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Marsch P, Rajagopal N, Nangia S. Biophysics of claudin proteins in tight junction architecture: Three decades of progress. Biophys J 2024; 123:2363-2378. [PMID: 38859584 PMCID: PMC11365114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions are cell-cell adhesion complexes that act as gatekeepers of the paracellular space. Formed by several transmembrane proteins, the claudin family performs the primary gate-keeping function. The claudin proteins form charge and size-selective diffusion barriers to maintain homeostasis across endothelial and epithelial tissue. Of the 27 known claudins in mammals, some are known to seal the paracellular space, while others provide selective permeability. The differences in permeability arise due to the varying expression levels of claudins in each tissue. The tight junctions are observed as strands in freeze-fracture electron monographs; however, at the molecular level, tight junction strands form when multiple claudin proteins assemble laterally (cis assembly) within a cell and head-on (trans assembly) with claudins of the adjacent cell in a zipper-like architecture, closing the gap between the neighboring cells. The disruption of tight junctions caused by changing claudin expression levels or mutations can lead to diseases. Therefore, knowledge of the molecular architecture of the tight junctions and how that is tied to tissue-specific function is critical for fighting diseases. Here, we review the current understanding of the tight junctions accrued over the last three decades from experimental and computational biophysics perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Marsch
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Nandhini Rajagopal
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Shikha Nangia
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York.
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2
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Fong H, Zhou B, Feng H, Luo C, Bai B, Zhang J, Wang Y. Recapitulation of Structure-Function-Regulation of Blood-Brain Barrier under (Patho)Physiological Conditions. Cells 2024; 13:260. [PMID: 38334652 PMCID: PMC10854731 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a remarkable and intricate barrier that controls the exchange of molecules between the bloodstream and the brain. Its role in maintaining the stability of the central nervous system cannot be overstated. Over the years, advancements in neuroscience and technology have enabled us to delve into the cellular and molecular components of the BBB, as well as its regulation. Yet, there is a scarcity of comprehensive reviews that follow a logical framework of structure-function-regulation, particularly focusing on the nuances of BBB regulation under both normal and pathological conditions. This review sets out to address this gap by taking a historical perspective on the discovery of the BBB and highlighting the major observations that led to its recognition as a distinct brain barrier. It explores the intricate cellular elements contributing to the formation of the BBB, including endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and neurons, emphasizing their collective role in upholding the integrity and functionality of the BBB. Furthermore, the review delves into the dynamic regulation of the BBB in physiological states, encompassing neural, humoral, and auto-regulatory mechanisms. By shedding light on these regulatory processes, a deeper understanding of the BBB's response to various physiological cues emerges. This review also investigates the disruption of the BBB integrity under diverse pathological conditions, such as ischemia, infection, and toxin exposure. It elucidates the underlying mechanisms that contribute to BBB dysfunction and explores potential therapeutic strategies that aim to restore the BBB integrity and function. Overall, this recapitulation provides valuable insights into the structure, functions, and regulation of the BBB. By integrating historical perspectives, cellular elements, regulatory mechanisms, and pathological implications, this review contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the BBB and paves the way for future research and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hin Fong
- Faculty of Medicine, International School, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (H.F.); (C.L.); (B.B.)
| | - Botao Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical and Public Health School, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;
| | - Haixiao Feng
- Gies College of Business, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Chuoying Luo
- Faculty of Medicine, International School, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (H.F.); (C.L.); (B.B.)
| | - Boren Bai
- Faculty of Medicine, International School, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (H.F.); (C.L.); (B.B.)
