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Wang Y, Wei Y, Huang J, Li X, You D, Wang L, Ma X. Prognostic value of matrix metalloproteinase-2 protein and matrix metalloproteinase-9 protein in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:1065. [PMID: 39210344 PMCID: PMC11360742 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12775-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) are critical components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in patients with CRC. METHODS We performed a meta-analysis of cohort studies with available data on the effect of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression on both disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) by the risk ratios (RRs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Studies were subgrouped based on the different tissue types, including cancer tissue and normal tissue, and the subgroup effect of MMP expression in different tissues was analyzed through meta-regression. To ensure the quality and reduce the risk of bias, the Newcastle‒Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the included studies. A sensitivity analysis was randomly performed to assess the potential impact of each study on our results. RESULTS Eighteen trials were selected (Table 1) and included a total of 3944 patients. According to our primary meta-analysis, the expression of MMP-2 was significantly associated with a decrease in OS (RR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.34 to 2.29, P < 0.001) and DFS (RR = 2.62, 95% CI = 1.25 to 5.49, P < 0.001), and the expression of MMP-9 was not significantly associated with a decrease in OS (RR = 1.48, 95% CI = 0.97 to 2.24, P = 0.069) or DFS (RR = 1.60, 95% CI = 0.87 to 2.94, P = 0.133). According to the subgroup analysis of MMPs in different tissues, high MMP-2 expression in cancer tissue (RR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.29 to 2.79) and normal tissue (RR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.17 to 2.17) were significant indicators of poor OS. High MMP-2 expression in cancer tissue was significant indicator of poor DFS (RR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.09 to 4.11). MMP-9 expression was also associated with poor OS (RR = 1.40, 95% CI = 0.85 to 2.29), but the difference in OS between the high and low expression groups was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS High MMP-2 expression, especially in cancer tissue, is significantly associated with both poor DFS and poor OS in patients with CRC. High MMP-9 expression tended to indicate a poor prognosis of CRC but the correlation was not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusha Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuhao Wei
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xinke Li
- West China Clinical Medical College of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Diqing You
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine UESTC, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Meloti-Fiorio L, Silva-Sinara-Alves I, Rohor-de-Souza F, Grassi-Bautz W, Silva-Souza-Ribeiro F, Pinto-Nogueira-da-Gama L, Nogueira-da-Gama-de-Souza L. Perivascular mast cells and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, laminin-332 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human colorectal neoplasms. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA DE MEXICO (ENGLISH) 2023; 88:361-368. [PMID: 35810100 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide, and significantly contributes to cancer-related deaths. Most cases arise from adenomatous polyps. Biomarkers currently play an important role in tumor progression. Our aim was to identify perivascular mast cells and analyze the expression of laminin-332, MMP-9, and VEGF in cases of adenoma and CRC in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients were selected at the Coloproctology Service and samples were obtained through biopsies. Adenoma and CRC slides were examined, utilizing immunohistochemistry to detect molecules, and were processed, using 1% Alcian Blue (pH 0.5) for mast cell staining. RESULTS Higher density of perivascular mast cells was observed in adenomas. Laminin-332 expression revealed basement membrane discontinuity associated with tumor invasion in CRC. MMP-9 immunostaining in adenoma was detected in glandular epithelium and lining epithelium, in areas close to the basement membrane, whereas in CRC, the enzyme was found in the cytoplasm of invasive clusters. VEGF expression was associated with cell atypia in adenoma and in areas of disorganization of the epithelium-connective tissue interface in CRC. VEGF has also been detected in endothelial cells from microvessels. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the different patterns of perivascular mast cells and molecular expression in colorectal neoplasms. Those analyses favor the recognition of the predisposition to the disease, or its early stage, and have the potential to define the molecular profile of the lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Meloti-Fiorio
- Escuela de Medicina, Centro de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Federal del Espíritu Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - I Silva-Sinara-Alves
- Escuela de Medicina, Centro de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Federal del Espíritu Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - F Rohor-de-Souza
- Escuela de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Centro de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Federal del Espíritu Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - W Grassi-Bautz
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Federal del Espíritu Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - F Silva-Souza-Ribeiro
- PAT Laboratorio de Medicina, Universidad Federal del Espíritu Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | | | - L Nogueira-da-Gama-de-Souza
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Federal del Espíritu Santo, Vitória, Brazil.
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Characterization of Active MMP9 in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases Using a Novel Anti-MMP9 Antibody. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:antib12010009. [PMID: 36810514 PMCID: PMC9944116 DOI: 10.3390/antib12010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), a protease implicated in multiple diseases, is secreted as an inactive zymogen and requires proteolytic removal of the pro-domain for activation. The relative levels and functionality of the pro- and active-MMP9 isoforms in tissues are not characterized. We generated a specific antibody that distinguishes an active form of MMP9, F107-MMP9, from the inactive pro-MMP9 isoform. Using multiple in vitro assays and specimen types, we show that F107-MMP9 expression is localized and disease-specific compared with its more abundant parental pro-form. It is detected around sites of active tissue remodeling, including fistulae of inflammatory bowel and dermal fissures in hidradenitis suppurativa, and is expressed by myeloid cells, including macrophages and neutrophils. Together, our findings provide insights into the distribution and potential role of MMP9 in inflammatory diseases.
