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Ambery P, Greasley PJ, Menzies RI, Brynne L, Kulkarni S, Oscarsson J, Davenport AP. Targeting the endothelium by combining endothelin-1 antagonism and SGLT-2 inhibition: better together? Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:687-697. [PMID: 38835256 DOI: 10.1042/cs20240605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Endothelin A and B receptors, together with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) channels are important targets in improving endothelial function and intervention with inhibitors has been the subject of multiple mechanistic and clinical outcome trials over recent years. Notable successes include the treatment of pulmonary hypertension with endothelin receptor antagonists, and the treatment of heart failure and chronic kidney disease with SGLT-2 inhibitors. With distinct and complementary mechanisms, in this review, we explore the logic of combination therapy for a number of diseases which have endothelial dysfunction at their heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Ambery
- Clinical Late Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter J Greasley
- Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert I Menzies
- Bioscience Renal, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena Brynne
- Information Practice Late Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Spoorthy Kulkarni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB20QQ, U.K
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Jan Oscarsson
- Clinical Late Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
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Ozono I, Ikawa F, Hidaka T, Matsuda S, Oku S, Horie N, Date I, Suzuki M, Kobata H, Murayama Y, Sato A, Kato Y, Sano H. Different Risk Factors Between Cerebral Infarction and Symptomatic Cerebral Vasospasm in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. World Neurosurg 2023; 173:e487-e497. [PMID: 36841530 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebral infarction due to cerebral vasospasm (IVS) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with poor outcomes and symptomatic cerebral vasospasm (SVS). However, the difference of risk factors between SVS and IVS was unclear to date. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the risk factors for SVS and IVS based on the registry study. METHODS The modified World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies scale study comprises 1863 cases. Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage who underwent radical treatment within 72 hours with a premorbid modified Rankin Scale score 0-2 as the inclusion criteria were retrospectively examined. The risk factors for SVS and IVS were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Among them, 1090 patients who met the inclusion criteria were divided into 2 groups according to SVS and IVS; 273 (25%) patients with SVS and 92 (8.4%) with IVS. Age was not a risk factor for SVS, but for IVS, and Fisher scale was a risk factor for SVS, but not for IVS. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of IVS was not associated with the Fisher scale but with older age, suggesting possible factors other than SVS. Different associated factors between SVS and IVS were confirmed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iori Ozono
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shimane Prefectural Central Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - Fusao Ikawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shimane Prefectural Central Hospital, Izumo, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Toshikazu Hidaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shimane Prefectural Central Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsuda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shimane Prefectural Central Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - Shinnichiro Oku
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shimane Prefectural Central Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Horie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Michiyasu Suzuki
- Department of Advanced ThermoNeuroBiology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kobata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Mishima Emergency Critical Care Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Murayama
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- Department of Rehabilitation, Gotanda Rehabilitation Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Kato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujita Health University Bantane Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Sano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shinkawabashi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
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3
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Heinsberg LW, Arockiaraj AI, Crago EA, Ren D, Shaffer JR, Sherwood PR, Sereika SM, Weeks DE, Conley YP. Genetic Variability and Trajectories of DNA Methylation May Support a Role for HAMP in Patient Outcomes After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2021; 32:550-563. [PMID: 31346934 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-019-00787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Preclinical evidence suggests that iron homeostasis is an important biological mechanism following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH); however, this concept is underexplored in humans. This study examined the relationship between patient outcomes following aSAH and genetic variants and DNA methylation in the hepcidin gene (HAMP), a key regulator of iron homeostasis. METHODS In this exploratory, longitudinal observational study, participants with verified aSAH were monitored for acute outcomes including cerebral vasospasm (CV) and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and evaluated post-discharge at 3 and 12 months for long-term outcomes of death and functional status using the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS; poor = 3-6) and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS; poor = 1-3). Participants were genotyped for two genetic variants, and DNA methylation data were collected from serial cerebrospinal fluid over 14 days post-aSAH at eight methylation sites within HAMP. Participants were grouped based on their site-specific DNA methylation trajectory, with and without correcting for cell-type heterogeneity (CTH), and the associations between genetic variants and inferred DNA methylation trajectory groups and patient outcomes were tested. To correct for multiple testing, an empirical significance threshold was computed using permutation testing. RESULTS Genotype data for rs10421768 and rs7251432 were available for 241 and 371 participants, respectively, and serial DNA methylation data were available for 260 participants. Acute outcome prevalence included CV in 45% and DCI in 37.1% of the overall sample. Long-term outcome prevalence at 3 and 12 months included poor GOS in 23% and 21%, poor mRS in 31.6% and 27.3%, and mortality in 15.1% and 18.2%, respectively, in the overall sample. Being homozygous for the rs7251432 variant allele was significantly associated with death at 3 months (p = 0.003) and was the only association identified that passed adjustment for multiple testing mentioned above. Suggestive associations (defined as trending toward significance, p value < 0.05, but not meeting empirical significance thresholds) were identified between the homozygous variant allele for rs7251432 and poor GOS and mRS at 3 months (both p = 0.04) and death at 12 months (p = 0.02). For methylation trajectory groups, no associations remained significant after correction for multiple testing. However, for methylation trajectory groups not adjusted for CTH, suggestive associations were identified between cg18149657 and poor GOS and mRS at 3 months (p = 0.003 and p = 0.04, respectively) and death at 3 months (p = 0.04), and between cg26283059 and DCI (p = 0.01). For methylation trajectory groups adjusted for CTH, suggestive associations were identified between cg02131995 and good mRS at 12 months (p = 0.02), and between cg26283059 and DCI (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This exploratory pilot study offers preliminary evidence that HAMP may play a role in patient outcomes after aSAH. Replication of this study and mechanistic investigation of the role of HAMP in patient outcomes after aSAH are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey W Heinsberg
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, 440 Victoria Building, 3500 Victoria Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Annie I Arockiaraj
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Crago
- Department of Acute and Tertiary Care, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dianxu Ren
- Department of Health and Community Systems, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John R Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paula R Sherwood
- Department of Acute and Tertiary Care, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Susan M Sereika
- Department of Health and Community Systems, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel E Weeks
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yvette P Conley
