1
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Yasumoto A, Fujimori H, Mochizuki M, Shibuya-Takahashi R, Nakamura-Shima M, Shindo N, Yamaguchi K, Fukushi D, Wakui Y, Sugai T, Iwai W, Abue M, Sato I, Satoh K, Katayose Y, Yasuda J, Shibata C, Tamai K. BEX2 is poor prognostic factor and required for cancer stemness in gastric cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 655:59-67. [PMID: 36933308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide. However, targeted therapy for advanced gastric cancer is still limited. Here, we report BEX2 (Brain expressed X-linked 2) as a poor prognostic factor in two gastric cancer cohorts. BEX2 expression was increased in spheroid cells, and its knockdown decreased aldefluor activity and cisplatin resistance. BEX2 was found to upregulate CHRNB2 (Cholinergic Receptor Nicotinic Beta 2 Subunit) expression, a cancer stemness-related gene, in a transcriptional manner, and the knockdown of which also decreases aldefluor activity. Collectively, these data are suggestive of the role of BEX2 in the malignant process of gastric cancer, and as a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Yasumoto
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan; Division of Gastoroenterologic Surgery, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyaginoku, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Haruna Fujimori
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mai Mochizuki
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Rie Shibuya-Takahashi
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mao Nakamura-Shima
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Norihisa Shindo
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fukushi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyaginoku, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Yuta Wakui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyagi Cancer Center, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sugai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyagi Cancer Center, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Wataru Iwai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyagi Cancer Center, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Makoto Abue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyagi Cancer Center, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ikuro Sato
- Department of Pathology, Miyagi Cancer Center, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kennichi Satoh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyaginoku, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Yu Katayose
- Division of Hepato-biliary-pancreatic Surgery, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyaginoku, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Jun Yasuda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Chikashi Shibata
- Division of Gastoroenterologic Surgery, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyaginoku, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tamai
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiote, Natori, Miyagi, Japan.
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2
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BEX1 and BEX4 Induce GBM Progression through Regulation of Actin Polymerization and Activation of YAP/TAZ Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189845. [PMID: 34576008 PMCID: PMC8471324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
GBM is a high-grade cancer that originates from glial cells and has a poor prognosis. Although a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy is prescribed to patients, GBM is highly resistant to therapies, and surviving cells show increased aggressiveness. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying GBM progression after radiotherapy by establishing a GBM orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Based on transcriptomic analysis, we found that the expression of BEX1 and BEX4 was upregulated in GBM cells surviving radiotherapy. We also found that upregulated expression of BEX1 and BEX4 was involved in the formation of the filamentous cytoskeleton and altered mechanotransduction, which resulted in the activation of the YAP/TAZ signaling pathway. BEX1- and BEX4-mediated YAP/TAZ activation enhanced the tumor formation, growth, and radioresistance of GBM cells. Additionally, latrunculin B inhibited GBM progression after radiotherapy by suppressing actin polymerization in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Taken together, we suggest the involvement of cytoskeleton formation in radiation-induced GBM progression and latrunculin B as a GBM radiosensitizer.