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Ayoup MS, Abu-Serie MM, Awad LF, Teleb M, Ragab HM, Amer A. Halting colorectal cancer metastasis via novel dual nanomolar MMP-9/MAO-A quinoxaline-based inhibitors; design, synthesis, and evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 222:113558. [PMID: 34116327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) are central signaling nodes in CRC and promotors of distant metastasis associated with high mortality rates. Novel series of quinoxaline-based dual MMP-9/MAO-A inhibitors were synthesized to suppress CRC progression. The design rationale combines the thematic pharmacophoric features of MMP-9 and MAO-A inhibitors in hybrid scaffolds. All derivatives were initially screened via MTT assay for cytotoxic effects on normal colonocytes to assess their safety profiles, then evaluated for their anticancer potential on HCT116 cells overexpressing MMP-9 and MAO-A. The most promising derivatives 8, 16, 17, 19, and 28 exhibited single digit nanomolar IC50 against HCT116 cells within their safe doses (EC100) on normal colonocytes. They suppressed HCT116 cell migration by 73.32, 61.29, 21.27, 28.82, and 27.48%, respectively as detected by wound healing assay. Enzymatic assays revealed that the selected derivatives were superior to the reference MMP-9 and MAO-A inhibitors (quercetin and clorgyline, respectively). The nanomolar dual MMP-9/MAO-A inhibitor 19 was identified as the most potent and balanced dual inhibitor among the evaluated series with considerable selectivity against MAO-A over MAO-B. Besides, qRT-PCR analysis was conducted to explore the hit compounds' potential to downregulate hypoxia-inducing factor (HIF-1α) in HCT116 cells being correlated with MAO-A mediated CRC migration and invasion. The five above-mentioned compounds significantly downregulated HIF-1α by more than 5 folds. Docking simulations predicted their possible binding modes with MMP-9 and MAO-A and highlighted their essential structural features. Finally, they recorded drug-like in silico physicochemical parameters and ADMET profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Salah Ayoup
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt.
| | - Marwa M Abu-Serie
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Egypt
| | - Laila F Awad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Teleb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Hanan M Ragab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Adel Amer
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia.
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Peltonen R, Hagström J, Tervahartiala T, Sorsa T, Haglund C, Isoniemi H. High Expression of MMP-9 in Primary Tumors and High Preoperative MPO in Serum Predict Improved Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer with Operable Liver Metastases. Oncology 2020; 99:144-160. [PMID: 33027796 DOI: 10.1159/000510609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The liver metastases of colorectal cancer (CRC) can be surgically treated in selected cases, with continuously improving results. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contribute to cancer invasion by degrading the extracellular matrix, and elevated levels of MMP-2, MMP-8, and MMP-9 have been detected in several malignancies. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a mediator of tissue damage that can oxidatively activate latent MMPs. We evaluated the prognostic value of MMP-2, MMP-8, and MMP-9 in tissue samples of primary tumors and liver metastases and the pre- and postoperative serum levels of MMP-8, MMP-9, and MPO in CRC patients undergoing liver resection. METHODS Tissue and serum samples were obtained from 111 patients who had primary colorectal tumors and their liver metastases surgically treated at the Helsinki University Hospital between 1988 and 2007. Tissue expression of MMP-2, MMP-8, and MMP-9 in primary tumors and liver metastases was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Pre- and postoperative serum concentrations of MMP-8, MMP-9, and MPO were determined using a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay or commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Clinical data were retrieved from patient records and the Central Statistical Office of Finland. Associations with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using Cox regression analysis and the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS High expression of MMP-9 in colorectal tumor tissue was associated with better DFS (p = 0.010), and high preoperative MPO in serum with improved DFS and OS (p < 0.001 and p = 0.014, respectively). The prognostic significance varied according to gender, age, and the synchronicity of liver metastases. CONCLUSION Low preoperative MPO in serum might identify patients at high risk of recurrence and death after resection of colorectal liver metastases. Elevated preoperative MPO and high expression of MMP-9 in colorectal tumor tissue indicate an improved prognosis. The use of these biomarkers should be adjusted according to clinical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetta Peltonen
- Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland,
| | - Jaana Hagström
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Medicine Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taina Tervahartiala
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital and Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital and Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oral Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Caj Haglund
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Medicine Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Isoniemi
- Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Medicine Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Morini SR, Denadai MV, Waisberg J, Lopes Filho GDJ, Matos D, Saad SS. Metalloproteinases and colorectal cancer. Correlation of gene expression and clinical-pathological parameters. Acta Cir Bras 2020; 35:e202000707. [PMID: 32813775 PMCID: PMC7433662 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020200070000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze gene and protein expression of metalloproteinases 1, 2, 9, 11 and 16 and their correlation with clinicopathological variables in colorectal adenocarcinoma. METHODS A retrospective study of 114 patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma treated surgically in the period 2006 to 2008 in Hospital de Câncer de Barretos - Fundação Pio XII. The evaluation of gene expression was performed by RT-PCR, and protein by immunohistochemistry. The analysis of gene expression was classified as overexpressed genes and poorly expressed (fold change of approximately 2, p<0.05). The positivity of the markers in the immunohistochemical study was performed by semi-quantitative analysis. The tissue of TMA (Tissue Microarray) was done by two independent pathologists. RESULTS The gene expression validated by immuno - histochemical was MMP-1(p= 0.00 and 1.57 fold change) and MMP - 2 (p= 0.01 and - 1.84 to fold change) when correlated with the histological types mucinous and adenocarcinoma NOS, MMP9 (p=0.01 and fold change of 1.13) and MMP-16 (p=0.03 and 1.61 fold change) when compared with the histological types villous and adenocarcinoma NOS, MMP - 11 statistically significant in relation to male (p = 0.04 and 1.65 fold change). CONCLUSIONS The MMPs 1, 2, 9, 11 and 16 gene and protein expression with statistical significance in at least one of the clinicopathological variables studied. Thus, we conclude that these MMPs have potential as a prognostic factor in colorectal adenocarcinoma.