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, 440 Victoria Building, 3500 Victoria Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Juif PE, Dingemanse J, Ufer M. Clinical Pharmacology of Clazosentan, a Selective Endothelin A Receptor Antagonist for the Prevention and Treatment of aSAH-Related Cerebral Vasospasm. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:628956. [PMID: 33613288 PMCID: PMC7890197 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.628956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) may lead to cerebral vasospasm and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It represents a major unmet medical need due to few treatment options with limited efficacy. The role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and its receptor ETA in the pathogenesis of aSAH-induced vasospasm suggests antagonism of this receptor as promising asset for pharmacological treatment. Clazosentan is a potent ETA receptor antagonist for intravenous use currently under development for the prevention of aSAH-induced cerebral vasospasm. The pharmacokinetics of clazosentan are characterized by an intermediate clearance, a volume of distribution similar to that of the extracellular fluid volume, dose-proportional exposure, an elimination independent of drug-metabolizing enzymes, and a disposition mainly dependent on the hepatic uptake transporter organic anion transport polypeptide 1B1/1B3. In healthy subjects, clazosentan leads to an increase in ET-1 concentration and prevents the cardiac and renal effects mediated by infusion of ET-1. In patients, it significantly reduced the incidence of moderate or severe vasospasm as well as post-aSAH vasospasm-related morbidity and mortality. Clazosentan is well tolerated up to the expected therapeutic dose of 15 mg/h and, in aSAH patients, lung complications, hypotension, and anemia were adverse events more commonly reported following clazosentan than placebo. In summary, clazosentan has a pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and safety profile suitable to become a valuable asset in the armamentarium of therapeutic modalities to prevent aSAH-induced cerebral vasospasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Eric Juif
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jasper Dingemanse
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Mike Ufer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
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Acampa M, Bongiorno M, Lazzerini PE, Catania C, Domenichelli C, Guideri F, Tassi R, Cartocci A, Martini G. Increased Arterial Stiffness is a Predictor of Delayed Ischaemic Stroke After Subarachnoid Haemorrhage. Heart Lung Circ 2020; 30:525-530. [PMID: 32896483 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) accounts for 5-10% of strokes and its prognosis may be influenced by different complications, including delayed cerebral ischaemia (DCI). The pathophysiology of DCI is complex and still unknown. Many different mechanisms may contribute to the occurrence of DCI. Arterial stiffness (AS), a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular events, also associated with the development and rupture of cerebral aneurysms, may represent a novel contributing risk factor. The aim of our study was to investigate a possible link between AS and DCI after SAH. METHOD Fifty-nine (59) patients with SAH (age [mean±standard deviation], 62±12 years) underwent neuroimaging examination, and 24-hour heart rate and blood pressure monitoring, including AS index (ASI) measurement. RESULTS Of 59 patients, DCI occurred in 12. ASI was significantly higher in patients with DCI than in patients without it (0.70±0.1 vs 0.62±0.1; p=0.03). ASI was a significant predictor for DCI (odds ratio [for an increase of 0.20 points in ASI], 5.99; 95% confidence interval, 1.23-29.22; p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Arterial stiffness index is a simple and inexpensive tool that is able to predict the risk of DCI in patients with SAH. This marker can impact on intensive care unit monitoring, early recognition, and treatment, contributing to optimal acute management of patients with SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Acampa
- Stroke Unit, Department of Emergency-Urgency and Transplants, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, "Santa Maria alle Scotte" General-Hospital, Siena, Italy.
| | - Marianna Bongiorno
- Stroke Unit, Department of Emergency-Urgency and Transplants, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, "Santa Maria alle Scotte" General-Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Pietro Enea Lazzerini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Cecilia Catania
- Stroke Unit, Department of Emergency-Urgency and Transplants, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, "Santa Maria alle Scotte" General-Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Carlo Domenichelli
- Stroke Unit, Department of Emergency-Urgency and Transplants, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, "Santa Maria alle Scotte" General-Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Guideri
- Stroke Unit, Department of Emergency-Urgency and Transplants, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, "Santa Maria alle Scotte" General-Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Rossana Tassi
- Stroke Unit, Department of Emergency-Urgency and Transplants, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, "Santa Maria alle Scotte" General-Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Martini
- Stroke Unit, Department of Emergency-Urgency and Transplants, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, "Santa Maria alle Scotte" General-Hospital, Siena, Italy
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6
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He J, Zhang L, Yu Y, Luo X, Wei M, Chen G, Shen Y. Effects of clazosentan, cilostazol, and statins on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19902. [PMID: 32332668 PMCID: PMC7440251 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a disease caused by the infiltration of blood into the subarachnoid space due to the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. It is a serious cerebrovascular disease, with a mortality rate of about 40% worldwide, which seriously threatens human life and health. Many drugs are used to treat aSAH and its complications, and some have been tested in systematic reviews and have shown good effects. But which drug has the best effect remains unclear. This network meta-analysis (NMA) aims to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of clazosentan, cilostazol, and statins in patients with aSAH. METHODS We will search for EMBASE.com, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from inception to December 2019. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting efficacy and safety of clazosentan, cilostazol, and statins compared with the control, or compared with each other for the treatment of aSAH will be included. Two independent reviewers will assess the risk of bias of the included RCTs with the Cochrane "Risk of bias" tool. The pairwise meta-analysis will be performed with the random-effects model. The NMA will be performed in a Bayesian hierarchical framework using Markov Chain Monte Carlo method in WinBUGS 1.4.3. Egger test and funnel plot will be used to assess the publication bias. We will evaluate the quality of evidence for each outcome according to the GRADE approach. RESULTS The results of this NMA will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal for publication. CONCLUSION This study will summarize up-to-date evidence to compare the efficacy and safety of clazosentan, cilostazol, and statins on aSAH.PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019147523.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang He
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Center Hospital of Gansu Province
| | - Li Zhang
- The Third Ward of Cardiovascular Clinical Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Yao Yu
- Pathogens Biology Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Lanzhou University
| | - Xinyue Luo
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University
| | - Min Wei
- Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou
| | - Gen Chen
- Pathogens Biology Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Lanzhou University
- Basic Medical School, Guilin Medical University, Guilin
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Solar P, Mackerle Z, Joukal M, Jancalek R. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the pathophysiology of vasospasms and delayed cerebral ischemia following subarachnoid hemorrhage: a critical review. Neurosurg Rev 2020; 44:649-658. [PMID: 32124117 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-020-01276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a life-threatening condition associated with the development of early brain injury (EBI) and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Pharmacological treatment of vasospasm following aSAH currently mainly comprises nimodipine administration. In the past few years, many drugs that can potentially benefit cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage have become available. The objective of this review is to critically assess the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) following aSAH. A systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. The search was aimed at studies addressing aSAH and NSAIDs during the 2010 to 2019 period, and it yielded 13 articles. Following the application of search criteria, they were divided into two groups, one containing 6 clinical articles and the other containing 7 experimental articles on animal models of aSAH. Inflammatory cerebral changes after aneurysm rupture contribute to the development of EBI, DCI and cerebral vasospasm. It appears that NSAIDs (especially coxibs) are even more effective in reducing vasospasm than nimodipine. Other beneficial effects of NSAIDs include reduction in mortality, improved functional outcome and increased hypoaggregability. However, despite these positive effects, there is only one randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial showing a tendency towards a better outcome with lower incidence of vasospasm or mortality in patients following aSAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Solar
- Department of Neurosurgery - St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Mackerle
- Department of Neurosurgery - St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Joukal
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Jancalek
- Department of Neurosurgery - St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic.
