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Veldeman M, Rossmann T, Haeren R, Vossen LV, Weiss M, Conzen C, Siironen JO, Korja M, Schmidt TP, Höllig A, Virta JJ, Satopää J, Luostarinen T, Wiesmann M, Clusmann H, Niemela M, Raj R. Delayed Cerebral Infarction After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Location, Distribution Patterns, Infarct Load, and Effect on Outcome. Neurology 2024; 103:e209607. [PMID: 38950352 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is one of the main contributing factors to poor clinical outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Unsuccessful treatment can cause irreversible brain injury in the form of DCI-related infarction. We aimed to assess the association between the location, distribution, and size of DCI-related infarction in relation to clinical outcome. METHODS Consecutive patients with SAH treated at 2 university hospitals between 2014 and 2019 (Helsinki, Finland) and between 2006 and 2020 (Aachen, Germany) were included. Size of DCI-related infarction was quantitatively measured as absolute volume (in milliliters). In a semiquantitative fashion, infarction in 14 regions of interest (ROIs) according to a modified Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) was noted. The association of infarction in these ROIs along predefined regions of eloquent brain, with clinical outcome, was assessed. For this purpose, 1-year outcome was measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and dichotomized into favorable (GOS 4-5) and unfavorable (GOS 1-3). RESULTS Of 1,190 consecutive patients with SAH, 155 (13%) developed DCI-related infarction. One-year outcome data were available for 148 (96%) patients. A median overall infarct volume of 103 mL (interquartile range 31-237) was measured. DCI-related infarction was significantly associated with 1-year unfavorable outcome (odds ratio [OR] 4.89, 95% CI 3.36-7.34, p < 0.001). In patients with 1-year unfavorable outcome, vascular territories more frequently affected were left middle cerebral artery (affected in 49% of patients with unfavorable outcome vs in 30% of patients with favorable outcome; p = 0.029), as well as left (44% vs 18%; p = 0.003) and right (52% vs 14%; p < 0.001) anterior cerebral artery supply areas. According to the ASPECTS model, the right M3 (OR 8.52, 95% CI 1.41-51.34, p = 0.013) and right A2 (OR 7.84, 95% CI 1.97-31.15, p = 0.003) regions were independently associated with unfavorable outcome. DISCUSSION DCI-related infarction was associated with a 5-fold increase in the odds of unfavorable outcome, after 1 year. Ischemic lesions in specific anatomical regions are more likely to contribute to unfavorable outcome. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION Data collection in Aachen was registered in the German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS00030505); on January 3, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Veldeman
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (M.V., L.V.V., C.C., T.P.S., A.H., H.C.), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (T.R.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery (R.H.), Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center+, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery (M. Weiss), Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland; Department of Neurosurgery (J.O.S., M.K., J.S., M.N., R.R.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Division of Anesthesiology (J.J.V., T.L.), Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neuroradiology (M. Wiesmann), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Tobias Rossmann
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (M.V., L.V.V., C.C., T.P.S., A.H., H.C.), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (T.R.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery (R.H.), Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center+, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery (M. Weiss), Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland; Department of Neurosurgery (J.O.S., M.K., J.S., M.N., R.R.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Division of Anesthesiology (J.J.V., T.L.), Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neuroradiology (M. Wiesmann), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Roel Haeren
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (M.V., L.V.V., C.C., T.P.S., A.H., H.C.), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (T.R.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery (R.H.), Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center+, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery (M. Weiss), Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland; Department of Neurosurgery (J.O.S., M.K., J.S., M.N., R.R.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Division of Anesthesiology (J.J.V., T.L.), Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neuroradiology (M. Wiesmann), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Laura V Vossen
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (M.V., L.V.V., C.C., T.P.S., A.H., H.C.), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (T.R.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery (R.H.), Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center+, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery (M. Weiss), Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland; Department of Neurosurgery (J.O.S., M.K., J.S., M.N., R.R.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Division of Anesthesiology (J.J.V., T.L.), Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neuroradiology (M. Wiesmann), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Miriam Weiss
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (M.V., L.V.V., C.C., T.P.S., A.H., H.C.), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (T.R.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery (R.H.), Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center+, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery (M. Weiss), Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland; Department of Neurosurgery (J.O.S., M.K., J.S., M.N., R.R.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Division of Anesthesiology (J.J.V., T.L.), Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neuroradiology (M. Wiesmann), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Catharina Conzen
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (M.V., L.V.V., C.C., T.P.S., A.H., H.C.), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (T.R.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery (R.H.), Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center+, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery (M. Weiss), Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland; Department of Neurosurgery (J.O.S., M.K., J.S., M.N., R.R.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Division of Anesthesiology (J.J.V., T.L.), Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neuroradiology (M. Wiesmann), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Jari O Siironen