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MMP-9 inhibition promotes anti-tumor immunity through disruption of biochemical and physical barriers to T-cell trafficking to tumors. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207255. [PMID: 30500835 PMCID: PMC6267998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), whose expression is frequently dysregulated in cancer, promotes tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis by multiple mechanisms, including extracellular matrix remodeling and growth-factor and cytokine activation. We developed a monoclonal antibody against murine MMP-9, which we found decreased growth of established primary tumors in an orthotopic model of HER2-driven breast cancer (HC11-NeuT) in immunocompetent mice. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) profiling of NeuT tumors and additional mouse model tumors revealed that anti-MMP-9 treatment resulted in upregulation of immune signature pathways associated with cytotoxic T-cell response. As there is a need to boost the low response rates observed with anti-PDL1 antibody treatment in the clinical setting, we assessed the potential of anti-MMP-9 to improve T-cell response to immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-PDL1 in NeuT tumors. Anti-MMP-9 and anti-PDL1 cotreatment reduced T-cell receptor (TCR) clonality and increased TCR diversity, as detected by TCR sequencing of NeuT tumors. Flow cytometry analyses of tumors showed that the combination treatment increased the frequency of CD3+ T cells, including memory/effector CD4 and CD8 T cells, but not regulatory T cells, among tumor-infiltrating leukocytes. Moreover, in vitro enzymatic assays corroborated that MMP-9 cleaves key T-cell chemoattractant CXC receptor 3 ligands (CXC ligand [CXCL] 9, CXCL10, and CXCL11) and renders them inactive in T-cell migration assays. Consistent with our in vitro experiments, analysis of NeuT tumor protein lysates showed that anti-MMP-9 treatment increases expression of CXCL10 and other T cell–stimulating factors, such as interleukin (IL)-12p70 and IL-18. We show that inhibition of MMP-9, a key component of the tumor-promoting and immune-suppressive myeloid inflammatory milieu, increases T-helper cell 1 type cytokines, trafficking of effector/memory T cells into tumors, and intratumoral T-cell diversity.
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Low HB, Png CW, Li C, Wang DY, Wong SBJ, Zhang Y. Monocyte-derived factors including PLA2G7 induced by macrophage-nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell interaction promote tumor cell invasiveness. Oncotarget 2018; 7:55473-55490. [PMID: 27487154 PMCID: PMC5342430 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-keratinizing undifferentiated subtype of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy characterized by an intimate relationship between neoplastic cells and a non-neoplastic lymphoid component. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) foster tumor progression through production of soluble mediators that support proliferation, angiogenesis, survival and invasion of malignant cells. However, the role of macrophages in the progression of NPC remains poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the functional and phenotypic changes that occur to macrophages in macrophage-NPC cell co-culture systems, and how these changes influence tumor cells. We found that monocytes, including THP-1 cells and primary human monocytes, co-cultured with C666-1 NPC cells upregulate expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines at the early stages, followed by the induction of metastasis-related genes and interferon-stimulated genes at the later stage of coculture, indicating that TAMs are “educated” by NPC cells for cancer progression. Importantly, the induction of these factors from the TAMs was also found to enhance the migratory capabilities of the NPC cells. We have also identified one of these macrophage-derived factor, phospholipase A2 Group 7 (PLA2G7), to be important in regulating tumor cell migration and a novel tumor-promoting factor in NPC. Further studies to characterize the role of PLA2G7 in tumor metastasis may help determine its potential as a therapeutic target in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Boon Low
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, The Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Chin Wen Png
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, The Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Chunwei Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Soon Boon Justin Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, The Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, The Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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de Oliveira GA, Cheng RYS, Ridnour LA, Basudhar D, Somasundaram V, McVicar DW, Monteiro HP, Wink DA. Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Carcinogenesis of Gastrointestinal Cancers. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:1059-1077. [PMID: 27494631 PMCID: PMC5488308 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer taken together constitutes one of the most common cancers worldwide with a broad range of etiological mechanisms. In this review, we have examined the impact of nitric oxide (NO) on the etiology of colon, colorectal, gastric, esophageal, and liver cancers. Recent Advances: Despite differences in etiology, initiation, and progression, chronic inflammation has been shown to be a common element within these cancers showing interactions of numerous pathways. NO generated at the inflammatory site contributes to the initiation and progression of disease. The amount of NO generated, time, and site vary and are an important determinant of the biological effects initiated. Among the nitric oxide synthase enzymes, the inducible isoform has the most diverse range, participating in numerous carcinogenic processes. There is emerging evidence showing that inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) plays a central role in the process of tumor initiation and/or development. CRITICAL ISSUES Redox inflammation through NOS2 and cyclooxygenase-2 participates in driving the mechanisms of initiation and progression in GI cancers. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding the underlying mechanism involved in NOS2 activation can provide new insights into important prevention and treatment strategies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 1059-1077.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciele Almeida de Oliveira
- 1 Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland
| | - Robert Y S Cheng
- 1 Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland
| | - Lisa A Ridnour
- 1 Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland
| | - Debashree Basudhar
- 1 Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland
| | - Veena Somasundaram
- 1 Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland
| | - Daniel W McVicar
- 1 Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland
| | - Hugo Pequeno Monteiro
- 2 Laboratório de Sinalização Celular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David A Wink
- 1 Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland
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Bajpai R, Nagaraju GP. Specificity protein 1: Its role in colorectal cancer progression and metastasis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 113:1-7. [PMID: 28427500 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) is a widely expressed transcription factor that plays an important role in the promotion of oncogenes required for tumor survival, progression and metastasis. Sp1 is highly expressed in several cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC) and is related to poor prognosis. Therefore, targeting Sp1 is a rational for CRC therapy. In this review, we will recapitulate the current understanding of Sp1 signaling, its molecular mechanisms, and its potential involvement in CRC growth, progression and metastasis. We will also discuss the current therapeutic drugs for CRC and their mechanism of action via Sp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Bajpai