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8
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Youn DH, Kim BJ, Kim Y, Jeon JP. Extracellular Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Delayed Cerebral Ischemia after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2020; 33:422-428. [PMID: 31898178 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-019-00895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction is related to brain ischemic injury and neural cell death. However, little is known about the association between mitochondrial dysfunction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The objective of this study was to investigate whether extracellular CSF mitochondria might serve as a potential biomarker for DCI. METHODS CSF samples were serially collected at 1, 3, and 5 days following SAH in 33 patients (DCI, n = 12; and non-DCI, n = 21) who underwent coil embolization. To monitor mitochondrial membrane potentials, JC-1 dye was used. The ratio (red/green) of JC-1 was considered as an indicator of intact mitochondrial membrane potential. Flow cytometry was done to analyze extracellular mitochondria particles and their possible cellular origins. RESULTS DCI patients had lower JC-1 red/green ratios than non-DCI patients at 1 day (3.35 [3.20-3.75] vs. 3.70 [3.40-3.95] in non-DCI) and 3 days (4.65 [4.45-5.00] vs. 5.10 [4.65-5.30] in non-DCI) after SAH. At 5 days after SAH, JC-1 red/green ratio was significantly lower in DCI than that in non-DCI (3.05 [2.90-3.35] vs. 4.20 [4.10-4.50]; p < 0.01) patients. DCI patients had a higher percentage of vWF-positive mitochondria (40.10% [38.25%-44.90%] vs. 30.20% [25.70%-36.68%]) and a lower percentage of GLAST-positive mitochondria particles (26.85% [17.10%-30.00%] vs. 31.60% [26.70%-35.00%]) than non-DCI patients. However, there was no significant difference in CD45-positive (p = 0.369) or CD41/61-positive mitochondrial particles (p = 0.155) between the two groups of patients. CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial membrane potential could be a marker of DCI. JC-1 ratios seemed to be able to predict future DCI onset. Further studies are needed to determine detailed mechanisms of extracellular mitochondria-mediated cell-to-cell signals in DCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyuk Youn
- Institute of New Frontier Stroke Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Bong Jun Kim
- Institute of New Frontier Stroke Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim
- Institute of New Frontier Stroke Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jin Pyeong Jeon
- Institute of New Frontier Stroke Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea. .,Genetic and Research Inc, Chuncheon, Korea. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, 77 Sakju-ro, Chuncheon, 24253, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Aleksandrowicz M, Klapczynska K, Kozniewska E. Dysfunction of the endothelium and constriction of the isolated rat's middle cerebral artery in low sodium environment in the presence of vasopressin. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 47:759-764. [PMID: 31876005 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hyponatraemia, a water-electrolyte disorder diagnosed in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), increases a risk of persistent vasospasm. In majority of cases, hyponatraemia results from inappropriate secretion of vasopressin (AVP). The effect of AVP-associated hyponatraemia on cerebral vasculature is unknown. The present study aimed to elucidate the role of AVP in the response of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) of the rat to hyponatraemia. Isolated, cannulated, and pressurized rat MCAs were perfused/superfused with physiological (Na+ = 144 mmol/L) buffer or low-sodium (Na+ = 121 mmol/L) buffer containing either AVP or angiotensin II (ANG II). ANG II was used to check if the effect of low plasma sodium concentration combined with AVP on the MCA tone is unique to vasopressin. At physiological Na+ concentration, vasopressin (1.4 × 10-11 mol/L) or angiotensin II (10-9 mol/L) resulted in relaxation of the MCA. Substitution of low-sodium for the normal sodium buffer with the same concentration of AVP, resulted in the constriction of the MCA. This effect was absent after removal of the endothelium, administration of vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist or concomitant inhibition of endothelin-1 receptors and synthesis of thromboxane A2. In contrast, no constriction of the MCA in low-sodium buffer was observed when AVP was replaced with ANG II. Our data suggest that presence of vasopressin and low sodium ion concentration results in the change of endothelium phenotype from pro-vasodilatory to pro-vasoconstrictory. This phenomenon may be an overlooked factor contributing to vasospasm in SAH patients with hyponatraemia caused by inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Aleksandrowicz
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Klapczynska
- Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Kozniewska
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Cho SS, Kim SE, Kim HC, Kim WJ, Jeon JP. Clazosentan for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: An Updated Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis. World Neurosurg 2018; 123:418-424.e3. [PMID: 30508597 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.10.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clazosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, reduced vasospasm and delayed ischemic neurologic deficit (DIND) but did not improve outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in clinical trials. However, a lack of dose-dependent analysis and potential overestimation of clazosentan's effect are concerning. We used stratified analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA) of existing data to investigate the effects of clazosentan on SAH outcome. METHODS Studies from PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane were reviewed for eligibility. Primary outcomes were DIND requiring rescue therapy, all-cause mortality, and vasospasm-related morbidity at 6 weeks. Secondary outcomes were moderate-to-severe angiographic vasospasm, new cerebral infarction, and poor clinical outcome at 3 months. TSA was performed to assess the required information size and the α-spending monitoring boundary effect of relative risk (RR) reduction. A stratified analysis of clazosentan dosage was performed. RESULTS Five studies (N = 2317) were included. Clazosentan significantly reduced the risk of DIND requiring rescue therapy (RR, 0.625; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.462-0.846) and vasospasm (RR, 0.543; 95% CI, 0.464-0.635), but did not significantly affect mortality or vasospasm-related morbidity (RR, 0.775; 95% CI, 0.578-1.039), new cerebral infarction (RR, 0.604; 95% CI, 0.383-0.952), or outcome (RR, 1.131; 95% CI, 0.959-1.334). TSA revealed that the studies were underpowered to evaluate the effects of clazosentan on mortality and vasospasm-associated morbidity. We found 10-15 mg/h of clazosentan administration was associated with lower rates of vasospasm and new cerebral infarctions compared with 5 mg/h. CONCLUSIONS Clazosentan reduced the risk of DIND requiring rescue therapy and moderate-to-severe vasospasm. Further meta-analyses based on individual patient data with different clazosentan doses and more refined outcome measures are necessary to clarify clazosentan's efficacy in improving post-SAH outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve S Cho
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul Emergency Operations Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heung Cheol Kim
- Department of Radiology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Won Jin Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jin Pyeong Jeon
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea; Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.
