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Liu F, Yajima T, Wang M, Shen JF, Ichikawa H, Sato T. Effects of trigeminal nerve injury on the expression of galanin and its receptors in the rat trigeminal ganglion. Neuropeptides 2020; 84:102098. [PMID: 33069139 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the spinal nervous system, the expression of galanin (GAL) and galanin receptors (GALRs) that play important roles in the transmission and modulation of nociceptive information can be affected by nerve injury. However, in the trigeminal nervous system, the effects of trigeminal nerve injury on the expression of GAL are controversy in the previous studies. Besides, little is known about the effects of trigeminal nerve injury on the expression of GALRs. In the present study, the effects of trigeminal nerve injury on the expression of GAL and GALRs in the rat trigeminal ganglion (TG) were investigated by using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. To identify the nerve-injured and nerve-uninjured TG neurons, activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3, the nerve-injured neuron marker) was stained by immunofluorescence. The levels of GAL mRNA in the rostral half and caudal half of the TG dramatically increased after transection of infraorbital nerve (ION) and inferior alveolar nerve (IAN), respectively. Immunohistochemical labeling of GAL and ATF3 revealed that GAL level was elevated in both injured and adjacent uninjured small and medium-sized TG neurons after ION/IAN transection. In addition, the levels of GAL2R-like immunoreactivity were reduced in both injured and adjacent uninjured TG neurons after ION/IAN transection, while levels of GAL1R and GAL3R-like immunoreactivity remained unchanged. Furthermore, the number of small to medium-sized TG neurons co-expressing GAL- and GAL1R/GAL2R/GAL3R-like immunoreactivity was significantly increased after ION/IAN transection. In line with previous studies in other spinal neuron systems, these results suggest that GAL and GALRs play functional roles in orofacial neuropathic pain and trigeminal nerve regeneration after trigeminal nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department II of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China.
| | - Takehiro Yajima
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department II of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Jie-Fei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department II of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Hiroyuki Ichikawa
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tadasu Sato
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Weyne E, Hannan JL, Gevaert T, Soebadi MA, Matsui H, Castiglione F, van Renterghem K, De Ridder D, Van der Aa F, Bivalacqua TJ, Albersen M. Galanin Administration Partially Restores Erectile Function After Cavernous Nerve Injury and Mediates Endogenous Nitrergic Nerve Outgrowth In Vitro. J Sex Med 2018; 15:480-491. [PMID: 29550465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we found that the neuropeptide galanin was strongly upregulated soon after bilateral cavernous nerve injury (BCNI) and that galanin and its receptors were expressed in nitrergic erectile innervation. Galanin has been observed to exert neuroregenerative effects in dorsal root ganglion neurons, but evidence for these effects in the major pelvic ganglion (MPG) after BCNI is lacking. AIM To evaluate the neurotropic effects of galanin receptor agonists and antagonists in vitro in nitrergic neurons and MPG and in vivo in rats after BCNI. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent BCNI and sham surgery. Organ culture and single-cell neuron culture of the MPG were performed. Osmotic pump treatment with the galanin agonist in vivo and measurement of erectile response to electrostimulation after BCNI, immunohistochemical localization of galanin and receptors in the human neurovascular bundle, and myographic analysis of rat corpus cavernosum smooth muscle relaxation to galanin receptor agonists were investigated. OUTCOMES Neurite outgrowth in vitro and erectile response to electrostimulation after BCNI in vivo, immunohistochemical localization of galanin and receptors, and penile muscle relaxation in vitro. RESULTS Galanin showed neurotrophic action in vitro and inhibition of endogenous galanin significantly impaired neurite outgrowth in nitrergic but not in sympathetic MPG neurons. In vivo administration of a selective galanin receptor-2 agonist, M1145, resulted in partial recovery of erectile function (EF) after BCNI. Galanin did not act as a direct vasodilator on corpus cavernosum muscle strips. CLINICAL TRANSLATION Endogenous neurotrophins such as galanin could be used as a strategy to improve EF for patients after BCNI from radical prostatectomy. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS We evaluated the effect of galanin on nerve regeneration and EF recovery in vivo and in vitro. Limitations include the lack of washout period for the in vivo experiment and absence of differences in the expression of neuronal markers between treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS We identified galanin as a potential endogenous mechanism for nerve regeneration after BCNI, which could play a physiologic role in EF recovery after radical prostatectomy. In vivo treatment with exogenous galanin was beneficial in enhancing EF recovery after BCNI, but further research is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms. Weyne E, Hannan JL, Gevaert T, et al. Galanin Administration Partially Restores Erectile Function After Cavernous Nerve Injury and Mediates Endogenous Nitrergic Nerve Outgrowth In Vitro. J Sex Med 2018;15:480-491.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Weyne
- Department of Urology, KU Leuven and University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johanna L Hannan
- Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pathology, KU Leuven and University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Gevaert
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Mohammad Ayodhia Soebadi
- Laboratory of Experimental Urology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Urology, Airlangga University School of Medicine, Dr Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hotaka Matsui
- Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Urology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fabio Castiglione
- Department of Urology, KU Leuven and University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium; University College of London, London, UK
| | | | - Dirk De Ridder
- Department of Urology, KU Leuven and University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Van der Aa
- Department of Urology, KU Leuven and University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Maarten Albersen
- Department of Urology, KU Leuven and University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium.
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Barry CM, Ji E, Sharma H, Beukes L, Vilimas PI, DeGraaf YC, Matusica D, Haberberger RV. Morphological and neurochemical differences in peptidergic nerve fibers of the mouse vagina. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:2394-2410. [PMID: 28324630 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The vagina is innervated by a complex arrangement of sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nerve fibers that contain classical transmitters plus an array of neuropeptides and enzymes known to regulate diverse processes including blood flow and nociception. The neurochemical characteristics and distributions of peptide-containing nerves in the mouse vagina are unknown. This study used multiple labeling immunohistochemistry, confocal maging and analysis to investigate the presence and colocalization of the peptides vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), and the nitric oxide synthesizing enzyme neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in nerve fibers of the murine vaginal wall. We compared cervical and vulvar areas of the vagina in young nullipara and older multipara C57Bl/6 mice, and identified differences including that small ganglia were restricted to cervical segments, epithelial fibers were mainly present in vulvar segments and most nerve fibers were found in the lamina propria of the cervical region of the vagina, where a higher number of fibers containing immunoreactivity for VIP, CGRP, SP, or nNOS were found. Two populations of VIP-containing fibers were identified: fibers containing CGRP and fibers containing VIP but not CGRP. Differences between young and older mice were present in multiple layers of the vaginal wall, with older mice showing overall loss of innervation of epithelium of the proximal vagina and reduced proportions of VIP, CGRP, and SP containing nerve fibers in the distal epithelium. The distal vagina also showed increased vascularization and perivascular fibers containing NPY. Immunolabeling of ganglia associated with the vagina indicated the likely origin of some peptidergic fibers. Our results reveal regional differences and age- or parity-related changes in innervation of the mouse vagina, effecting the distribution of neuropeptides with diverse roles in function of the female genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Barry
- Anatomy and Histology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Esther Ji
- Anatomy and Histology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Harman Sharma
- Anatomy and Histology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lara Beukes
- Anatomy and Histology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Patricia I Vilimas
- Anatomy and Histology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Yvette C DeGraaf
- Anatomy and Histology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dusan Matusica
- Anatomy and Histology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rainer V Haberberger