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Salem N, Kamal I, Al-Maghrabi J, Abuzenadah A, Peer-Zada AA, Qari Y, Al-Ahwal M, Al-Qahtani M, Buhmeida A. High expression of matrix metalloproteinases: MMP-2 and MMP-9 predicts poor survival outcome in colorectal carcinoma. Future Oncol 2016; 12:323-31. [PMID: 26814712 DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the expression pattern of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs); MMP-2, MMP-7 and MMP-9 in colorectal cancer (CRC) and determine its prognostic potential. PATIENTS & METHODS CRC samples of 127 patients were studied. Protein expressions of MMP-2, -7 and -9 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and association with clinicopathological variables was statistically analyzed. RESULTS Overexpressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 correlated with poor outcome as evaluated by univariate Kaplan-Meier for disease-free survival (p = 0.04, p = 0.0001) and disease-specific survival (p = 0.01, p = 0.01), respectively. Cox analysis of MMP-2 and -9 were significant independent predictors of disease-free survival (p = 0.006, p = 0.018) and disease-specific survival (p = 0.004, p = 0.049), respectively. CONCLUSION MMPs expression patterns provide useful prognostic information in CRC, while predicting the patients at high risk for recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Salem
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Kamal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaudah Al-Maghrabi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Abuzenadah
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Ali Peer-Zada
- Molecular Genetics, Pathology & Clinical Laboratory Medicine Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousif Qari
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Al-Ahwal
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Qahtani
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelbaset Buhmeida
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Ding C, Luo J, Li L, Li S, Yang L, Pan H, Liu Q, Qin H, Chen C, Feng J. Gab2 facilitates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via the MEK/ERK/MMP signaling in colorectal cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:5. [PMID: 26754532 PMCID: PMC4709914 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0280-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Grb2-associated binder 2 (Gab2), a scaffolding adaptor protein, has recently been implicated in cancer progression. However, the role of Gab2 in the progression and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. Methods Gab2 expression was assessed in CRC patient specimens as well as in CRC cell lines. Recombinant lentivirus vector containing Gab2 gene and its small interfering RNAs were constructed and introduced into CRC cells. Cell migration and invasion ability were evaluated by transwell assays in vitro, and in vivo metastasis was performed on nude mice model. Moreover, the expression of Gab2 and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated proteins (E-cadherin and vimentin) were assessed by western blot and qRT-PCR in CRC cells to evaluate the correlation between Gab2 and EMT. Finally, we evaluated the impact of Gab2 on the activation of its downstream signaling effectors, and furthermore the effects of these pathways on Gab2 induced-EMT were also detected. Results We confirmed that increased Gab2 expression correlated with higher tumor node metastasis stage and highly invasive CRC cell lines. Ectopic expression of Gab2 promoted metastasis of CRC cells, whereas silencing of Gab2 resulted in inhibited metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of Gab2 in CRC cells induced EMT, whereas knockdown of Gab2 had the opposite effect. Furthermore, upregulation of Gab2 expression obviously stimulated the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2), and increased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP7) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) in CRC cells. Conversely, downregulation of Gab2 expression significantly decreased the activation of ERK1/2, and inhibited MMP7 and MMP9 expression. U0126, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK), can reverse the effects of Gab2 on EMT. Conclusions Our work highlights that Gab2 induces EMT through the MEK/ERK/MMP pathway, which in turn promotes intestinal tumor metastasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-015-0280-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbo Ding
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Immunology Innovation Base of Postgraduate Education in Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563003, PR China.
| | - Junmin Luo
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Immunology Innovation Base of Postgraduate Education in Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563003, PR China.
| | - Longmei Li
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Immunology Innovation Base of Postgraduate Education in Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563003, PR China.
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Immunology Innovation Base of Postgraduate Education in Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563003, PR China.
| | - Liwen Yang
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Immunology Innovation Base of Postgraduate Education in Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563003, PR China.
| | - Hongfei Pan
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Immunology Innovation Base of Postgraduate Education in Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563003, PR China.
| | - Qianyi Liu
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Immunology Innovation Base of Postgraduate Education in Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563003, PR China.
| | - Huan Qin
- Department of Microbiology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, 563003, PR China.
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Immunology Innovation Base of Postgraduate Education in Guizhou Province, Zunyi, 563003, PR China.
| | - Jihong Feng
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, 563003, PR China.
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13
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Marshall DC, Lyman SK, McCauley S, Kovalenko M, Spangler R, Liu C, Lee M, O’Sullivan C, Barry-Hamilton V, Ghermazien H, Mikels-Vigdal A, Garcia CA, Jorgensen B, Velayo AC, Wang R, Adamkewicz JI, Smith V. Selective Allosteric Inhibition of MMP9 Is Efficacious in Preclinical Models of Ulcerative Colitis and Colorectal Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127063. [PMID: 25961845 PMCID: PMC4427291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) is elevated in a variety of inflammatory and oncology indications, including ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. MMP9 is a downstream effector and an upstream mediator of pathways involved in growth and inflammation, and has long been viewed as a promising therapeutic target. However, previous efforts to target matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including MMP9, have utilized broad-spectrum or semi-selective inhibitors. While some of these drugs showed signs of efficacy in patients, all MMP-targeted inhibitors have been hampered by dose-limiting toxicity or insufficient clinical benefit, likely due to their lack of specificity. Here, we show that selective inhibition of MMP9 did not induce musculoskeletal syndrome (a characteristic toxicity of pan-MMP inhibitors) in a rat model, but did reduce disease severity in a dextran sodium sulfate-induced mouse model of ulcerative colitis. We also found that MMP9 inhibition decreased tumor growth and metastases incidence in a surgical orthotopic xenograft model of colorectal carcinoma, and that inhibition of either tumor- or stroma-derived MMP9 was sufficient to reduce primary tumor growth. Collectively, these data suggest that selective MMP9 inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of inflammatory and oncology indications in which MMP9 is upregulated and is associated with disease pathology, such as ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. In addition, we report the development of a potent and highly selective allosteric MMP9 inhibitor, the humanized monoclonal antibody GS-5745, which can be used to evaluate the therapeutic potential of MMP9 inhibition in patients.