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11
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Leclerc JL, Garcia JM, Diller MA, Carpenter AM, Kamat PK, Hoh BL, Doré S. A Comparison of Pathophysiology in Humans and Rodent Models of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:71. [PMID: 29623028 PMCID: PMC5875105 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) affects an estimated 30,000 people each year in the United States, with an overall mortality of ~30%. Most cases of SAH result from a ruptured intracranial aneurysm, require long hospital stays, and result in significant disability and high fatality. Early brain injury (EBI) and delayed cerebral vasospasm (CV) have been implicated as leading causes of morbidity and mortality in these patients, necessitating intense focus on developing preclinical animal models that replicate clinical SAH complete with delayed CV. Despite the variety of animal models currently available, translation of findings from rodent models to clinical trials has proven especially difficult. While the explanation for this lack of translation is unclear, possibilities include the lack of standardized practices and poor replication of human pathophysiology, such as delayed cerebral vasospasm and ischemia, in rodent models of SAH. In this review, we summarize the different approaches to simulating SAH in rodents, in particular elucidating the key pathophysiology of the various methods and models. Ultimately, we suggest the development of standardized model of rodent SAH that better replicates human pathophysiology for moving forward with translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Leclerc
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joshua M Garcia
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Matthew A Diller
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Carpenter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Pradip K Kamat
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Brian L Hoh
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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12
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Early matrix metalloproteinase-9 concentration in the first 48 h after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage predicts delayed cerebral ischaemia: An observational study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2018; 33:662-9. [PMID: 27355865 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed cerebral ischaemia from vasospasm is an important cause of complications and death after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. There is currently no established biomarker for identifying patients at high risk of delayed cerebral ischaemia. OBJECTIVE Considering the important role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of delayed cerebral ischaemia, we investigated whether matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) may be an efficient biomarker for predicting elayed cerebral ischaemia after subarachnoid haemorrhage. DESIGN Single-centre prospective observational study. SETTING Neuroscience Critical Care Unit of a teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS Thirty consecutive patients with severe subarachnoid haemorrhage requiring external ventricular drainage were enrolled during 2013 and 2014. INTERVENTIONS Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were sampled within the first 24 h and between 48 and 72 h after admission. We evaluated the activity and concentrations of MMP-9 and endothelin-1 with zymography and ELISA. Patients were allocated to groups with delayed cerebral ischaemia (n = 16) or without delayed cerebral ischaemia (n = 14). RESULTS Within 24 h, median [interquartile range] MMP-9 concentrations in CSF were significantly higher in patients with delayed cerebral ischaemia (47 [21 to 102] ng ml) than in those without delayed cerebral ischaemia (4 [2 to 13] ng ml, P = 0.001). CSF MMP-9 activity and endothelin-1 concentrations were correlated (r = 0.6, P = 0.02). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.73 (95% confidence interval [0.53 to 0.87]) and 0.91 (95% confidence interval [0.75 to 0.98]) for MMP-9 concentrations in plasma and CSF, respectively, at 24 h to predict delayed cerebral ischaemia CSF MMP-9 concentrations more than 14.3 ng ml at 24 h predicted the occurrence of delayed cerebral ischaemia with a sensitivity and specificity of 88 and 86%, respectively. After multivariate logistic analysis, only CSF MMP-9 concentrations at 24 h predicted the occurrence of delayed cerebral ischaemia (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION MMP-9 concentrations in both plasma and CSF, measured within 48 h after subarachnoid haemorrhage, were highly predictive of the occurrence of delayed cerebral ischaemia within the first 2 weeks. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02397759.
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13
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Li X, Xia X, Li X. Plasmid pLXSN-Mediated Adrenomedullin Gene Therapy for Cerebral Vasospasm Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:3293-3302. [PMID: 28684727 PMCID: PMC5513563 DOI: 10.12659/msm.901914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of ADM gene mediated by plasmid pVAX1 on cerebral vasospasm (CVS) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Material/Methods The recombinant plasmid pVAX-ADM was successfully established, and 40 SD rats were randomly divided into normal saline, pVAX1, pVAX1-ADM low-dose, pVAX1-ADM mid-dose, and pVAX1-ADM high-dose groups. The circumference and diameter of basilar artery, diameter of middle cerebral artery and internal carotid artery, and thickness of basilar artery wall were observed. The levels of circulating endothelial cells (CEC) and levels of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) of the parietal cortex were detected at different time-points. The expression levels of serum ADM, ET-1, and NOS of each group and the neurological functions were compared. Results The circumference and diameter of basilar artery and the diameter of the middle cerebral artery and internal carotid artery in pVAX1-ADM groups were significantly longer than those in the saline group and pVAX1 group (P<0.05), but the thickness of the basilar artery wall in pVAX1-ADM groups was significantly lower (P<0.05), and the levels of growth or decrease were both dose-dependent (P<0.05). Compared with the saline group and pVAX1 group, the expression levels of serum ADM, NOS, and rCBF in pVAX1-ADM groups were significantly higher (P<0.05), but the levels of serum ET-1 and CEC were significantly lower (P<0.05). The scores of neurobehavioral functions of pVAX1-ADM groups were significantly lower (P<0.05), and the scores were also dose-dependent (P<0.05). Conclusions The recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid pVAX1-ADM can significantly relieve cerebral vasospasm, increase the expression of serum ADM and NOS, and decrease the expression of serum ET-1 in a rat model of CVS; it is dose-dependent and can also improve nervous system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland).,1st Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoshuang Xia
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
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14
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Early Predictors of Fever in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016; 25:2886-2890. [PMID: 27567295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fever is commonly observed in patients who have had aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and it has been associated with the occurrence of delayed cerebral ischemia and worse outcomes in previous studies. Frequently, fever is not the result of bacterial infections, and distinction between infection-related fever and fever secondary to brain injury (also referred as central fever) can be challenging. OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to identify risk factors on admission for the development of central fever in patients with SAH. METHODS Databank analysis was performed using information from demographic data (age, gender), imaging (transcranial Doppler ultrasound, computed tomography, and cerebral angiogram), laboratory (white blood cell count, hemoglobin, renal function, and electrolytes), and clinical assessment (Hunt-Hess and modified Fisher scales on admission, occurrence of fever). A multivariate logistic regression model was created. RESULTS Of 55 patients, 32 developed fever during the first 7 days of hospital stay (58%). None of the patients had identifiable bacterial infections during their first week in the neurocritical care unit. Hunt-Hess scale >2 and leukocytosis on admission were associated to the development of central fever, even after correction in a logistic regression model. CONCLUSION Leukocytosis and a poor neurologic examination on admission might help predict which subset of patients with SAH are at higher risk of developing central fever early in their hospital stay.