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3
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Fukushi D, Shibuya-Takahashi R, Mochizuki M, Fujimori H, Kogure T, Sugai T, Iwai W, Wakui Y, Abue M, Murakami K, Nakamura Y, Yasuda J, Yamaguchi K, Sugamura K, Shibata C, Katayose Y, Satoh K, Tamai K. BEX2 is required for maintaining dormant cancer stem cell in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:4580-4592. [PMID: 34424582 PMCID: PMC8586677 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for therapy resistance and share several properties with normal stem cells. Here, we show that brain‐expressed X‐linked gene 2 (BEX2), which is essential for dormant CSCs in cholangiocarcinoma, is highly expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lesions compared with the adjacent normal lesions and that in 41 HCC cases the BEX2high expression group is correlated with a poor prognosis. BEX2 localizes to Ki67‐negative (nonproliferative) cancer cells in HCC tissues and is highly expressed in the dormant fraction of HCC cell lines. Knockdown of BEX2 attenuates CSC phenotypes, including sphere formation ability and aldefluor activity, and BEX2 overexpression enhances these phenotypes. Moreover, BEX2 knockdown increases cisplatin sensitivity, and BEX2 expression is induced by cisplatin treatment. Taken together, these data suggest that BEX2 induces dormant CSC properties and affects the prognosis of patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Fukushi
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan.,Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Rie Shibuya-Takahashi
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Mai Mochizuki
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Haruna Fujimori
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kogure
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sugai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - Wataru Iwai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - Yuta Wakui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - Makoto Abue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Murakami
- Division of Pathology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Division of Pathology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jun Yasuda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Kazuo Sugamura
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Chikashi Shibata
- Gastroenterologic and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yu Katayose
- Gastroenterologic and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kennichi Satoh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tamai
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan.,Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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4
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Discovery of a chemical compound that suppresses expression of BEX2, a dormant cancer stem cell-related protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 537:132-139. [PMID: 33412384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are believed to cause cancer metastasis and recurrence. BEX2 (brain expressed X-linked gene 2) is a CSC-related gene that is expressed in dormant CSCs in cholangiocarcinoma and induces resistance against chemotherapy. The aim of the present study was to identify small compounds that have activity to inhibit BEX2 expression and result in the attenuation of CSC-related phenotypes. We screened 9600 small chemical compounds in high-throughput screening using cholangiocarcinoma cell line HuCCT1 expressing BEX2 protein fused with NanoLuc, and identified a compound, BMPP (1, 3-Benzenediol, [4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]). BMPP was found to exert decreasing effects on BEX2 protein expression and G0 phase population of the tumor cells, and increasing effects on ATP levels and chemotherapeutic sensitivity of the cells. These findings indicate that BMPP is a valuable chemical compound for reducing dormant CSC-related phenotypes. Thus, the identification of BMPP as a potential CSC suppressor provides scope for the development of novel therapeutic modalities for the treatment of cancers with BEX2 overexpressing CSCs.
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5
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Differential gene expression in cisplatin-resistant and -sensitive testicular germ cell tumor cell lines. Oncotarget 2020; 11:4735-4753. [PMID: 33473258 PMCID: PMC7771712 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) represent a well curable malignity due to their exceptional response to cisplatin (CDDP). Despite remarkable treatment results, approximately 5% of TGCT patients develop CDDP resistance and die. Exceptional curability makes TGCTs a highly valuable model system for studying the molecular mechanisms of CDDP sensitivity. Our study was aimed at revealing difference in gene expression between the CDDP-resistant and -sensitive TGCT cell lines, and hence at identifying candidate genes that could serve as potential biomarkers of CDDP response. Using gene expression array, we identified 281 genes that are differentially expressed in CDDP-resistant compared to -sensitive TGCT cell lines. The expression of 25 genes with the highest fold change was validated by RT-qPCR. Of them, DNMT3L, GAL, IGFBP2, IGFBP7, L1TD1, NANOG, NTF3, POU5F1, SOX2, WNT6, ZFP42, ID2, PCP4, SLC40A1 and TRIB3, displayed comparable expression change in gene expression array and RT-qPCR, when all CDDP-resistant TGCT cell lines were pairwise combined with all -sensitive ones. Products of the identified genes are pluripotency factors, or are involved in processes, such as cell metabolism, proliferation or migration. We propose that, after clinical validation, these genes could serve as prognostic biomarkers for early detection of CDDP response in TGCT patients.
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6
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Tamai K, Nakamura-Shima M, Shibuya-Takahashi R, Kanno SI, Yasui A, Mochizuki M, Iwai W, Wakui Y, Abue M, Yamamoto K, Miura K, Mizuma M, Unno M, Kawamura S, Sato I, Yasuda J, Yamaguchi K, Sugamura K, Satoh K. BEX2 suppresses mitochondrial activity and is required for dormant cancer stem cell maintenance in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21592. [PMID: 33299012 PMCID: PMC7725823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78539-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) define a subpopulation of cancer cells that are resistant to therapy. However, little is known of how CSC characteristics are regulated. We previously showed that dormant cancer stem cells are enriched with a CD274low fraction of cholangiocarcinoma cells. Here we found that BEX2 was highly expressed in CD274low cells, and that BEX2 knockdown decreased the tumorigenicity and G0 phase of cholangiocarcinoma cells. BEX2 was found to be expressed predominantly in G0 phase and starvation induced the USF2 transcriptional factor, which induced BEX2 transcription. Comprehensive screening of BEX2 binding proteins identified E3 ubiquitin ligase complex proteins, FEM1B and CUL2, and a mitochondrial protein TUFM, and further demonstrated that knockdown of BEX2 or TUFM increased mitochondria-related oxygen consumption and decreased tumorigenicity in cholangiocarcinoma cells. These results suggest that BEX2 is essential for maintaining dormant cancer stem cells through the suppression of mitochondrial activity in cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Tamai
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1 Nodayama, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori, Miyagi, 981-1293, Japan.