- Anatomy and Histology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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Weyne E, Albersen M, Hannan JL, Castiglione F, Hedlund P, Verbist G, De Ridder D, Bivalacqua TJ, Van der Aa F. Increased expression of the neuroregenerative peptide galanin in the major pelvic ganglion following cavernous nerve injury. J Sex Med 2014; 11:1685-93. [PMID: 24831646 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction (ED) remains a frequent complication of radical prostatectomy due to injury to the cavernous nerves (CNs). A recent microarray showed the neuropeptide galanin to be one of the most strikingly upregulated genes in the rat major pelvic ganglion (MPG) after bilateral CN crush injury (BCNI). AIM The aim of this study is to evaluate the temporal regulation of galanin in the MPG after BCNI and its relationship to functional nerve regeneration. METHODS Changes in galanin, galanin receptor (galR), and c-JUN mRNA expression were assessed in Sprague-Dawley rats after sham operation (n = 10) and at 48 hours (n = 10), 7 (n = 10), 14 (n = 5), 21 (n = 5), 30 (n = 5), and 60 (n = 5) days after BCNI using quantitative PCR. Erectile function was assessed by measuring intracavernous pressure (ICP) divided by mean arterial pressure (MAP) during CN electrostimulation. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the MPG in sham-operated animals and 5 days after BCNI. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ICP/MAP upon CN stimulation; galanin, galR1, -2, -3, and c-JUN mRNA expression at various time points after BCNI; and nNOS, galanin, and galR distribution in the MPG of sham-operated rats and after BCNI. RESULTS After BCNI, ICP/MAP values quickly deteriorate, while after 60 days, spontaneous restoration of erectile responses to CN stimulation is observed, reflecting CN regeneration. Galanin mRNA in the MPG is up to 186-fold upregulated compared with sham-operated rats at 48 hours and 7 days after BCNI and gradually declines with increasing time from injury, whereas galanin receptor expressions decrease and c-JUN gradually increases. Galanin expression shows a strong inverse correlation with erectile responses to CN stimulation with time from injury. Injured MPGs show a colocalization between galanin- and nNOS-positive neuronal cell population in the MPG. CONCLUSIONS Galanin is upregulated in the MPG in the early phase after CN injury after which it gradually decreases and is present in nNOS-positive neurons of the ganglion. We hypothesize that galanin upregulation is an important factor in the endogenous neuroregenerative response to CN injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Weyne
- Laboratory for Experimental Urology, Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Girard BM, Merriam LA, Tompkins JD, Vizzard MA, Parsons RL. Decrease in neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit and PSD-93 transcript levels in the male mouse MPG after cavernous nerve injury or explant culture. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1504-12. [PMID: 24049141 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00343.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR was used to test whether cavernous nerve injury leads to a decrease in major pelvic ganglia (MPG) neuronal nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) subunit and postsynaptic density (PSD)-93 transcript levels. Subunits α3, β4, and α7, commonly expressed in the MPG, were selected for analysis. After 72 h in explant culture, MPG transcript levels for α3, β4, α7, and PSD-93 were significantly depressed. Three days after cavernous nerve axotomy or crush in vivo, transcript levels for α3, β4, and PSD-93, but not for α7, were significantly depressed. Three days after dissection of the cavernous nerve free of underlying tissue and application of a 5-mm lateral stretch (manipulation), transcript levels for α3 and PSD-93 were also significantly decreased. Seven days after all three surgical procedures, α3 transcript levels remained depressed, but PSD-93 transcript levels were still decreased only after axotomy or nerve crush. At 30 days postsurgery, transcript levels for the nAChR subunits and PSD-93 had recovered. ACh-induced currents were significantly smaller in MPG neurons dissociated from 3-day explant cultured ganglia than from those recorded in neurons dissociated from acutely isolated ganglia; this observation provides direct evidence showing that a decrease in nAChR function was coincident with a decrease in nAChR subunit transcript levels. We conclude that a downregulation of nAChR subunit and PSD-93 expression after cavernous nerve injury, or even manipulation, could interrupt synaptic transmission within the MPG and thus contribute to the loss of neural control of urogenital organs after pelvic surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice M Girard
- Dept. of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405.
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