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15
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Kim JH, Lee SU, Huh C, Oh CW, Bang JS, Kim T. Delayed Vasospasm after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Behcet Syndrome. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg 2016; 18:27-31. [PMID: 27114963 PMCID: PMC4842905 DOI: 10.7461/jcen.2016.18.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A man visited the emergency room with a headache. Brain computed tomography showed aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and multiple aneurysms. After aneurysm clipping surgery, the patient was discharged. After 5 days, he was admitted to the hospital with skin ulceration and was diagnosed with Behcet syndrome. An angiogram taken 7 weeks after aneurysmal SAH showed intracranial vasospasm. Because inflammation in Behcet syndrome may aggravate intracranial vasospasm, intracranial vasospasm after aneurysmal SAH in Behcet syndrome should be monitored for longer compared to general aneurysmal SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hak Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Myongji St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Si-Un Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Choonwoong Huh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Myongji St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Wan Oh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jae Seung Bang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Tackeun Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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16
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Flynn L, Andrews P. Advances in the understanding of delayed cerebral ischaemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. F1000Res 2015; 4:F1000 Faculty Rev-1200. [PMID: 26937276 PMCID: PMC4752028 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6635.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed cerebral ischaemia has been described as the single most important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients who survive the initial aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Our understanding of the pathophysiology of delayed cerebral ischaemia is meagre at best and the calcium channel blocker nimodipine remains the only intervention to consistently improve functional outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. There is substantial evidence to support cerebral vessel narrowing as a causative factor in delayed cerebral ischaemia, but contemporary research demonstrating improvements in vessel narrowing has failed to show improved functional outcomes. This has encouraged researchers to investigate other potential causes of delayed cerebral ischaemia, such as early brain injury, microthrombosis, and cortical spreading depolarisation. Adherence to a common definition of delayed cerebral ischaemia is needed in order to allow easier assessment of studies using multiple different terms. Furthermore, improved recognition of delayed cerebral ischaemia would not only allow for faster treatment but also better assessment of interventions. Finally, understanding nimodipine's mechanism of action may allow us to develop similar agents with improved efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Flynn
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter Andrews
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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17
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Washington CW, Derdeyn CP, Dhar R, Arias EJ, Chicoine MR, Cross DT, Dacey RG, Han BH, Moran CJ, Rich KM, Vellimana AK, Zipfel GJ. A Phase I proof-of-concept and safety trial of sildenafil to treat cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2015; 124:318-27. [PMID: 26314998 DOI: 10.3171/2015.2.jns142752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies show that phosphodiesterase-V (PDE-V) inhibition reduces cerebral vasospasm (CVS) and improves outcomes after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study was performed to investigate the safety and effect of sildenafil (an FDA-approved PDE-V inhibitor) on angiographic CVS in SAH patients. METHODS A2-phase, prospective, nonrandomized, human trial was implemented. Subarachnoid hemorrhage patients underwent angiography on Day 7 to assess for CVS. Those with CVS were given 10 mg of intravenous sildenafil in the first phase of the study and 30 mg in the second phase. In both, angiography was repeated 30 minutes after infusion. Safety was assessed by monitoring neurological examination findings and vital signs and for the development of adverse reactions. For angiographic assessment, in a blinded fashion, pre- and post-sildenafil images were graded as "improvement" or "no improvement" in CVS. Unblinded measurements were made between pre- and post-sildenafil angiograms. RESULTS Twelve patients received sildenafil; 5 patients received 10 mg and 7 received 30 mg. There were no adverse reactions. There was no adverse effect on heart rate or intracranial pressure. Sildenafil resulted in a transient decline in mean arterial pressure, an average of 17% with a return to baseline in an average of 18 minutes. Eight patients (67%) were found to have a positive angiographic response to sildenafil, 3 (60%) in the low-dose group and 5 (71%) in the high-dose group. The largest degree of vessel dilation was an average of 0.8 mm (range 0-2.1 mm). This corresponded to an average percentage increase in vessel diameter of 62% (range 0%-200%). CONCLUSIONS The results from this Phase I safety and proof-of-concept trial assessing the use of intravenous sildenafil in patients with CVS show that sildenafil is safe and well tolerated in the setting of SAH. Furthermore, the angiographic data suggest that sildenafil has a positive impact on human CVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad W Washington
- Departments of 1 Neurological Surgery.,Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Colin P Derdeyn
- Departments of 1 Neurological Surgery.,Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | | | - DeWitte T Cross
- Departments of 1 Neurological Surgery.,Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | - Christopher J Moran
- Departments of 1 Neurological Surgery.,Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Keith M Rich
- Departments of 1 Neurological Surgery.,Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
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18
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Wang L, Wang F, Wu G, Shi J. Early-stage minimally invasive procedures decrease perihematomal endothelin-1 levels and improve neurological functioning in a rabbit model of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurol Res 2014; 37:320-7. [PMID: 25258111 DOI: 10.1179/1743132814y.0000000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To determine the effects of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) at various stages after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) on perihematomal endothelin (ET)-1 levels and neurological functioning. METHODS Sixty rabbits were randomly distributed into a model control group (MC group, 30 rabbits) or a MIS group (MI group, 30 rabbits). An ICH model was established in all animals. In the MI group, ICH was evacuated by MIS at 6, 12, 18, 24, and 48 hours (six rabbits at each time point) after the ICH was established. The animals in the MC group underwent the same procedures for ICH evacuation, but with a sham operation without hematoma aspiration. All the animals were sacrificed 7 days after the ICH was established. Neurological deficit scores were determined, and the perihematomal brain tissue was removed to determine the ET-1 levels, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and brain water content (BWC). RESULTS The neurological deficit scores, perihematomal ET-1 levels, BBB permeability, and BWC all decreased significantly in the MI group compared to the MC group. Performing the MIS for evacuating the ICH at 6 hours resulted in the most remarkable decreases in these indices, followed by a significant difference observed at 12 hours within the MI subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Performing MIS at 6-12 hours after ICH resulted in the most significant decreases in neurological deficit scores, ET-1 levels, BBB permeability, and brain edema. The optimal time window for performing MIS for ICH evacuation might be within 6-12 hours after hemorrhage.