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MESH Headings
- Allosteric Regulation
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/isolation & purification
- Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced
- Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy
- Colitis, Ulcerative/enzymology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colorectal Neoplasms/enzymology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Dextran Sulfate
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Epitope Mapping
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/administration & dosage
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors/isolation & purification
- Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C. Marshall
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Susan K. Lyman
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Scott McCauley
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Maria Kovalenko
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Rhyannon Spangler
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Chian Liu
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Lee
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher O’Sullivan
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Vivian Barry-Hamilton
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Haben Ghermazien
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Amanda Mikels-Vigdal
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Carlos A. Garcia
- Department of Process Development, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Oceanside, California, United States of America
| | - Brett Jorgensen
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Arleene C. Velayo
- Department of Process Development, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Oceanside, California, United States of America
| | - Ruth Wang
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Joanne I. Adamkewicz
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Victoria Smith
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
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14
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Herszényi L, Barabás L, Hritz I, István G, Tulassay Z. Impact of proteolytic enzymes in colorectal cancer development and progression. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:13246-13257. [PMID: 25309062 PMCID: PMC4188883 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i37.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor invasion and metastasis is a highly complicated, multi-step phenomenon. In the complex event of tumor progression, tumor cells interact with basement membrane and extracellular matrix components. Proteolytic enzymes (proteinases) are involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix, but also in cancer invasion and metastasis. The four categories of proteinases (cysteine-, serine-, aspartic-, and metalloproteinases) are named and classified according to the essential catalytic component in their active site. We and others have shown that proteolytic enzymes play a major role not only in colorectal cancer (CRC) invasion and metastasis, but also in malignant transformation of precancerous lesions into cancer. Tissue and serum-plasma antigen concentrations of proteinases might be of great value in identifying patients with poor prognosis in CRC. Our results, in concordance with others indicate the potential tumor marker impact of proteinases for the early diagnosis of CRC. In addition, proteinases may also serve as potential target molecules for therapeutic agents.
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15
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Expression profiling using a cDNA array and immunohistochemistry for the extracellular matrix genes FN-1, ITGA-3, ITGB-5, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in colorectal carcinoma progression and dissemination. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:102541. [PMID: 24737953 PMCID: PMC3967625 DOI: 10.1155/2014/102541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer dissemination depends on extracellular matrix genes related to remodeling and degradation of the matrix structure. This investigation intended to evaluate the association between FN-1, ITGA-3, ITGB-5, MMP-2, and MMP-9 gene and protein expression levels in tumor tissue with clinical and histopathological neoplastic parameters of cancer dissemination. The expression associations between ECM molecules and selected epithelial markers EGFR, VEGF, Bcl2, P53, and KI-67 have also been examined in 114 patients with colorectal cancer who underwent primary tumor resection. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry tissue microarray methods were performed in samples from the primary tumors. The gene expression results showed that the ITGA-3 and ITGB-5 genes were overexpressed in tumors with lymph node and distant metastasis (III/IV-stage tumors compared with I/II tumors). The MMP-2 gene showed significant overexpression in mucinous type tumors, and MMP-9 was overexpressed in villous adenocarcinoma histologic type tumors. The ECM genes MMP9 and ITGA-3 have shown a significant expression correlation with EGFR epithelial marker. The overexpression of the matrix extracellular genes ITGA-3 and ITGB-5 is associated with advanced stage tumors, and the genes MMP-2 and MMP-9 are overexpressed in mucinous and villous adenocarcinoma type tumors, respectively. The epithelial marker EGFR overactivity has been shown to be associated with the ECM genes MMP-9 and ITGA-3 expression.
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16
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Intratumoral regulatory T cells are associated with suppression of colorectal carcinoma metastasis after resection through overcoming IL-17 producing T cells. Cell Immunol 2014; 287:100-5. [PMID: 24487033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
With opposite immune activities, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and IL-17 producing T cells were accumulated in various malignant tumors and played critical roles in pathophysiologic course of these diseases. In this study, we investigated the mix-effect of the intratumoral Tregs and IL-17 producing T cells on metastasis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) after resection. The frequency of intratumoral Tregs and IL-17A+ T cells, and the levels of FoxP3 and IL-17 mRNA were analyzed. The ratio of Tregs/IL-17A+T cells and the ratio of FoxP3 mRNA/IL-17 mRNA were calculated. The activities of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) in tumor tissues were analyzed. Meanwhile, Tregs from patient's blood was co-cultured with human CRC cells in the presence of IL-17. MMPs protein and mRNA levels were determined after 48 or 24h incubation. We found that Tregs and IL-17A+T cells were accumulated in CRC. The ratio of Tregs/IL-17A+T cells was decreased in CRC tissues. More intratumoral Tregs and less IL-17A+T cells were associated with suppressed MMPs activities and decreased metastases score. In addition, vitro studies demonstrated that Tregs suppressed MMPs expression in the presence of IL-17. Our findings suggested the possibility that intratumoral Tregs protected against metastasis of CRC after resection through overcoming IL-17 producing T cells.
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17
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No-cost manual method for preparation of tissue microarrays having high quality comparable to semiautomated methods. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2013; 21:271-4. [PMID: 23235346 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e318268a93f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Manual tissue microarray (TMA) construction had been introduced to avoid the high cost of automated and semiautomated techniques. The cheapest and simplest technique for constructing manual TMA was that of using mechanical pencil tips. This study was carried out to modify this method, aiming to raise its quality to reach that of expensive ones. Some modifications were introduced to Shebl's technique. Two conventional mechanical pencil tips of different diameters were used to construct the recipient blocks. A source of mild heat was used, and blocks were incubated at 38°C overnight. With our modifications, 3 high-density TMA blocks were constructed. We successfully performed immunostaining without substantial tissue loss. Our modifications increased the number of cores per block and improved the stability of the cores within the paraffin block. This new, modified technique is a good alternative for expensive machines in many laboratories.