| | - John Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Yuechun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical and Public Health School, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;
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3
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Fang Y, Zhang G, Bai Z, Yan Y, Song X, Zhao X, Yang P, Zhang Z. Low-intensity ultrasound: A novel technique for adjuvant treatment of gliomas. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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4
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Wysocki M, Czarczynska-Goslinska B, Ziental D, Michalak M, Güzel E, Sobotta L. Excited state and reactive oxygen species against cancer and pathogens: a review on sonodynamic and sono-photodynamic therapy. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200185. [PMID: 35507015 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy are therapies having great potential in the treatment of bacterial infections and cancer. Their background is associated with photo- and sonosensitizers - substances that can be excited when exposed to light or ultrasound. These sensitizers belong to a variety of compounds groups, including porphyrins, porphyrazines, and phthalocyanines. Releasing the energy when returning to the ground state can occur in the manner of transferring it to oxygen molecules, leading to reactive oxygen species able to disrupt membranes of bacterial and cancer cells, leaving the organism's cells unaffected. In recent years, the number of reports on numerous sensitizers being effective has been constantly growing. Therefore, the development of this field may prove beneficial for dealing with cancer and microbes. This review describes the development of photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy, as well as their combination, with emphasize on sonodynamic therapy and its potential in the treatment of cancer and bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Wysocki
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy: Uniwersytet Medyczny im Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu Wydzial Farmaceutyczny, Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, POLAND
| | - Beata Czarczynska-Goslinska
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy: Uniwersytet Medyczny im Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu Wydzial Farmaceutyczny, Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, POLAND
| | - Daniel Ziental
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy: Uniwersytet Medyczny im Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu Wydzial Farmaceutyczny, Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, POLAND
| | - Maciej Michalak
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy: Uniwersytet Medyczny im Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu Wydzial Farmaceutyczny, Chair and Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, POLAND
| | - Emre Güzel
- Sakarya Uygulamali Bilimler Universitesi, Department of Engineering Fundamental Sciences, TURKEY
| | - Lukasz Sobotta
- Uniwersytet Medyczny imienia Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Grunwaldzka 6, 60780, Poznan, POLAND
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5
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Inglut CT, Gray KM, Vig S, Jung JW, Stabile J, Zhang Y, Stroka KM, Huang HC. Photodynamic Priming Modulates Endothelial Cell-Cell Junction Phenotype for Light-activated Remote Control of Drug Delivery. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2021; 27:7200311. [PMID: 33519171 PMCID: PMC7839980 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2020.3024014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains a major obstacle for drug delivery to the central nervous system. In particular, the tight and adherens junctions that join the brain capillary endothelial cells limit the diffusion of various molecules from the bloodstream into the brain. Photodynamic priming (PDP) is a non-cytotoxic modality that involves light activation of photosensitizers to photochemically modulate nearby molecules without killing the cells. Here we investigate the effects of sub-lethal photochemistry on junction phenotype (i.e., continuous, punctate, or perpendicular), as well as the BBB permeability in a transwell model of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). We showed that PDP decreases the continuous junction architecture by ~20%, increases the perpendicular junction architecture by ~40%, and has minimal impact on cell morphology in HBMECs. Furthermore, transwell permeability assay revealed that PDP improves the HBMEC permeability to dextran or nanoliposomes by up to 30-fold for 6-9 days. These results suggest that PDP could safely reverse the mature brain endothelial junctions without killing the HBMECs. This study not only emphasizes the critical roles of PDP in the modulation junction phenotype, but also highlights the opportunity to further develop PDP-based combinations that opens the cerebrum endothelium for enhanced drug transporter across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin T Inglut
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kelsey M Gray
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Shruti Vig
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jae W Jung
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jillian Stabile
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Yuji Zhang
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kimberly M Stroka
