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Merigo G, Florio G, Madotto F, Magliocca A, Silvestri I, Fumagalli F, Cerrato M, Motta F, De Giorgio D, Panigada M, Zanella A, Grasselli G, Ristagno G. Treatment with inhaled Argon: a systematic review of pre-clinical and clinical studies with meta-analysis on neuroprotective effect. EBioMedicine 2024; 103:105143. [PMID: 38691938 PMCID: PMC11070688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Argon (Ar) has been proposed as a potential therapeutic agent in multiple clinical conditions, specifically in organ protection. However, conflicting data on pre-clinical models, together with a great variability in Ar administration protocols and outcome assessments, have been reported. The aim of this study was to review evidence on treatment with Ar, with an extensive investigation on its neuroprotective effect, and to summarise all tested administration protocols. METHODS Using the PubMed database, all existing pre-clinical and clinical studies on the treatment with Ar were systematically reviewed (registration: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/7983D). Study titles and abstracts were screened, extracting data from relevant studies post full-text review. Exclusion criteria included absence of full text and non-English language. Furthermore, meta-analysis was also performed to assess Ar potential as neuroprotectant agent in different clinical conditions: cardiac arrest, traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, subarachnoid haemorrhage. Standardised mean differences for neurological, cognitive and locomotor, histological, and physiological measures were evaluated, through appropriate tests, clinical, and laboratory variables. In vivo studies were evaluated for risk of bias using the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation tool, while in vitro studies underwent assessment with a tool developed by the Office of Health Assessment and Translation. FINDINGS The systematic review detected 60 experimental studies (16 in vitro, 7 ex vivo, 31 in vivo, 6 with both in vitro and in vivo) investigating the role of Ar. Only one clinical study was found. Data from six in vitro and nineteen in vivo studies were included in the meta-analyses. In pre-clinical models, Ar administration resulted in improved neurological, cognitive and locomotor, and histological outcomes without any change in physiological parameters (i.e., absence of adverse events). INTERPRETATION This systematic review and meta-analysis based on experimental studies supports the neuroprotective effect of Ar, thus providing a rationale for potential translation of Ar treatment in humans. Despite adherence to established guidelines and methodologies, limitations in data availability prevented further analyses to investigate potential sources of heterogeneity due to study design. FUNDING This study was funded in part by Italian Ministry of Health-Current researchIRCCS and by Ministero della Salute Italiano, Ricerca Finalizzata, project no. RF 2019-12371416.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Merigo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaetano Florio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabiana Madotto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Aurora Magliocca
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Silvestri
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Fumagalli
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marianna Cerrato
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Motta
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria De Giorgio
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Panigada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Zanella
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Grasselli
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ristagno
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Silachev DN, Boeva EA, Yakupova EI, Milovanova MA, Varnakova LA, Kalabushev SN, Antonova VV, Cherpakov RA, Ryzhkov IA, Lapin KN, Lyubomudrov MA, Grebenchikov OA. Positive Neuroprotective Effect of Argon Inhalation after Photochemically Induced Ischemic Stroke Model in Rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 176:143-149. [PMID: 38189873 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-024-05984-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
We studied the effect of 2-h inhalation of argon-oxygen mixture (Ar 70%/O2 30%) after photochemically induced stroke and on days 2 and 3 after stroke modeling on the severity of neurological deficit and brain damage (by MRI data) in Wistar rats. Neurological deficit was assessed within 14 days using the limb placement test. MRI and histological study of the brain with an assessment of the size of damage were performed on day 14 after ischemia. Significant differences were obtained in limb placement scores on days 3, 7, and 14, as well as in the volume of ischemic focus by MRI in comparison with the control (ischemia+N2 70%/O2 30%). Inhalation of argon-oxygen mixture for 2 h a day over 3 days after photoinduced stroke decreased the volume of brain damage by 2 times and reduced the severity of neurological deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Silachev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - E A Boeva
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - E I Yakupova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Milovanova
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - L A Varnakova
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - S N Kalabushev
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Antonova
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - R A Cherpakov
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - I A Ryzhkov
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - K N Lapin
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Lyubomudrov
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - O A Grebenchikov
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
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Jacquens A, Needham EJ, Zanier ER, Degos V, Gressens P, Menon D. Neuro-Inflammation Modulation and Post-Traumatic Brain Injury Lesions: From Bench to Bed-Side. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911193. [PMID: 36232495 PMCID: PMC9570205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Head trauma is the most common cause of disability in young adults. Known as a silent epidemic, it can cause a mosaic of symptoms, whether neurological (sensory-motor deficits), psychiatric (depressive and anxiety symptoms), or somatic (vertigo, tinnitus, phosphenes). Furthermore, cranial trauma (CT) in children presents several particularities in terms of epidemiology, mechanism, and physiopathology-notably linked to the attack of an immature organ. As in adults, head trauma in children can have lifelong repercussions and can cause social and family isolation, difficulties at school, and, later, socio-professional adversity. Improving management of the pre-hospital and rehabilitation course of these patients reduces secondary morbidity and mortality, but often not without long-term disability. One hypothesized contributor to this process is chronic neuroinflammation, which could accompany primary lesions and facilitate their development into tertiary lesions. Neuroinflammation is a complex process involving different actors such as glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes), the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, excitotoxicity, production of oxygen derivatives, cytokine release, tissue damage, and neuronal death. Several studies have investigated the effect of various treatments on the neuroinflammatory response in traumatic brain injury in vitro and in animal and human models. The aim of this review is to examine the various anti-inflammatory therapies that have been implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Jacquens