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18
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Ding D, Xi P, Zhou J, Wang M, Cong YS. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase regulates MMP expression independently of telomerase activity via NF-κB-dependent transcription. FASEB J 2013; 27:4375-83. [PMID: 23884427 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-230904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase plays a pivotal role in the pathology of aging and cancer by controlling telomere length and integrity. However, accumulating evidence indicates that telomerase reverse transcriptase may have fundamental biological functions independent of its enzymatic activity in telomere maintenance. In this study, the ectopic expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and its catalytic mutant hTERT K626A induced cancer cell invasion accompanied by the up-regulation of the metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP1, -3, -9, and -10. Both hTERT and hTERT K626A induced MMP9 mRNA expression and promoter activity in an NF-κB-dependent manner. hTERT and hTERT K626A also regulated the expression of several NF-κB target genes in cancer cell lines. Furthermore, both hTERT and hTERT K626A interacted with NF-κB p65 and increased NF-κB p65 nuclear accumulation and DNA binding. A mammalian 1-hybrid assay showed a functional interplay between hTERT and NF-κB p65 that may mediate NF-κB-dependent transcription activation in cells. Together, these data reveal a telomere-independent role for telomerase as a transcriptional modulator of the NF-κB signaling pathway and a possible contributor to cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Ding
- 2Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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19
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Matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression and prognosis in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2012; 34:735-41. [PMID: 23269605 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is an important member of the matrix metalloproteinase family and is considered to be involved in the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Many studies were published to assess the prognostic role of MMP-9 overexpression in patients with colorectal cancer, but the findings from those studies were inconsistent. We searched eligible studies in Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Thirteen studies with a total of 2, 390 CRC patients were finally included into the meta-analysis. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with the corresponding 95 % confidence interval (95 % CIs) for overall and progression-free survival were calculated by using meta-analysis. There were nine studies with a total of 1,674 colorectal cancer patients relating the progression-free survival, and eight studies with a total of 1,379 colorectal cancer patients relating the overall survival. Overall, MMP-9 overexpression was associated with poorer progression-free survival in patients with colorectal cancer (fixed-effects HR 1.81, 95 % CI 1.48-2.20, P < 0.001; random-effects HR 1.92, 95 % CI 1.46-2.53, P < 0.001). In addition, MMP-9 overexpression was also associated with poorer overall survival in patients with colorectal cancer (fixed-effects HR 1.74, 95 % CI 1.39-2.19, P < 0.001; random-effects HR 1.78, 95 % CI 1.31-2.41, P < 0.001). MMP-9 expression is associated with the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer, and patients with higher MMP-9 expression have poorer survival.
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20
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Koskensalo S, Hagström J, Linder N, Lundin M, Sorsa T, Louhimo J, Haglund C. Lack of MMP-9 expression is a marker for poor prognosis in Dukes' B colorectal cancer. BMC Clin Pathol 2012; 12:24. [PMID: 23216739 PMCID: PMC3538073 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-12-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a role in cancer progression by degrading extracellular matrix and basement membranes, assisting in tumour neovascularization and in supporting immune response in cancer. Methods We studied the prognostic value of immunohistochemical expression of MMP-2, MMP-8, and MMP-9 in a series of 619 colorectal cancer patients using tissue microarray specimens. Results Of the samples, 56% were positive for MMP-2, 78% for MMP-8, and 60% for MMP-9. MMP-9 associated with low WHO grade (p < 0.001). In univariate analysis of Dukes’ B tumours, MMP-9 negativity associated with poor survival (p = 0.018), and MMP-9 positivity was an independent prognostic marker in multivariate analysis of these tumours (p = 0.034). Conclusion Negative MMP-9 expression can predict poor prognosis in Dukes’ B colorectal tumours and may prove useful for identifying patients, who should be offered adjuvant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selja Koskensalo
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P,O, Box 440, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland.
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21
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Elzagheid A, Emaetig F, Buhmeida A, Laato M, El-Faitori O, Syrjänen K, Collan Y, Pyrhönen S. Loss of MUC2 expression predicts disease recurrence and poor outcome in colorectal carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2012. [PMID: 23179399 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0588-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical staging and histological grading after surgery have been the "gold standard" for predicting prognosis and planning for adjuvant therapy of colorectal cancer (CRC). With the recent development of molecular markers, it has become possible to characterize tumors at the molecular level. This is important for stage II and III CRCs, in which clinicopathological features do not accurately predict heterogeneity, e.g., in their tumor response to adjuvant therapy. In the present study, archival samples from 141 patients with stage I, II, III, or IV CRC treated during 1981-1990 at Turku University Hospital (Finland) were used (as microarray blocks) to analyze MUC2 expression by immunohistochemistry. Altogether, 49.7 % of all tumors were positive for MUC2. There was no significant correlation between MUC2 expression and age (P < 0.499), tumor invasion (P < 0.127), tumor staging (P < 0.470), histological grade (P < 0.706), lymph node involvement (P < 0.854), or tumor metastasis (P < 0.586). However, loss of MUC2 expression was significantly associated with disease recurrence (P < 0.031), tumor localization (P < 0.048), and with borderline significance with gender (P < 0.085). In univariate (Kaplan-Meier) survival analysis, positive MUC2 significantly predicted longer disease-free survival (DFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) as well. However, in multivariate (Cox) survival analysis, MUC2 lost its power as an independent predictor of DFS and DSS. Our results implicate the value of MUC2 expression in predicting disease recurrence and long-term survival in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Elzagheid
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya.
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22
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Herszényi L, Hritz I, Lakatos G, Varga MZ, Tulassay Z. The behavior of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in colorectal cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:13240-63. [PMID: 23202950 PMCID: PMC3497324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131013240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in the degradation of extracellular matrix components crucial for tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. MMPs are controlled by natural inhibitors called tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). We and others have demonstrated that MMPs and TIMPs are especially important in the process of tumor invasion, progression and the metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC). It has been proposed that MMPs and TIMPs might play a part not only in tumor invasion and initiation of metastasis but also in carcinogenesis from colorectal adenomas. Several recent studies demonstrated that high preoperative serum or plasma MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 antigen levels are strong predictive factors for poor prognosis in patients with CRC and their determination might be useful for identification of patients with higher risk for cancer recurrence. MMP-9 and TIMP-1 have significant potential tumor marker impact in CRC. Their diagnostic sensitivity is consistently higher than those of conventional biomarkers. The pharmacological targeting of CRC by the development of a new generation of selective inhibitors of MMPs, that is highly specific for certain MMPs, is a promising and challenging area for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Herszényi
- Second Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Szentkirályi str. 46, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (I.H.); (G.L.); (M.Z.V.); (Z.T.)
| | - István Hritz
- Second Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Szentkirályi str. 46, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (I.H.); (G.L.); (M.Z.V.); (Z.T.)