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (M.V., L.V.V., C.C., T.P.S., A.H., H.C.), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (T.R.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery (R.H.), Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center+, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery (M. Weiss), Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland; Department of Neurosurgery (J.O.S., M.K., J.S., M.N., R.R.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Division of Anesthesiology (J.J.V., T.L.), Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neuroradiology (M. Wiesmann), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Miikka Korja
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (M.V., L.V.V., C.C., T.P.S., A.H., H.C.), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (T.R.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery (R.H.), Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center+, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery (M. Weiss), Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland; Department of Neurosurgery (J.O.S., M.K., J.S., M.N., R.R.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Division of Anesthesiology (J.J.V., T.L.), Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neuroradiology (M. Wiesmann), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Tobias P Schmidt
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (M.V., L.V.V., C.C., T.P.S., A.H., H.C.), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (T.R.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery (R.H.), Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center+, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery (M. Weiss), Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland; Department of Neurosurgery (J.O.S., M.K., J.S., M.N., R.R.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Division of Anesthesiology (J.J.V., T.L.), Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neuroradiology (M. Wiesmann), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Anke Höllig
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (M.V., L.V.V., C.C., T.P.S., A.H., H.C.), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (T.R.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery (R.H.), Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center+, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery (M. Weiss), Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland; Department of Neurosurgery (J.O.S., M.K., J.S., M.N., R.R.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Division of Anesthesiology (J.J.V., T.L.), Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neuroradiology (M. Wiesmann), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Jyri J Virta
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (M.V., L.V.V., C.C., T.P.S., A.H., H.C.), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (T.R.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery (R.H.), Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center+, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery (M. Weiss), Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland; Department of Neurosurgery (J.O.S., M.K., J.S., M.N., R.R.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Division of Anesthesiology (J.J.V., T.L.), Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neuroradiology (M. Wiesmann), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Jarno Satopää
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (M.V., L.V.V., C.C., T.P.S., A.H., H.C.), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (T.R.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery (R.H.), Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center+, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery (M. Weiss), Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland; Department of Neurosurgery (J.O.S., M.K., J.S., M.N., R.R.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Division of Anesthesiology (J.J.V., T.L.), Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neuroradiology (M. Wiesmann), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Teemu Luostarinen
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (M.V., L.V.V., C.C., T.P.S., A.H., H.C.), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (T.R.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery (R.H.), Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center+, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery (M. Weiss), Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland; Department of Neurosurgery (J.O.S., M.K., J.S., M.N., R.R.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Division of Anesthesiology (J.J.V., T.L.), Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neuroradiology (M. Wiesmann), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Martin Wiesmann
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (M.V., L.V.V., C.C., T.P.S., A.H., H.C.), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (T.R.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery (R.H.), Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center+, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery (M. Weiss), Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland; Department of Neurosurgery (J.O.S., M.K., J.S., M.N., R.R.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Division of Anesthesiology (J.J.V., T.L.), Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neuroradiology (M. Wiesmann), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Hans Clusmann
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (M.V., L.V.V., C.C., T.P.S., A.H., H.C.), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (T.R.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery (R.H.), Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center+, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery (M. Weiss), Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland; Department of Neurosurgery (J.O.S., M.K., J.S., M.N., R.R.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Division of Anesthesiology (J.J.V., T.L.), Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neuroradiology (M. Wiesmann), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Mika Niemela
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (M.V., L.V.V., C.C., T.P.S., A.H., H.C.), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (T.R.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery (R.H.), Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center+, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery (M. Weiss), Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland; Department of Neurosurgery (J.O.S., M.K., J.S., M.N., R.R.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Division of Anesthesiology (J.J.V., T.L.), Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neuroradiology (M. Wiesmann), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Rahul Raj
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (M.V., L.V.V., C.C., T.P.S., A.H., H.C.), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (T.R.), Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery (R.H.), Maastricht University, Maastricht University Medical Center+, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery (M. Weiss), Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland; Department of Neurosurgery (J.O.S., M.K., J.S., M.N., R.R.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Division of Anesthesiology (J.J.V., T.L.), Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neuroradiology (M. Wiesmann), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
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