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Huang-Chiao Huang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Li H, Shen S, Ruan X, Liu X, Zheng J, Liu Y, Yang C, Wang D, Liu L, Ma J, Ma T, Wang P, Cai H, Li Z, Zhao L, Xue Y. Biosynthetic CircRNA_001160 induced by PTBP1 regulates the permeability of BTB via the CircRNA_001160/miR-195-5p/ETV1 axis. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:960. [PMID: 31862871 PMCID: PMC6925104 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2191-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of the blood-tumor barrier (BTB) severely impedes the transport of anti-neoplasm drugs to the central nervous system, affecting the therapeutic effects of glioma. Glioma endothelial cells (GECs) are the main structural basis of the BTB. Circular RNA is considered to be an important regulator of endothelial cell growth. In this study, we found that polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1) and circRNA_001160 were remarkably upregulated in GECs. Knockdown of PTBP1 or circRNA_001160 significantly increased BTB permeability, respectively. As a molecular sponge of miR-195-5p, circRNA_001160 attenuated its negative regulation of the target gene ETV1 by adsorbing miR-195-5p. In addition, ETV1 was overexpression in GECs. ETV1 bounded to the promoter regions of tight junction-related proteins and increased the promoter activities, which significantly promoted the expression levels of tight junction-related proteins. The present study showed that the combined application of PTBP1, circRNA_001160, and miR-195-5p with the anti-tumor drug Dox effectively promoted Dox through BTB and extremely induced the apoptosis of glioma cells. Our results demonstrated that the PTBP1/circRNA_001160/miR-195-5p/ETV1 axis was critical in the regulation of BTB permeability and provided new targets for the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyuan Shen
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelei Ruan
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunqing Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lini Zhao
- Department of pharmacology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Porcheri C, Meisel CT, Mitsiadis T. Multifactorial Contribution of Notch Signaling in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1520. [PMID: 30917608 PMCID: PMC6471940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) defines a group of solid tumors originating from the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract, pharynx, larynx, mouth, and nasal cavity. It has a metastatic evolution and poor prognosis and is the sixth most common cancer in the world, with 600,000 new cases reported every year. HNSCC heterogeneity and complexity is reflected in a multistep progression, involving crosstalk between several molecular pathways. The Notch pathway is associated with major events supporting cancerogenic evolution: cell proliferation, self-renewal, angiogenesis, and preservation of a pro-oncogenic microenvironment. Additionally, Notch is pivotal in tumor development and plays a dual role acting as both oncogene and tumor suppressor. In this review, we summarize the role of the Notch pathway in HNSCC, with a special focus on its compelling role in major events of tumor initiation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Porcheri
- University of Zurich, Institute of Oral Biology, Plattenstrasse 11, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Christian Thomas Meisel
- University of Zurich, Institute of Oral Biology, Plattenstrasse 11, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Thimios Mitsiadis
- University of Zurich, Institute of Oral Biology, Plattenstrasse 11, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Snipstad S, Sulheim E, de Lange Davies C, Moonen C, Storm G, Kiessling F, Schmid R, Lammers T. Sonopermeation to improve drug delivery to tumors: from fundamental understanding to clinical translation. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 15:1249-1261. [PMID: 30415585 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1547279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ultrasound in combination with microbubbles can make cells and tissues more accessible for drugs, thereby achieving improved therapeutic outcomes. In this review, we introduce the term 'sonopermeation', covering mechanisms such as pore formation (traditional sonoporation), as well as the opening of intercellular junctions, stimulated endocytosis/transcytosis, improved blood vessel perfusion and changes in the (tumor) microenvironment. Sonopermeation has gained a lot of interest in recent years, especially for delivering drugs through the otherwise impermeable blood-brain barrier, but also to tumors. AREAS COVERED In this review, we summarize various in vitro assays and in vivo setups that have been employed to unravel the fundamental mechanisms involved in ultrasound-enhanced drug delivery, as well as clinical trials that are ongoing in patients with brain, pancreatic, liver and breast cancer. We summarize the basic principles of sonopermeation, describe recent findings obtained in (pre-) clinical trials, and discuss future directions. EXPERT OPINION We suggest that an improved mechanistic understanding, and microbubbles and ultrasound equipment specialized for drug delivery (and not for imaging) are key aspects to create more effective treatment regimens by sonopermeation. Real-time feedback and tools to predict therapeutic outcome and which tumors/patients will benefit from sonopermeation-based interventions will be important to promote clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Snipstad
- a Department of Physics , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim , Norway.,b Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine , SINTEF AS , Trondheim , Norway.,c Cancer Clinic , St. Olavs Hospital , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Einar Sulheim
- a Department of Physics , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim , Norway.,b Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine , SINTEF AS , Trondheim , Norway.,c Cancer Clinic , St. Olavs Hospital , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Catharina de Lange Davies