| | - Mao Nakamura-Shima
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Rie Shibuya-Takahashi
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1 Nodayama, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori, Miyagi, 981-1293, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kanno
- IDAC Fellow Research Group for DNA Repair and Dynamic Proteome Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Akira Yasui
- IDAC Fellow Research Group for DNA Repair and Dynamic Proteome Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mai Mochizuki
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1 Nodayama, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori, Miyagi, 981-1293, Japan
| | - Wataru Iwai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyagi Cancer Center, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuta Wakui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyagi Cancer Center, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Makoto Abue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Miyagi Cancer Center, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kuniharu Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori, Miyagi, Japan.,Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1, Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Koh Miura
- Department of Surgery, Miyagi Cancer Center, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masamichi Mizuma
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Sadafumi Kawamura
- Department of Urology, Miyagi Cancer Center, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ikuro Sato
- Department of Pathology, Miyagi Cancer Center, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jun Yasuda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuo Sugamura
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kennichi Satoh
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1 Nodayama, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori, Miyagi, 981-1293, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1, Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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7
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Tan Y, Hu Y, Xiao Q, Tang Y, Chen H, He J, Chen L, Jiang K, Wang Z, Yuan Y, Ding K. Silencing of brain-expressed X-linked 2 (BEX2) promotes colorectal cancer metastasis through the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:228-238. [PMID: 31929751 PMCID: PMC6949152 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.38431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of colorectal cancer is increasing, and cancer metastasis is one of the major causes of poor outcomes. BEX2 has been reported to be involved in tumor development in several types of cancer, but its role in metastatic colorectal cancer remains largely undefined. Herein, we demonstrated that BEX2 knockout resulted in enhanced migratory and metastatic potential in colorectal cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, and re-expression of BEX2 in knockout cells could reverse the enhanced migratory capacity. RNA-Seq results indicated that the hedgehog signaling pathway was activated after BEX2 knockout; moreover, the hedgehog signaling inhibitors, GANT61 and GDC-0449 could reverse the migratory enhancement of BEX2-/- colorectal cancer cells. We also demonstrated that the nuclear translocation of Zic2 after BEX2 silencing could activate the hedgehog signaling pathway, while Zic2 knockdown abrogated the migratory enhancement of BEX2-/- cells and inhibited the hedgehog signaling pathway. In summary, our findings suggest that BEX2 negatively modulates the hedgehog signaling pathway by retaining Zic2 in the cytoplasm in colorectal cancer cells, thereby inhibiting migration and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Tan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yeting Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Jinjie He
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Liubo Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zhanhuai Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Kefeng Ding
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
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8
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Wang X, Zhu W, Xu C, Wang F, Zhu X, Sun Y, Guo Y, Fu X, Zhang Y, Zang Y. MicroRNA-370 functions as a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma via inhibition of the MAPK/JNK signaling pathway by targeting BEX2. J Hum Genet 2019; 64:1203-1217. [PMID: 31530937 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignancy of the liver and occurs predominantly in patients with underlying chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Accumulating studies have revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in the development and progression of HCC. Through microarray-based gene expression profiling of HCC, miR-370, and BEX2 were identified in HCC. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate their abilities on the cellular processes in HCC. It was determined that BEX2 was highly expressed and miR-370 was poorly expressed in HCC cell lines and tissues. Then, the cell line presenting with the highest BEX2 expression and the lowest miR-370 expression was selected for subsequent gain- and loss-of-function experimentation. The antitumor effect of miR-370 on HCC cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis, as well as the MAPK/JNK signaling pathway was examined. Meanwhile, the interaction among miR-370, BEX2, and MAPK/JNK signaling pathway was identified. BEX2 is verified to be a target of miR-370. Moreover, miR-370 exerted antitumor effect on HCC development through suppression of the MAPK/JNK signaling pathway by targeting BEX2. Later, it was further verified by in vivo experiment that overexpression of miR-370 inhibited tumor growth. Above results provide evidence that miR-370 could downregulate BEX2 gene and inhibit activation of MAPK/JNK signaling pathway, thus inhibiting the development of HCC. It provides a worth-trying novel therapeutic target for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Liver Transplantation, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 266000, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Wenyan Zhu
- Operating Room, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 266000, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Chuanshen Xu
- Transplantation Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 266000, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Liver Transplantation, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 266000, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Xiaodan Zhu
- Department of Liver Transplantation, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 266000, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yandong Sun
- Department of Liver Transplantation, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 266000, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Department of Liver Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 266000, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Xiaoyue Fu
- Department of Liver Transplantation, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 266000, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Liver Transplantation, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 266000, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yunjin Zang
- Department of Liver Transplantation, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 266000, Qingdao, PR China.