- First Department of Medicine, Fejér County Szent György Hospital, Székesfehérvár, H-8000, Hungary
| | - Gábor Lakatos
- Second Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Szentkirályi str. 46, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (I.H.); (G.L.); (M.Z.V.); (Z.T.)
- Department of Oncology, Szent László Hospital, Budapest, H-1097, Hungary
| | - Mária Zsófia Varga
- Second Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Szentkirályi str. 46, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (I.H.); (G.L.); (M.Z.V.); (Z.T.)
| | - Zsolt Tulassay
- Second Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Szentkirályi str. 46, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (I.H.); (G.L.); (M.Z.V.); (Z.T.)
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23
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Stevenson L, Allen WL, Turkington R, Jithesh PV, Proutski I, Stewart G, Lenz HJ, Van Schaeybroeck S, Longley DB, Johnston PG. Identification of galanin and its receptor GalR1 as novel determinants of resistance to chemotherapy and potential biomarkers in colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:5412-26. [PMID: 22859720 PMCID: PMC3463501 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A major factor limiting the effective clinical management of colorectal cancer (CRC) is resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, the identification of novel, therapeutically targetable mediators of resistance is vital. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used a CRC disease-focused microarray platform to transcriptionally profile chemotherapy-responsive and nonresponsive pretreatment metastatic CRC liver biopsies and in vitro samples, both sensitive and resistant to clinically relevant chemotherapeutic drugs (5-FU and oxaliplatin). Pathway and gene set enrichment analyses identified candidate genes within key pathways mediating drug resistance. Functional RNAi screening identified regulators of drug resistance. RESULTS Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, focal adhesion, cell cycle, insulin signaling, and apoptosis were identified as key pathways involved in mediating drug resistance. The G-protein-coupled receptor galanin receptor 1 (GalR1) was identified as a novel regulator of drug resistance. Notably, silencing either GalR1 or its ligand galanin induced apoptosis in drug-sensitive and resistant cell lines and synergistically enhanced the effects of chemotherapy. Mechanistically, GalR1/galanin silencing resulted in downregulation of the endogenous caspase-8 inhibitor FLIP(L), resulting in induction of caspase-8-dependent apoptosis. Galanin mRNA was found to be overexpressed in colorectal tumors, and importantly, high galanin expression correlated with poor disease-free survival of patients with early-stage CRC. CONCLUSION This study shows the power of systems biology approaches to identify key pathways and genes that are functionally involved in mediating chemotherapy resistance. Moreover, we have identified a novel role for the GalR1/galanin receptor-ligand axis in chemoresistance, providing evidence to support its further evaluation as a potential therapeutic target and biomarker in CRC.
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Omran OM, Thabet M. Gelatinases A and B expression in human colorectal cancer in upper Egypt: a clinicopathological study. Ultrastruct Pathol 2012; 36:108-16. [PMID: 22471433 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2011.641671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Prognosis of colorectal carcinoma depends on many factors, such as age and sex of patient; location; multiplicity; local extent and size of tumor, bowel obstruction, or perforation; as well as tumor microscopic type and grade; vascular and perineural invasion; and nodal and distant metastasis. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of proteolytic enzymes strongly implicated in tumor invasion and metastasis, hence in tumor prognosis. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in colorectal tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis, hence their prognostic values. METHOD Immunohistochemical analysis of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in colorectal cancer cells, an immunohistochemical score based on the intensity of immunoreactivity and proportion of immunoreactive cells that established for each MMP, and correlation of this expression with the established prognostic factors. RESULTS MMP-2 was expressed in 81.8% (strong expression in 40%) of cases, and MMP-9 was expressed in 72% (strong expression in 35%) of cases. CONCLUSIONS MMP-2 and MMP-9 are widely expressed in colorectal carcinoma, suggesting significant diagnostic and prognostic values in these tumors. Increased levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein expression in colorectal carcinoma tissues as compared to normal tissues suggest their association with colorectal tumor invasion and metastasis and that they could be targets for intervention and therapy in colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola M Omran
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt.
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Abajo A, Bitarte N, Zarate R, Boni V, Lopez I, Gonzalez-Huarriz M, Rodriguez J, Bandres E, Garcia-Foncillas J. Identification of colorectal cancer metastasis markers by an angiogenesis-related cytokine-antibody array. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:637-45. [PMID: 22363134 PMCID: PMC3281220 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i7.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the angiogenesis-related protein expression profile characterizing metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) with the aim of identifying prognostic markers.
METHODS: The expression of 44 angiogenesis-secreted factors was measured by a novel cytokine antibody array methodology. The study evaluated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (sVEGFR)-1 protein levels by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in a panel of 16 CRC cell lines. mRNA VEGF and VEGF-A isoforms were quantified by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2 expression was analyzed by flow cytometry.
RESULTS: Metastasis-derived CRC cell lines expressed a distinctive molecular profile as compared with those isolated from a primary tumor site. Metastatic CRC cell lines were characterized by higher expression of angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), macrophage chemoattractant proteins-3/4 (MCP-3/4), matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), and the chemokines interferon γ inducible T cell α chemoattractant protein (I-TAC), monocyte chemoattractant protein I-309, and interleukins interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-1α, as compared to primary tumor cell lines. In contrast, primary CRC cell lines expressed higher levels of interferon γ (IFN-γ), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IL-6, leptin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), placental growth factor (PlGF), thrombopoietin, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and VEGF-D, as compared with the metastatic cell lines. VEGF expression does not significantly differ according to the CRC cellular origin in normoxia. Severe hypoxia induced VEGF expression up-regulation but contrary to expectations, metastatic CRC cell lines did not respond as much as primary cell lines to the hypoxic stimulus. In CRC primary-derived cell lines, we observed a two-fold increase in VEGF expression between normoxia and hypoxia as compared to metastatic cell lines. CRC cell lines express a similar pattern of VEGF isoforms (VEGF121, VEGF165 and VEGF189) despite variability in VEGF expression, where the major transcript was VEGF121. No relevant expression of VEGFR-2 was found in CRC cell lines, as compared to that of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and sVEGFR-1 expression did not depend on the CRC cellular origin.