- a Department of Physics , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Chrit Moonen
- d Imaging Division , University Medical Center , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Gert Storm
- e Department of Pharmaceutics , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,f Department of Targeted Therapeutics , University of Twente , Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- g Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Ruth Schmid
- b Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine , SINTEF AS , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Twan Lammers
- e Department of Pharmaceutics , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,f Department of Targeted Therapeutics , University of Twente , Enschede , The Netherlands.,g Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
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9
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Sa L, Li Y, Zhao L, Liu Y, Wang P, Liu L, Li Z, Ma J, Cai H, Xue Y. The Role of HOTAIR/miR-148b-3p/USF1 on Regulating the Permeability of BTB. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:194. [PMID: 28701916 PMCID: PMC5487514 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeobox transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR), as a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), has been considered to play critical roles in the biological properties of various tumors. The purposes of this study were to investigate the role and possible molecular mechanisms of HOTAIR in regulating the permeability of blood tumor barrier (BTB) in vitro. Our present study elucidated that the expressions of HOTAIR and upstream stimulatory factor 1 (USF1) was up-regulated, but miR-148b-3p was down-regulated in glioma microvascular endothelial cells (GECs). Knockdown of HOTAIR could increase the permeability of BTB as well as down-regulated the expressions of tight junction related proteins ZO-1, occludin, claudin-5, but up-regulated miR-148b-3p expressions in GECs. Meanwhile, dual-luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that HOTAIR was a target RNA of miR-148b-3p. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-148b-3p increased the permeability of BTB by down-regulating the expressions of tight junction related proteins and USF1 in GECs, and vice versa. And further result revealed USF1 was a target of miR-148b-3p. Silence of USF1 increased the permeability of BTB duo to their interaction with the promoters of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5 in GECs. Taken together, our finding indicated that knockdown of HOTAIR increased BTB permeability via binding to miR-148b-3p, which further reducing tight junction related proteins in GECs by targeting USF1. Thus, HOTAIR will attract more attention since it can serve as a potential target of drug delivery across BTB and may provide novel strategies for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Sa
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Yan Li
- No. 1 English Department, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Lini Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China.,Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System DiseaseShenyang, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Libo Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China.,Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System DiseaseShenyang, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Heng Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China.,Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System DiseaseShenyang, China
| | - Yixue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
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10
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Lelu S, Afadzi M, Berg S, Aslund AKO, Torp SH, Sattler W, de L Davies C. Primary Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells as In Vitro Model to Study Effects of Ultrasound and Microbubbles on Blood-Brain Barrier Function. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2017; 64:281-290. [PMID: 27529871 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2016.2597004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Focused ultrasound (FUS) in the presence of microbubbles transiently and reversibly opens the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in rodents and humans, thereby providing a time window for increased drug delivery into brain tissue. To get insight into the underlying mechanisms that govern ultrasound (US)-mediated opening of the BBB, in vitro models are a useful alternative. In this paper, we have utilized an in vitro BBB model that consists of primary porcine brain endothelial cells (PBECs). PBEC monolayers are grown on permeable membranes, which allow assessment of key features of BBB function as well as US treatment. This experimental model is characterized by low permeability for both small molecules and proteins, has a high transendothelial electrical resistance, and expresses tight junctions and efflux pumps. Here, we compare the effects of inertial and stable cavitation in the presence of SonoVue microbubbles on PBEC monolayers' electrical resistance and permeability properties. Our results point out the fragility of PBEC monolayers, which enhances results variability. In particular, we show that handling of the inserts, such as medium change and transfer to the US setup, modifies the cellular response, and immunostaining of the monolayers introduces damage and cell detachment within the US-exposed monolayers. Our results indicate that stable cavitation might have a more pronounced impact on cell permeability as compared with inertial cavitation in vitro. This paper might contribute to further development of experimental setups that are suitable to characterize the impact of FUS and microbubbles on BBB properties in vitro.