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9
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Naderi A. Molecular functions of brain expressed X-linked 2 (BEX2) in malignancies. Exp Cell Res 2019; 376:221-226. [PMID: 30779920 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade there has been growing evidence that Brain Expressed X-Linked 2 (BEX2) has a significant role in the process of carcinogenesis. Collectively, available studies suggest a pro-oncogenic function for this gene in multiple malignancies, including breast, colorectal and hepatocellular cancers in addition to brain tumors. The identification of BEX2 in breast cancer resulted from gene expression microarray studies. Subsequent studies showed that BEX2 promotes breast cancer cell growth and survival by modulating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and G1 cell cycle. In this process, BEX2 has cross-talk with the NF-κB, c-Jun/JNK and ErbB2 pathways. Of note, several studies have found a pro-oncogenic function for BEX2 in other malignancies associated with a similar signaling function to that observed in breast cancer. In brain tumors, BEX2 promotes cell migration and invasion in oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma cells. In addition, BEX2 expression protects glioma cells against apoptosis mediated through the JNK pathway and is required for glioma cell proliferation through the NF-κB p65. Furthermore, it has been shown that BEX2 promotes cell proliferation through the JNK/c-Jun pathway and regulates JNK/c-Jun phosphorylation in colorectal cancer. Most recently, it has been demonstrated that BEX2 expression is required for cell proliferation and Hepatitis B Virus-mediated development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, a pro-oncogenic function for BEX2 is supported by reproducible data in multiple malignancies and the NF-κB and JNK/c-Jun pathways are commonly regulated by BEX2 in this process. In view of these findings, targeting BEX2 may provide an attractive therapeutic strategy in multiple malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Naderi
- University of Portsmouth, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, White Swan Road, St. Michael's Building, PO1 2DT Portsmouth, United Kingdom; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Program, 701 Ilalo street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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10
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Vastrad C, Vastrad B. Bioinformatics analysis of gene expression profiles to diagnose crucial and novel genes in glioblastoma multiform. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1395-1461. [PMID: 30097214 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Therefore, the current study aimed to diagnose the genes associated in the pathogenesis of GBM. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were diagnosed using the limma software package. The ToppFun was used to perform pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the DEGs. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, extracted modules, miRNA-target genes regulatory network and miRNA-target genes regulatory network were used to obtain insight into the actions of DEGs. Survival analysis for DEGs carried out. A total of 701 DEGs, including 413 upregulated and 288 downregulated genes, were diagnosed between U1118MG cell line (PK 11195 treated with 1 h exposure) and U1118MG cell line (PK 11195 treated with 24 h exposure). The up-regulated genes were enriched in superpathway of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis, cell cycle, cell cycle process and chromosome. The down-regulated genes were enriched in folate transformations I, biosynthesis of amino acids, cellular amino acid metabolic process and vacuolar membrane. The current study screened the genes in PPI network, extracted modules, miRNA-target genes regulatory network and miRNA-target genes regulatory network with higher degrees as hub genes, which included MYC, TERF2IP, CDK1, EEF1G, TXNIP, SLC1A5, RGS4 and IER5L Survival suggested that low expressed NR4A2, SLC7 A5, CYR61 and ID1 in patients with GBM was linked with a positive prognosis for overall survival. In conclusion, the current study could improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms in the progression of GBM, and these crucial as well as new molecular markers might be used as therapeutic targets for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanabasayya Vastrad
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad, 580001, Karanataka, India.
