious and lead to a worse outcome than in the younger population. This review points to the neutrophil, and the endothelium as important players in understanding age-associated changes in responsiveness to infectious challenge of the lung. It also addresses how the immunological set-point influences injury-repair phases, remote organ damage and how intake of drugs may alter the state of responsiveness in the users. Further, it points out the importance of considering age as a factor in inclusion criteria in clinical trials, in vitro/ex vivo experimental designs and overall interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund J Miller
- The Center for Heart and Lung Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset, New York, NY 11030, USA.
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, New York, NY 11030, USA.
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, NY 11549, USA.
| | - Helena M Linge
- The Center for Heart and Lung Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset, New York, NY 11030, USA.
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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7
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Tong X, Yan Z, Zhou Q, Liu S, Han J, Ma Y, Yang X, Fan H. Association between the MIF-173G/C Polymorphism and Serum MIF levels with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:234. [PMID: 28331211 PMCID: PMC5412649 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have indicated that Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)-173G/C gene polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Additionally, some studies have suggested that there are higher levels of serum MIF in patients with PTB than the controls. However, the results of these studies were underpowered. The current study aimed to precisely evaluate the association between the MIF-173G/C polymorphism and serum MIF concentrations with PTB. Therefore, a systematic literature search was preformed to identify studies involving the indicated association. Eleven articles (1316 cases and 1272 controls) were included in the study. The results indicated that the MIF-173G/C polymorphism was significantly associated with PTB susceptibility, especially in Asians. Interestingly, the results further detected that circulating MIF levels were significantly higher in patients with PTB than in healthy controls, but this was only the case among Asians. Moreover, the statistical significance was also similar to that of the high quality group. The present study indicated that the MIF-173G/C polymorphism may contribute to the development of PTB. Furthermore, significantly higher serum MIF levels were observed in PTB patients than in controls, which further indicated that the MIF may play an important role in PTB progression, particularly in Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Tong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhipeng Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qilong Zhou
- Innovative Drug Research Centre, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Sitong Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550000, China
| | - Yao Ma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, No. 4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Bloom J, Sun S, Al-Abed Y. MIF, a controversial cytokine: a review of structural features, challenges, and opportunities for drug development. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1463-1475. [PMID: 27762152 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2016.1251582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has emerged as a promising drug target in diseases including sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. MIF has multiple properties that favor development of specific, targeted therapies: it is expressed broadly among human cells, has noted roles in diverse inflammatory and oncological processes, and has intrinsic enzymatic activity amenable to high-throughput screening. Despite these advantages, anti-MIF therapy remains well behind other cytokine-targeted therapeutics, with no small molecules in the pipeline for clinical development and anti-MIF antibodies only recently beginning clinical trials. Areas covered: In this review we summarize current literature regarding MIF structure and function-including challenges and controversies that have arisen in studies of anti-MIF therapeutics-and propose a strategy for development of clinically relevant anti-MIF drugs. Expert opinion: We believe that the field of anti-MIF therapeutics would benefit from capitalizing on the protein's multiple assets while acknowledging their flaws. The tautomerase enzymatic site of MIF may not be active biologically, but can nonetheless offer a high-throughput method to highlight molecules of interest that can affect its other, frequently intertwined bioactivities. Future work should also focus on developing more robust assays for MIF bioactivity that can be used for second-pass screening and specificity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Bloom
- a Center for Molecular Innovation , The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset , NY , USA
| | - Shan Sun
- a Center for Molecular Innovation , The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset , NY , USA
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- a Center for Molecular Innovation , The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset , NY , USA
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