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Nejad SM, Hosseini H, Akiyama H, Tachibana K. Reparable Cell Sonoporation in Suspension: Theranostic Potential of Microbubble. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:446-55. [PMID: 26941839 PMCID: PMC4775856 DOI: 10.7150/thno.13518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The conjunction of low intensity ultrasound and encapsulated microbubbles can alter the permeability of cell membrane, offering a promising theranostic technique for non-invasive gene/drug delivery. Despite its great potential, the biophysical mechanisms of the delivery at the cellular level remains poorly understood. Here, the first direct high-speed micro-photographic images of human lymphoma cell and microbubble interaction dynamics are provided in a completely free suspension environment without any boundary parameter defect. Our real-time images and theoretical analyses prove that the negative divergence side of the microbubble's dipole microstreaming locally pulls the cell membrane, causing transient local protrusion of 2.5 µm in the cell membrane. The linear oscillation of microbubble caused microstreaming well below the inertial cavitation threshold, and imposed 35.3 Pa shear stress on the membrane, promoting an area strain of 0.12%, less than the membrane critical areal strain to cause cell rupture. Positive transfected cells with pEGFP-N1 confirm that the interaction causes membrane poration without cell disruption. The results show that the overstretched cell membrane causes reparable submicron pore formation, providing primary evidence of low amplitude (0.12 MPa at 0.834 MHz) ultrasound sonoporation mechanism.
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Kobus T, Vykhodtseva N, Pilatou M, Zhang Y, McDannold N. Safety Validation of Repeated Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Using Focused Ultrasound. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2016; 42:481-92. [PMID: 26617243 PMCID: PMC4816071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects on the brain of multiple sessions of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption using focused ultrasound (FUS) in combination with micro-bubbles over a range of acoustic exposure levels. Six weekly sessions of FUS, using acoustical pressures between 0.66 and 0.80 MPa, were performed under magnetic resonance guidance. The success and degree of BBB disruption was estimated by signal enhancement of post-contrast T1-weighted imaging of the treated area. Histopathological analysis was performed after the last treatment. The consequences of repeated BBB disruption varied from no indications of vascular damage to signs of micro-hemorrhages, macrophage infiltration, micro-scar formations and cystic cavities. The signal enhancement on the contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging had limited value for predicting small-vessel damage. T2-weighted imaging corresponded well with the effects on histopathology and could be used to study treatment effects over time. This study demonstrates that repeated BBB disruption by FUS can be performed with no or limited damage to the brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiele Kobus
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Natalia Vykhodtseva
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Magdalini Pilatou
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yongzhi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathan McDannold
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Gene delivery to the spinal cord using MRI-guided focused ultrasound. Gene Ther 2015; 22:568-77. [PMID: 25781651 PMCID: PMC4490035 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive gene delivery across the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) remains a challenge for treatment of spinal cord injury and disease. Here, we demonstrate the use of magnetic resonance image-guided focused ultrasound (MRIgFUS) to mediate non-surgical gene delivery to the spinal cord using self-complementary adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (scAAV9). scAAV9 encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) was injected intravenously in rats at three dosages: 4 × 10(8), 2 × 10(9) and 7 × 10(9) vector genomes per gram (VG g(-1)). MRIgFUS allowed for transient, targeted permeabilization of the BSCB through the interaction of focused ultrasound (FUS) with systemically injected Definity lipid-shelled microbubbles. Viral delivery at 2 × 10(9) and 7 × 10(9) VG g(-1) leads to robust GFP expression in FUS-targeted regions of the spinal cord. At a dose of 2 × 10(9) VG g(-1), GFP expression was found in 36% of oligodendrocytes, and in 87% of neurons in FUS-treated areas. FUS applications to the spinal cord could address a long-term goal of gene therapy: delivering vectors from the circulation to diseased areas in a non-invasive manner.