| | - Basavaraj Vastrad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SET`S College of Pharmacy, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580002, India
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11
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Zhao Z, Li J, Tan F, Gao S, He J. mTOR up-regulation of BEX4 promotes lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation by potentiating OCT4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 500:302-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Kazi JU, Kabir NN, Rönnstrand L. Brain-Expressed X-linked (BEX) proteins in human cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1856:226-33. [PMID: 26408910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Brain-Expressed X-linked (BEX) family proteins are comprised of five human proteins including BEX1, BEX2, BEX3, BEX4 and BEX5. BEX family proteins are expressed in a wide range of tissues and are known to play a role in neuronal development. Recent studies suggest a role of BEX family proteins in cancers. BEX1 expression is lost in a subgroup of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Expression of BEX1 controls cell surface receptor signaling and restores imatinib response in resistant cells. BEX2 is overexpressed in a group of breast cancer patients and also in gliomas. Increased BEX2 expression led to enhanced NF-κB signaling as well as cell proliferation. Although BEX2 acts as tumor promoter in a subset of breast cancer, BEX3 expression displayed an opposite role. Overexpression of BEX3 resulted in inhibition of tumor formation in breast cancer mouse xenograft models. The role of BEX4 and BEX5 in cancer has not yet been defined. Collectively this suggests that BEX family members have distinct roles in cancers. While BEX1 and BEX3 act as tumor suppressors, BEX2 seems to act as an oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julhash U Kazi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village 404 ,Lund, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Laboratory of Computational Biochemistry, KN Biomedical Research Institute, Barisal, Bangladesh.
| | - Nuzhat N Kabir
- Laboratory of Computational Biochemistry, KN Biomedical Research Institute, Barisal, Bangladesh
| | - Lars Rönnstrand
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village 404 ,Lund, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Hu Z, Wang Y, Huang F, Chen R, Li C, Wang F, Goto J, Kwiatkowski DJ, Wdzieczak-Bakala J, Tu P, Liu J, Zha X, Zhang H. Brain-expressed X-linked 2 Is Pivotal for Hyperactive Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated Tumorigenesis. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:25756-65. [PMID: 26296882 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.665208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent alteration of upstream proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes activates mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and causes cancer. However, the downstream effectors of mTOR remain largely elusive. Here we report that brain-expressed X-linked 2 (BEX2) is a novel downstream effector of mTOR. Elevated BEX2 in Tsc2(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts, Pten(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts, Tsc2-deficient rat uterine leiomyoma cells, and brains of neuronal specific Tsc1 knock-out mice were abolished by mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Furthermore, BEX2 was also increased in the liver of a hepatic specific Pten knock-out mouse and the kidneys of Tsc2 heterozygous deletion mice, and a patient with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). mTOR up-regulation of BEX2 was mediated in parallel by both STAT3 and NF-κB. BEX2 was involved in mTOR up-regulation of VEGF production and angiogenesis. Depletion of BEX2 blunted the tumorigenesis of cells with activated mTOR. Therefore, enhanced STAT3/NF-κB-BEX2-VEGF signaling pathway contributes to hyperactive mTOR-induced tumorigenesis. BEX2 may be targeted for the treatment of the cancers with aberrantly activated mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongdong Hu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China, the Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ying Wang
- the Department of Molecular Orthopaedics, Beijing Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Fuqiang Huang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Rongrong Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Chunjia Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Fang Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - June Goto
- the Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - David J Kwiatkowski
- the Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Joanna Wdzieczak-Bakala
- the Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR2301, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Pengfei Tu
- the Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianmiao Liu
- the Sino-France Laboratory for Drug Screening, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaojun Zha
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China, and the State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Ministry of National Science and Technology, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China,
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14