- Unité de Neuroanesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière 43-87, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
- Inserm, Maladies Neurodéveloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Université Paris Cité, F-75019 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-42-16-00-00
| | - Edward J. Needham
- Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Elisa R. Zanier
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Vincent Degos
- Unité de Neuroanesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière 43-87, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
- Inserm, Maladies Neurodéveloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Université Paris Cité, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Inserm, Maladies Neurodéveloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Université Paris Cité, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - David Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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Liang M, Ahmad F, Dickinson R. Neuroprotection by the noble gases argon and xenon as treatments for acquired brain injury: a preclinical systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2022; 129:200-218. [PMID: 35688658 PMCID: PMC9428918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2022.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The noble gases argon and xenon are potential novel neuroprotective treatments for acquired brain injuries. Xenon has already undergone early-stage clinical trials in the treatment of ischaemic brain injuries, with mixed results. Argon has yet to progress to clinical trials as a treatment for brain injury. Here, we aim to synthesise the results of preclinical studies evaluating argon and xenon as neuroprotective therapies for brain injuries. METHODS After a systematic review of the MEDLINE and Embase databases, we carried out a pairwise and stratified meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was examined by subgroup analysis, funnel plot asymmetry, and Egger's regression. RESULTS A total of 32 studies were identified, 14 for argon and 18 for xenon, involving measurements from 1384 animals, including murine, rat, and porcine models. Brain injury models included ischaemic brain injury after cardiac arrest (CA), neurological injury after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and ischaemic stroke. Both argon and xenon had significant (P<0.001), positive neuroprotective effect sizes. The overall effect size for argon (CA, TBI, stroke) was 18.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.1-28.1%), and for xenon (CA, TBI, stroke) was 34.1% (95% CI, 24.7-43.6%). Including the CPB model, only present for xenon, the xenon effect size (CPB, CA, TBI, stroke) was 27.4% (95% CI, 11.5-43.3%). Xenon, both with and without the CPB model, was significantly (P<0.001) more protective than argon. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence to support the use of xenon and argon as neuroprotective treatments for acquired brain injuries. Current evidence suggests that xenon is more efficacious than argon overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liang
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine, and Intensive Care Section, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Fatin Ahmad
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine, and Intensive Care Section, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Dickinson
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine, and Intensive Care Section, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK,Royal British Legion Centre for Blast Injury Studies, Imperial College London, London, UK,Corresponding author
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He J, Xue K, Liu J, Gu JH, Peng B, Xu L, Wang G, Jiang Z, Li X, Zhang Y. Timely and Appropriate Administration of Inhaled Argon Provides Better Outcomes for tMCAO Mice: A Controlled, Randomized, and Double-Blind Animal Study. Neurocrit Care 2022; 37:91-101. [PMID: 35137354 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-022-01448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhaled argon (iAr) has shown promising therapeutic efficacy for acute ischemic stroke and has exhibited impressive advantages over other inert gases as a neuroprotective agent. However, the optimal dose, duration, and time point of iAr for acute ischemic stroke are unknown. Here, we explored variable iAr schedules and evaluated the neuroprotective effects of acute iAr administration on lesion volume, brain edema, and neurological function in a mouse model of cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury. METHODS Adult ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice were randomly subjected to sham, moderate (1.5 h), or severe (3 h) transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). One hour after tMCAO, the mice were randomized to variable iAr protocols or air. General and focal deficit scores were assessed during double-blind treatment. Infarct volume, overall recovery, and brain edema were analyzed 24 h after cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury. RESULTS Compared with those in the tMCAO-only group, lesion volume (p < 0.0001) and neurologic outcome (general, p < 0.0001; focal, p < 0.0001) were significantly improved in the group administered iAr 1 h after stroke onset (during ischemia). Short-term argon treatment (1 or 3 h) significantly improved the infarct volume (1 vs. 24 h, p < 0.0001; 3 vs. 24 h, p < 0.0001) compared with argon inhalation for 24 h. The concentration of iAr was confirmed to be a key factor in improving focal neurological outcomes relative to that in the tMCAO group, with higher concentrations of iAr showing better effects. Additionally, even though ischemia research has shown an increase in cerebral damage proportional to the ischemia time, argon administration showed significant neuroprotective effects on infarct volume (p < 0.0001), neurological deficits (general, p < 0.0001; focal, p < 0.0001), weight recovery (p < 0.0001), and edema (p < 0.0001) in general, particularly in moderate stroke. CONCLUSIONS Timely iAr administration during ischemia showed optimal neurological outcomes and minimal infarct volumes. Moreover, an appropriate duration of argon administration was important for better neuroprotective efficacy. These findings may provide vital guidance for using argon as a neuroprotective agent and moving to clinical trials in acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan He
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Xue
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-Hua Gu
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lihua Xu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guohua Wang
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenglin Jiang
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China.