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Yang FY, Chang WY, Chen JC, Lee LC, Hung YS. Quantitative assessment of cerebral glucose metabolic rates after blood–brain barrier disruption induced by focused ultrasound using FDG-MicroPET. Neuroimage 2014; 90:93-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Zhang X, Yang G, Zhang Y, Huang P, Qiu J, Sun Y, Shen Z, Liao X, Xia H, Shao S, Wang D. An experimental research into endostatin microbubble combined with focused ultrasound for anti-tumor angiogenesis in colon cancer. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2014; 2:44-53. [PMID: 24760236 PMCID: PMC3920996 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/got038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: to evaluate the therapeutic effect of targeted endostatin-loaded microbubbles, combined with improved, focused, directional ultrasound radiation for inhibition of subcutaneous translocation in situ colon tumor angiogenesis in colon cancer. Methods: 65 BALB/c nude mice with subcutaneous translocation in situ colon tumors were randomly divided into five groups. Group A was the control group, without any treatments. In Group B, the mouse was treated with ultrasonic radiation. In Group C, the mouse was treated with ultrasonic radiation combined with empty SonoVue microbubbles. In Group D, the mouse was treated with ultrasonic radiation combined with empty Targestar-SA microbubbles. In Group E, the mouse was treated with ultrasonic radiation combined with endostatin microbubbles. The tumor size was measured before and 1, 14, and 28 days after irradiation. The peak intensity (PI), regional blood volume (RBV) and regional blood flow (RBF) were recorded using contrast-enhanced ultrasound. The tumor tissue was removed for pathological examination; the tumor necrosis area and microvascular density (MVD) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results: Tumors in Groups C, D and E were significantly smaller than in Groups A and B at 28 days after irradiation, with Group E the smallest. PI, RBF and RBV of Groups C, D, and E were significantly decreased 28 days after radiation with Group E the lowest, and significantly lower than Groups A and B (all P < 0.05). The tumor tissue necrosis area of Group E was clearly greater while MVD was obviously lower than the other groups (all P < 0.01) at 28 days after treatment. Conclusion: The targeted endostatin microbubbles, combined with focused, directional ultrasound radiation can damage tumor microvasculature of subcutaneous colon translocation in situ colon cancer, as well as inhibit the tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang, China Department of Ultrasonography, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang, China The Original Biological Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing City, Jiangsu, China Department of Ultrasonography, The Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang, China
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Abstract
Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved cell signaling pathway involved in cell fate during development, stem cell renewal and differentiation in postnatal tissues. Roles for Notch in carcinogenesis, in the biology of cancer stem cells and tumor angiogenesis have been reported. These features identify Notch as a potential therapeutic target in oncology. Based on the molecular structure of Notch receptor, Notch ligands and Notch activators, a set of Notch pathway inhibitors have been developed. Most of these inhibitors had shown anti-tumor effects in preclinical studies. At the same time, the combinatorial effect of these inhibitors with current chemotherapeutical drugs is still under study in different clinical trials. In this review, we describe the basics of Notch signaling and the role of Notch in normal and cancer stem cells as a logic way to develop different Notch inhibitors and their current stage of progress for cancer patient's treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Espinoza
- University of Mississippi, Cancer Institute, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Lucio Miele
- University of Mississippi, Cancer Institute, Jackson, Mississippi
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Huang P, You X, Pan M, Li S, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Wang M, Hong Y, Pu Z, Chen L, Yang G, Guo Y. A novel therapeutic strategy using ultrasound mediated microbubbles destruction to treat colon cancer in a mouse model. Cancer Lett 2013; 335:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wang G, Zhuo Z, Xia H, Zhang Y, He Y, Tan W, Gao Y. Investigation into the impact of diagnostic ultrasound with microbubbles on the capillary permeability of rat hepatomas. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2013; 39:628-637. [PMID: 23415284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) takes advantage of transiently increased capillary permeability to enhance the release of tumor-specific drugs from blood vessels into sonicated tumor tissues. However, the application of focused ultrasound is limited because of the lack of an appropriate image-monitoring system. In this study, hepatoma-bearing Sprague-Dawley rats were insonicated with low-frequency diagnostic ultrasound and injected with Evans Blue (EB) dye and microbubbles through their tail veins to test changes in capillary permeability. We studied how the mechanical index, sonication duration and the injected microbubble (MB) concentration affect the hepatoma vascular permeability by quantitatively evaluating the EB delivery efficiency. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to observe the deposition of red fluorescence-dyed EB in tumor tissues. In addition, P-selectin, a type of biochemical marker that reflects vascular endothelial cell activation, was identified using an immunoblotting analysis. The experimental results reveal that EB delivery efficiency in tumor tissues was greater in groups with the diagnostic ultrasound-mediated UTMD (8.40 ± 0.71 %ID/g) than in groups without UTMD (1.73 ± 0.19 %ID/g) and EB delivery efficiency could be affected by MI, sonication duration and MB dose. The immunoblotting analysis indicates that diagnostic ultrasound-induced UTMD results in the vascular endothelial cell activation to increase capillary permeability, justifying the high quantity of EB deposited in tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Nomikou N, McHale AP. Microbubble-enhanced ultrasound-mediated gene transfer--towards the development of targeted gene therapy for cancer. Int J Hyperthermia 2012; 28:300-10. [PMID: 22621732 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2012.659235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound-mediated gene transfer is emerging as a possible alternative to viral gene transfer, and pre-clinical data suggest that it may play a significant role in gene therapy-based approaches to the treatment of disease. As an extracorporeal stimulus, ultrasound can non-invasively and transiently compromise cell membrane permeability (sonoporation), thereby offering the promise of delivering either genes or oligonucleotide-based therapeutics to cells and tissues in a site-specific manner. The membrane-permeabilising effects of ultrasound can be greatly enhanced using microbubble preparations, many of which have, in the past, found application as ultrasound contrast agents. Because these ultrasound-responsive agents are highly amenable to surface modification it has been suggested that they may be exploited as ultrasound-responsive nucleic acid delivery vehicles. In this article we seek to explore the potential role ultrasound, in combination with microbubble-based agents, may play in providing site-specific gene therapy-based approaches for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolitsa Nomikou
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, County Derry, UK
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Liu WY, Wang ZB, Zhang LC, Wei X, Li L. Tight junction in blood-brain barrier: an overview of structure, regulation, and regulator substances. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 18:609-15. [PMID: 22686334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2012.00340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic interference that regulates the nutrition and toxic substance in and out of the central nervous system (CNS), and plays a crucial role in maintaining a stable circumstance of the CNS. Tight junctions among adjacent cells form the basic structure of BBB to limiting paracellular permeability. In the present review, the constituents of tight junction proteins are depicted in detail, together with the regulation of tight junction under stimulation and in pathological conditions. Tight junction modulators are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ye Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Xia CY, Liu YH, Wang P, Xue YX. Low-frequency ultrasound irradiation increases blood-tumor barrier permeability by transcellular pathway in a rat glioma model. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 48:281-90. [PMID: 22528460 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9770-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Low-frequency ultrasound (LFU) irradiation under certain acoustic intensity can increase blood-brain barrier permeability non-invasively and reversibly. The aim of this study was to find out the effect of LFU irradiation on blood-tumor barrier (BTB) permeability in rat C6 glioma model and the possible mechanism. In this research, Evans blue and H&E staining were used to evaluate the optimal parameter of LFU to open the BTB without damaging the normal brain tissue. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the changes of the number of pinocytotic vesicles in cerebral or glioma microvascular endothelial cells. The phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase Src, caveolin-1, and caveolin-2 was detected by western blot. The distribution and expressing levels of caveolae proteins, caveolin-1 and caveolin-2, were detected by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining, RT-PCR, and western blot. Our research data showed that, in rat C6 glioma model, LFU irradiation at a frequency of 1 MHz, a power of 12 mW, and exposure time of 20 s induced the increase of BTB permeability temporally, which reached a peak at 1.5 h, then decreased and restored to normal level at 12 h after LFU irradiation. In the glioma microvascular endothelial cells of rat glioma model, LFU irradiation induced a significant increase of the pinocytotic vesicles' density. The phosphorylation of Src, caveolin-1, and caveolin-2 began to increase at 0.5 h and reached a maximum at 1 h. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining showed that caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 were co-localized in the glioma microvascular endothelial cells and glioma cells. The mRNA and protein expression levels of caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 were up-regulated, reached the peak value at 1.5 h, and re-normalized at 12 h after LFU irradiation. These results demonstrated that LFU irradiation increased BTB permeability by promoting transcellular transport in glioma microvascular endothelial cells. The phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase Src, caveolin-1, caveolin-2 and up-regulation of caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 were involved in LFU-induced caveolae-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-yi Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
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