CONCLUSION: A distinct angiogenesis-related expression pattern characterizes metastatic CRC cell lines. Factors other than VEGF appear as prognostic markers and intervention targets in the metastatic CRC setting.
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Human matrix metalloproteinases: an ubiquitarian class of enzymes involved in several pathological processes. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 33:119-208. [PMID: 22100792 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) belong to the M10 family of the MA clan of endopeptidases. They are ubiquitarian enzymes, structurally characterized by an active site where a Zn(2+) atom, coordinated by three histidines, plays the catalytic role, assisted by a glutamic acid as a general base. Various MMPs display different domain composition, which is very important for macromolecular substrates recognition. Substrate specificity is very different among MMPs, being often associated to their cellular compartmentalization and/or cellular type where they are expressed. An extensive review of the different MMPs structural and functional features is integrated with their pathological role in several types of diseases, spanning from cancer to cardiovascular diseases and to neurodegeneration. It emerges a very complex and crucial role played by these enzymes in many physiological and pathological processes.
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Souza EM, Baiocchi OCG, Zanichelli MA, Alves AC, Assis MG, Silva JMK, Dobo C, Oliveira JSR. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is consistently expressed in Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells and has no impact on survival in patients with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-related and non-related Hodgkin lymphoma in Brazil. Med Oncol 2011; 29:2148-52. [PMID: 21922298 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-0063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eni M Souza
- Departamento de Oncologia Clínica e Experimental, Disciplina de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, Brazil
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Jensen SA, Vainer B, Bartels A, Brünner N, Sørensen JB. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) by colorectal cancer cells and adjacent stroma cells--associations with histopathology and patients outcome. Eur J Cancer 2011; 46:3233-42. [PMID: 20801641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To elucidate cellular features accountable for colorectal cancers' (CRC) capability to invade normal tissue and to metastasize, we investigated the level of the collagenase matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and its physiological inhibitor tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) in cancer cells and supporting stroma cells of CRC. METHODS Immunoreactivity of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 by carcinoma cells, lymphocytes and fibroblasts in archival specimens of paraffin-embedded primary tumours were retrospectively associated with outcome in 340 consecutive patients completely resected for CRC stages II-IV and subsequently treated with adjuvant 5-fluorouracil. RESULTS Expression of MMP-9 by carcinoma cells was demonstrated in 9% of specimens without association to recurrence free survival (RFS) (HR = 1.0; 95% CI: 0.6-1.8; P = 0.9) or overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.9; 95% CI: 0.5-1.6; P = 0.6). TIMP-1 expression by carcinoma cells, which appeared in 64% of the specimens, was inversely related with RFS (HR = 1.3; 95% CI: 0.9-1.8; P = 0.08) and OS (HR = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1-2.1; P = 0.02). Expression of TIMP-1 by fibroblasts at the invasive border was directly related to RFS (HR = 0.7; 95% CI: 0.6-0.9; P = 0.02) and OS (HR = 0.7; 95% CI: 0.6-1.0; P = 0.05). Expression of MMP-9 by lymphocytes correlated significantly with the degree of peritumoural inflammation (P = 0.02) but not with RFS (HR = .9; 95% CI: 0.7-1.1; P = 0.2) or OS (HR = 0.8; 95% CI: 0.7-1.0; P = 0.07). CONCLUSION TIMP-1 in cancer cells is associated with poor prognosis independent of its function as inhibitor of MMP-9. MMP-9 and TIMP-1 are important mediators of the host-cancer cell interaction in the tumour microenvironment with significant influence on the histopathology and on prognosis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Astrup Jensen
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Park KS, Kim SJ, Kim KH, Kim JC. Clinical characteristics of TIMP2, MMP2, and MMP9 gene polymorphisms in colorectal cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 26:391-7. [PMID: 21261731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Genetic variations and the expression profile of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) are involved in the invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer. METHODS The gene profiles of TIMP2 and MMP were assayed from 333 colorectal cancer using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS TIMP2-418*G/*G, TIMP2 303*G/*G and MMP9-1562*C/*C were more frequent in patients than in controls (P = 0.020, P < 0.0001 and P < 0.044, respectively). Frequency of TIMP2-418*G/*G was higher in patients with metastasis than in those without metastasis, and that of TIMP2 303*G/*G was higher in patients with rectal cancer than in those with colon cancer (P = 0.008 and P =0.022, respectively). TIMP2-303*A/*A and MMP2-1575*G/*G were less frequent in patients than in controls (P = 0.001 and P = 0.005, respectively). The TIMP2-418*G303*G haplotype was more frequent (P < 0.0001) and MMP2-1575*G-735*C haplotype was less frequent in patients than in controls (P= 0.005). CONCLUSION Specific single-nucleotide polymorphism in TIMP2 and MMP appeared to be associated with tumorigenesis and biological behavior in colorectal cancer, which is expected be further verified in a larger cohort in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Sook Park
- Department of Biology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
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Yang ZZ, Wu ZS, Fa W, Li SX, Lv YF. Expression of Twist1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:314-317. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i3.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the clinical significance of the expression of Twist1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins in colorectal cancer.
METHODS: The expression of Twist1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins was examined on tissue chips containing 92 colorectal cancer samples by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: The positive rates of Twist1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein expression in colorectal cancer were 64.1%, 66.3% and 67.4%, respectively. High expression of Twist1 was positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and TNM stage (both P < 0.05) but inversely with patient's overall survival and relapse-free survival (P < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). The expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (both P < 0.01). A positive correlation was also found between MMP-9 expression and tumor size (P < 0.01). The expression of Twist1 was positively correlated with that of MMP-9 (P < 0.05), but not with that of MMP-2 (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The expression of Twist1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 plays an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis in colorectal cancer. The expression of MMP-9 might be partly regulated by Twist1.
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He JR, Qin H, Ren ZF, Cui C, Zhang Y, Ranatunga D, Zeng YX, Jia WH. MMP-9 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the association with clinicopathological features and prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:705-10. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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