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Antonova VV, Silachev DN, Ryzhkov IA, Lapin KN, Kalabushev SN, Ostrova IV, Varnakova LA, Grebenchikov OA. Three-Hour Argon Inhalation Has No Neuroprotective Effect after Open Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12070920. [PMID: 35884727 PMCID: PMC9313057 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12070920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo studies of the therapeutic effects of argon in traumatic brain injury (TBI) are limited, and their results are contradictory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a three-hour inhalation of argon (70%Ar/30%O2) after an open TBI on the severity of the neurological deficit and the degree of brain damage in rats. The experiments were performed on male Wistar rats (n = 35). The TBI was simulated by the dosed open brain contusion injury. The animals were divided into three groups: sham-operated (SO, n = 7); TBI + 70%N2/30%O2 (TBI, n = 14); TBI + 70%Ar/30%O2 (TBI + iAr, n = 14). The Neurological status was assessed over a 14-day period (using the limb-placing and cylinder tests). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and a histological examination of the brain with an assessment of the volume of the lesions were performed 14 days after the injury. At each of the time points (days 1, 7, and 14), the limb-placing test score was lower in the TBI and TBI + iAr groups than in the SO group, while there were no significant differences between the TBI and TBI + iAr groups. Additionally, no differences were found between these groups in the cylinder test scores (day 13). The volume of brain damage (tissue loss) according to both the MRI and histological findings did not differ between the TBI and TBI + iAr groups. A three-hour inhalation of argon (70%Ar/30%O2) after a TBI had no neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya V. Antonova
- V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 107031 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.R.); (K.N.L.); (S.N.K.); (I.V.O.); (L.A.V.); (O.A.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-938-500-3034
| | - Denis N. Silachev
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ivan A. Ryzhkov
- V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 107031 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.R.); (K.N.L.); (S.N.K.); (I.V.O.); (L.A.V.); (O.A.G.)
| | - Konstantin N. Lapin
- V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 107031 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.R.); (K.N.L.); (S.N.K.); (I.V.O.); (L.A.V.); (O.A.G.)
| | - Sergey N. Kalabushev
- V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 107031 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.R.); (K.N.L.); (S.N.K.); (I.V.O.); (L.A.V.); (O.A.G.)
- Institute of Functional Genomics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V. Ostrova
- V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 107031 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.R.); (K.N.L.); (S.N.K.); (I.V.O.); (L.A.V.); (O.A.G.)
| | - Lydia A. Varnakova
- V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 107031 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.R.); (K.N.L.); (S.N.K.); (I.V.O.); (L.A.V.); (O.A.G.)
| | - Oleg A. Grebenchikov
- V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 107031 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.R.); (K.N.L.); (S.N.K.); (I.V.O.); (L.A.V.); (O.A.G.)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the current data on neuroprotection derived by noble gas treatment focusing on xenon and argon. RECENT FINDINGS Both xenon and argon have demonstrated neuroprotective properties in an array of disease models. However, current data for argon after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is conflicting. Recent human data is only available for xenon showing some beneficial aspects (fewer adverse events) but no effect on outcomes, such as incidence of postoperative delirium. SUMMARY Promising results are available for neuroprotection derived by noble gas treatment. Results for xenon are more consistent than those for argon. The mechanism of action of xenon (noncompetitive NMDA-receptor inhibition) is also better understood compared with that of argon. The evidence for argon's neuroprotective actions (particularly after TBI) remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Höllig
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen
| | - Mark Coburn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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