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19
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Gallek MJ, Alexander SA, Crago E, Sherwood PR, Klamerus M, Horowitz MB, Poloyac SM, Conley Y. Endothelin-1 gene polymorphisms influence cerebrospinal fluid endothelin-1 levels following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Biol Res Nurs 2014; 17:185-90. [PMID: 24852947 DOI: 10.1177/1099800414536261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is a type of stroke with high morbidity and mortality. Increased endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels have been associated with increased risk of cerebral vasospasm, which is associated with increased morbidity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between ET-1 genotypes and ET-1 protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) measured 72 hr before angiographic vasospasm measurement in subjects at high risk of cerebral vasospasm. Specifically, this study evaluated the differences between variant positive and variant negative groups of nine different ET-1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in relationship with the ET-1 protein exposure rate. The CSF ET-1 protein levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. One functional SNP and eight ET-1 tagging SNPs were selected because they represent genetic variability in the entire ET-1 gene. The variant negative group of SNP rs2070699 was associated with a significantly higher ET-1 exposure rate than the variant positive group (p = 0.004), while the variant positive group of the rs5370 group showed a trend toward association with a higher ET-1 exposure rate (p = 0.051). Other SNPs were not informative. This is the first study to show differences in ET-1 exposure rate 72 hr before angiography in relation to ET-1 genotypes. These exploratory findings need to be replicated in a larger study; if replicated, these differences in genotypes may be a way to inform clinicians of those patients at a higher risk of increased ET-1 protein levels, which may lead to a higher risk of angiographic vasospasm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth Crago
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paula R Sherwood
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Megan Klamerus
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Michael B Horowitz
- Pennsylvania Brain and Spine Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Samuel M Poloyac
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yvette Conley
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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20
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To look beyond vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:628597. [PMID: 24967389 PMCID: PMC4055362 DOI: 10.1155/2014/628597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Delayed cerebral vasospasm has classically been considered the most important and treatable cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Secondary ischemia (or delayed ischemic neurological deficit, DIND) has been shown to be the leading determinant of poor clinical outcome in patients with aSAH surviving the early phase and cerebral vasospasm has been attributed to being primarily responsible. Recently, various clinical trials aimed at treating vasospasm have produced disappointing results. DIND seems to have a multifactorial etiology and vasospasm may simply represent one contributing factor and not the major determinant. Increasing evidence shows that a series of early secondary cerebral insults may occur following aneurysm rupture (the so-called early brain injury). This further aggravates the initial insult and actually determines the functional outcome. A better understanding of these mechanisms and their prevention in the very early phase is needed to improve the prognosis. The aim of this review is to summarize the existing literature on this topic and so to illustrate how the presence of cerebral vasospasm may not necessarily be a prerequisite for DIND development. The various factors determining DIND that worsen functional outcome and prognosis are then discussed.
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21
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Wan H, AlHarbi BM, Macdonald RL. Mechanisms, treatment and prevention of cellular injury and death from delayed events after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 15:231-43. [PMID: 24283706 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.865724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients often develop brain injury as a result of a number of delayed complications, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Many of these complications arise due to delayed cerebral ischemia, which occurs secondary to the hemorrhage. AREAS COVERED The mechanisms of the delayed injury are reviewed, including angiographic vasospasm, cortical spreading ischemia, small arteriolar constriction, microthromboemboli, free radical injury and inflammation. Some current and prospective therapies for SAH are discussed, in the context of these complications. Statins have been particularly promising in experimental studies. EXPERT OPINION Multiple mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of the delayed insult after SAH. New drugs may need to target multiple pathways to injury. Trials aiming to treat complications after SAH could benefit from taking into account the multifactorial pathogenesis of delayed insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyee Wan
- University of Toronto, St. Michael's Hospital, Labatt Family Centre of Excellence in Brain Injury and Trauma Research, Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery , Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8 , Canada
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22
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Ardelt A. From bench-to-bedside in catastrophic cerebrovascular disease: development of drugs targeting the endothelin axis in subarachnoid hemorrhage-related vasospasm. Neurol Res 2013; 34:195-210. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132811y.0000000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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23
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Inflammation, cerebral vasospasm, and evolving theories of delayed cerebral ischemia. Neurol Res Int 2013; 2013:506584. [PMID: 24058736 PMCID: PMC3766617 DOI: 10.1155/2013/506584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vasospasm (CVS) is a potentially lethal complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Recently, the symptomatic presentation of CVS has been termed delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), occurring as early as 3-4 days after the sentinel bleed. For the past 5-6 decades, scientific research has promulgated the theory that cerebral vasospasm plays a primary role in the pathology of DCI and subsequently delayed ischemic neurological decline (DIND). Approximately 70% of patients develop CVS after aSAH with 50% long-term morbidity rates. The exact etiology of CVS is unknown; however, a well-described theory involves an antecedent inflammatory cascade with alterations of intracellular calcium dynamics and nitric oxide fluxes, though the intricacies of this inflammatory theory are currently unknown. Consequently, there have been few advances in the clinical treatment of this patient cohort, and morbidity remains high. Identification of intermediaries in the inflammatory cascade can provide insight into newer clinical interventions in the prevention and management of cerebral vasospasm and will hopefully prevent neurological decline. In this review, we discuss current theories implicating the inflammatory cascade in the development of CVS and potential treatment targets.
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Kuruppu S, Chou SHY, Feske SK, Suh S, Hanchapola I, Lo EH, Ning M, Smith AI. Soluble and catalytically active endothelin converting enzyme-1 is present in cerebrospinal fluid of subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 13:1091-4. [PMID: 23816989 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.027359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelin converting Enzyme-1 (ECE-1) is essential for the production of Endothelin-1 (ET-1), which is associated with vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We have previously demonstrated the presence of a catalytically active soluble form of ECE-1 in the media of endothelial cells. We aimed to determine if this form of ECE-1 exists in vivo, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of SAH patients. We examined CSF taken from SAH subjects for the presence of soluble ECE-1 using a bradykinin based quenched fluorescent substrate assay. We obtained further confirmation by characterizing the CSF mediated cleavage products of BigET-1 and BigET₁₈₋₃₄ (6 μg/ml) using mass spectrometry. The specificity of cleavage was confirmed using the ECE-1 inhibitor CGS35066 5 nmol/L. SAH CSF samples had mean ECE-1 activity of 0.127 ± 0.037 μmols of substrate cleaved/μl of CSF/24 h. The C-terminal peptides generated upon the cleavage of BigET-1 and BigET₁₈₋₃₄ were detected 48 h after incubation of these substrates with CSF. Cleavage of these substrates was inhibited by CGS35066. Results of Western blots also produced strong evidence for the presence of truncated soluble ECE-1 in CSF. These results strongly suggest the presence of a truncated but catalytically active form of ECE-1 in the CSF of SAH subjects. Further studies are necessary to determine the biological significance of soluble ECE-1 in CSF of SAH subjects, including an association with vasospasm after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjaya Kuruppu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Building 77, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Muñoz-Guillén N, León-López R, Túnez-Fiñana I, Cano-Sánchez A. From vasospasm to early brain injury: New frontiers in subarachnoid haemorrhage research. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Bor-Seng-Shu E, Kita WS, Figueiredo EG, Paiva WS, Fonoff ET, Teixeira MJ, Panerai RB. Cerebral hemodynamics: concepts of clinical importance. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2012; 70:352-6. [PMID: 22618788 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2012000500010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism are frequently impaired in a wide range of neurological diseases, including traumatic brain injury and stroke, with several pathophysiological mechanisms of injury. The resultant uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and metabolism can trigger secondary brain lesions, particularly in early phases, consequently worsening the patient's outcome. Cerebral blood flow regulation is influenced by blood gas content, blood viscosity, body temperature, cardiac output, altitude, cerebrovascular autoregulation, and neurovascular coupling, mediated by chemical agents such as nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), eicosanoid products, oxygen-derived free radicals, endothelins, K+, H+, and adenosine. A better understanding of these factors is valuable for the management of neurocritical care patients. The assessment of both cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in the acute phase of neurocritical care conditions may contribute to a more effective planning of therapeutic strategies for reducing secondary brain lesions. In this review, the authors have discussed concepts of cerebral hemodynamics, considering aspects of clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Bor-Seng-Shu
- Division of Neurological Surgery, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Gallek M, Alexander S, Crago E, Sherwood P, Horowitz M, Poloyac S, Conley Y. Endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor gene variants and their association with negative outcomes following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Biol Res Nurs 2012; 15:390-7. [PMID: 22997346 DOI: 10.1177/1099800412459674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a devastating disease that affects approximately 30,000 people a year in the United States. Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and cerebral vasospasm (CV) are common complications after aSAH. In addition, aSAH patients have a high risk of poor long-term outcomes. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor, or its two types of receptors, ET receptor A (ETA) and ET receptor B (ETB), may play a role in the pathogenesis of DCI and CV. Genetic variations within the ET-1, ETA, or ETB genes may also account for variance observed in the outcomes of aSAH patients. The purpose of this study was to describe the distribution of the Lys198Asn polymorphism, a known functional SNP in the ET-1 gene, and tagging SNPs of the ET-1, ETA, and ETB genes in individuals recovering from aSAH. This study also investigated the relationships among the ET polymorphisms, DCI, and global functional outcomes measured at 3 and 6 months after aSAH. Participants included individuals aged 18-75 years with a diagnosis of aSAH. There was a trend found between the variant allele of an ET-1 SNP (rs6912834) and angiographic vasospasm. There were also associations found between two ETB SNPs (rs9574124 and rs3027111) and poor outcomes as measured by the Glasgow Outcome scale at 3 months. These findings support the role of ET-1 and ETB in recovery following aSAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gallek
- 1University of Arizona, College of Nursing, Tucson, AZ, USA
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The CSF concentration of ADMA, but not of ET-1, is correlated with the occurrence and severity of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosci Lett 2012; 524:20-4. [PMID: 22796469 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, vasoconstrictors and vasodilators are counterbalanced. After aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) disturbance of this equilibrium may evoke delayed cerebral vasospasm (CVS) leading to delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Most studies examined either the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1) or the vasodilative pathway of nitric oxide (NO) and did not include investigations regarding the relationship between vasospasm and ischemia. Asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), decreases the concentration of NO. Studies have correlated increasing concentrations of ADMA with the course and degree of CVS after SAH. We sought to determine, if ADMA and endothelin-1 (ET-1) are associated with CVS and/or DCI after SAH. CSF concentrations of ADMA and ET-1 were retrospectively determined in 30 patients after SAH and in controls. CVS was detected clinically and by arteriogaphy. DCI was monitored by follow-up CT scans. 17 patients developed arteriographic CVS and 4 patients developed DCI. ADMA but not ET-1 concentrations were correlated with occurrence and degree of CVS. However, ET-1 concentrations were correlated with WFNS grade on admission. Neither ADMA nor ET-1 correlated with DCI in this cohort. ET-1 concentrations seem to be associated with the impact of the SAH bleed. ADMA may be directly involved in the development and resolution of CVS after SAH via inhibition of NOS disturbing the balance of vasodilative and -constrictive components.
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Ahnstedt H, Stenman E, Cao L, Henriksson M, Edvinsson L. Cytokines and growth factors modify the upregulation of contractile endothelin ET(A) and ET(B) receptors in rat cerebral arteries after organ culture. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 205:266-78. [PMID: 22145714 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Experimental cerebral ischaemia and organ culture of cerebral arteries induce an increased endothelin ET(B) receptor-mediated contraction. The aim of this study was to examine whether cytokines and growth factors, known to be activated in ischaemia, can influence the expression and function of endothelin receptors after organ culture. METHODS Rat middle cerebral arteries were cultured for 24 h at 37 °C in humidified 5% CO(2) and air in culture medium alone, or with tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Concentration-response curves were obtained for sarafotoxin 6c (ET(B) receptor agonist) and endothelin-1 (here ET(A) receptor agonist, because of ET(B) receptor desensitization). The receptor mRNA expression was examined by real-time PCR and the protein expression by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS Tumour necrosis factor-α (100 ng mL(-1) ) and EGF (20 ng mL(-1) ) potentiated the ET(B) receptor-mediated contraction (increase in pEC(50) without change in E(max) ). bFGF (10 ng mL(-1) ) and IL-1β (10 ng mL(-1) ) induced an enhanced ET(A) receptor-mediated contraction. bFGF (10 ng mL(-1) ) significantly increased the ET(B) mRNA level, and EGF (20 ng mL(-1) ) increased the ET(A) receptor protein. Increased ET(B) receptor mRNA and protein level also were observed after treatment with IL-1β (10 ng mL(-1) ). CONCLUSION This study shows that TNF-α, IL-1β, EGF and bFGF can modify the expression and function of endothelin receptors during organ culture. Because there is similar receptor upregulation in experimental stroke, the effect of cytokines and growth factors on endothelin receptor upregulation is an interesting aspect to study in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Ahnstedt
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research; Department of Clinical Sciences; Lund University; Lund; Sweden
| | - E. Stenman
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research; Department of Clinical Sciences; Lund University; Lund; Sweden
| | - L. Cao
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research; Department of Clinical Sciences; Lund University; Lund; Sweden
| | - M. Henriksson
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research; Department of Clinical Sciences; Lund University; Lund; Sweden
| | - L. Edvinsson
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research; Department of Clinical Sciences; Lund University; Lund; Sweden
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Coucha M, Li W, Ergul A. The effect of endothelin receptor A antagonism on basilar artery endothelium-dependent relaxation after ischemic stroke. Life Sci 2012; 91:676-80. [PMID: 22365958 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Endothelin (ET) receptor A antagonism decreases neuronal damage in experimental models of stroke. Since large arteries like basilar artery contribute significantly to total cerebrovascular resistance and are major determinants of microvascular pressure, dysregulation of basilar artery function may worsen stroke injury. ET-1 is involved in the regulation of basilar constriction. However, whether stroke influences vasoreactivity of basilar artery and to what extent ET-1 contributes to basilar vascular dysfunction after stroke remained unknown. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that ET-1 impairs basilar artery vasorelaxation after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury via activation of ET(A) receptor. MAIN METHODS Male Wistar rats were subjected to 3h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 21 h reperfusion. One group received ET(A) receptor antagonist atrasentan (5 mg/kg, i.p.) at reperfusion. At 24h, basilar arteries were isolated from control non-stroked, stroked and stroked+atrasentan-treated animals for vascular reactivity measurements using pressurized arteriograph. KEY FINDINGS Acetylcholine (Ach)-induced maximum relaxation (R(max)) was decreased in stroked animals as compared to non-stroked group and ET(A) antagonism partially restored it. There was also a trend for decreased EC(50) value for the antagonist treatment group indicating improved Ach sensitivity. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that I/R not only affects vessels distal to the occlusion but also impairs relaxation of proximal large vessels. ET-1-mediated basilar artery dysfunction may contribute to neurovascular damage after stroke and early restoration of vascular function by ET receptor antagonism after I/R injury may offer a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Coucha
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
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Wang L, Wu G, Sheng F, Wang F, Feng A. Minimally invasive procedures reduce perihematomal endothelin-1 levels and the permeability of the BBB in a rabbit model of intracerebral hematoma. Neurol Sci 2012; 34:41-9. [PMID: 22311641 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-012-0962-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To observe the effects of minimally invasive procedures for the evacuation of intracerebral hematomas on perihematomal ET-1 expression and their correlation with blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Forty-five rabbits (2.8-3.4 kg body weight) were randomly divided into a normal control group (NC group, 15 rabbits), a model control group (MC group, 15 rabbits) and a minimally invasive group (MI group, 15 rabbits). A model of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) was prepared in the MC and MI groups by infusing autologous arterial blood into the rabbits' brains; the same procedure was also performed in the NC group but without infusing blood into the rabbits' brains. The intracerebral hematomas were evacuated by a stereotactic procedure in the minimally invasive group 6 h after the model was established. The neurological functions, ET-1 expression and the perihematomal BBB permeability were determined and analyzed in all of the animals. The number of endothelial cells with ET-1-positive expression and the perihematomal BBB permeability significantly increased 1, 3, and 7 days after the ICH model was prepared successfully, as compared to the NC group. In the MI group, however, both measurements decreased markedly compared with the MC group at the same time point. A positive correlation between the number of endothelial cells with ET-1-positive expression and BBB permeability was observed. Increased BBB permeability might be associated with perihematomal ET-1 levels. Minimally invasive procedures for the evacuation of intracerebral hematomas could significantly decrease BBB permeability in perihematomal brain tissues, likely by reducing the production of ET-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, People's Republic of China
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Muñoz-Guillén NM, León-López R, Túnez-Fiñana I, Cano-Sánchez A. From vasospasm to early brain injury: new frontiers in subarachnoid haemorrhage research. Neurologia 2012; 28:309-16. [PMID: 22264777 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Delayed vasospasm has traditionally been considered the most important determinant of poor outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Consequently, most of the research and therapies are directed towards reducing the incidence of vasospasm (VSP). To date, however, clinical trials based on this strategy have not delivered a definitive treatment for preventing or reducing brain injury after SAH. This fact has caused a paradigm shift in research, which now focuses on early brain injury (EBI) occurring in the first 72 hours after SAH. It has also changed the idea of VSP's role in brain damage, and suggests the need for re-evaluating the pathophysiological process of SAH. DEVELOPMENT This review examines the current state of knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with EBI and summarises the diagnostic options currently available. CONCLUSION It seems that the research approach needs to be changed so that investigators will focus on prevention of EBI, reduction of secondary brain complications and ultimately, the optimisation neurological outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Muñoz-Guillén
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.
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Edvinsson LIH, Povlsen GK. Vascular plasticity in cerebrovascular disorders. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:1554-71. [PMID: 21559027 PMCID: PMC3137480 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality with little advancement in subacute treatment options. This review aims to cover and discuss novel insight obtained during the last decade into plastic changes in the vasoconstrictor receptor profiles of cerebral arteries and microvessels that takes place after different types of stroke. Receptors like the endothelin type B, angiotensin type 1, and 5-hydroxytryptamine type 1B/1D receptors are upregulated in the smooth muscle layer of cerebral arteries after different types of ischemic stroke as well as after subarachnoid hemorrhage, yielding rather dramatic changes in the contractility of the vessels. Some of the signal transduction processes mediating this receptor upregulation have been elucidated. In particular the extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 pathway, which is activated early in the process, has proven to be a promising therapeutic target for prevention of vasoconstrictor receptor upregulation after stroke. Together, those findings provide new perspectives on the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and point toward a novel way of reducing vasoconstriction, neuronal cell death, and thus neurologic deficits after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars I H Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Copenhagen University, Glostrup Hospital Research Park, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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