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Sun Z, Prodduturi N, Sun SY, Thompson EA, Kocher JPA. Chromosome X genomic and epigenomic aberrations and clinical implications in breast cancer by base resolution profiling. Epigenomics 2015; 7:1099-110. [PMID: 26039248 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Abnormal inactivation or loss of inactivated X chromosome (Xi) is implicated in women's cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms and clinical relevance are little known. MATERIALS & METHODS High-throughput sequencing was conducted on breast cancer cell lines for copy number, RNA expression and 5'-methylcytosine in ChrX. The results were examined in primary breast tumors. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Breast cancer cells demonstrated reduced or total loss of hemimethylation. Most cell lines lost part or one of X chromosomes. Cell lines without ChrX loss were more active in gene expression. DNA methylation was corroborated with Xi control lincRNA XIST. Similar transcriptome and DNA methylation changes were observed in primary breast cancer datasets with clinical phenotype associations. Dramatic genomic and epigenomic changes in ChrX may be used for potential diagnostic or prognostic markers in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifu Sun
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Naresh Prodduturi
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Susan Y Sun
- Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - E Aubrey Thompson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre A Kocher
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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15
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Brain expressed and X-linked (Bex) proteins are intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and form new signaling hubs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117206. [PMID: 25612294 PMCID: PMC4303428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are abundant in complex organisms. Due to their promiscuous nature and their ability to adopt several conformations IDPs constitute important points of network regulation. The family of Brain Expressed and X-linked (Bex) proteins consists of 5 members in humans (Bex1-5). Recent reports have implicated Bex proteins in transcriptional regulation and signaling pathways involved in neurodegeneration, cancer, cell cycle and tumor growth. However, structural and biophysical data for this protein family is almost non-existent. We used bioinformatics analyses to show that Bex proteins contain long regions of intrinsic disorder which are conserved across all members. Moreover, we confirmed the intrinsic disorder by circular dichroism spectroscopy of Bex1 after expression and purification in E. coli. These observations strongly suggest that Bex proteins constitute a new group of IDPs. Based on these findings, together with the demonstrated promiscuity of Bex proteins and their involvement in different signaling pathways, we propose that Bex family members play important roles in the formation of protein network hubs.
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16
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Plumbagin induces growth inhibition of human glioma cells by downregulating the expression and activity of FOXM1. J Neurooncol 2014; 121:469-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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17
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Nie E, Zhang X, Xie S, Shi Q, Hu J, Meng Q, Zhou X, Yu R. Β-catenin is involved in Bex2 down-regulation induced glioma cell invasion/migration inhibition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 456:494-9. [PMID: 25490384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.11.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we found that brain expressed X-linked gene 2 (Bex2) regulates the invasion/migration ability of glioma cells. However, the mechanism of this effect remains unknown. In current study, we reported that Bex2 down-regulation inhibited glioma cell migration and invasion by decreasing the nucleus and cytoplasm protein level of β-catenin. We found that the protein levels of Bex2 and β-catenin were up-regulated and showed direct correlation in glioma tissues. Bex2 down-regulation significantly decreased β-catenin protein levels but not its mRNA levels. Furthermore, the decreased protein level of β-catenin was located in the nucleus and cytoplasm but not in the cell membrane. Further study found that the effects of Bex2 down-regulation on the invasion and migration of glioma cell could be reversed by β-catenin over-expression. Taken together, Bex2 affects the invasion and migration ability of glioma cells by regulating β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er Nie
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shao Xie
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinxia Hu
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingming Meng
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuping Zhou
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Rutong Yu
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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18
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Meng Q, Zhi T, Chao Y, Nie E, Xu X, Shi Q, Hua L, Wang L, Zhan W, Wang Y, Zhou X, Yu R. Bex2 controls proliferation of human glioblastoma cells through NF-κB signaling pathway. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 53:262-70. [PMID: 24390962 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and fatal human brain malignancy in adults with highly proliferative capacity. Despite advances in surgery and adjuvant therapy, the median survival of patients has changed little over recent decades. Identifying molecules critical for glioma development is significant for devising effective targeted therapy. We previously reported that Bex2, a member of the brain expressed X-linked gene family, promoted the progression of glioma by promoting cell proliferation. In the present study, we investigated the main mechanism of Bex2 promoting the proliferation of glioblastoma cells. We found that Bex2 downregulation inhibited glioma cell proliferation and the expression of NF-κB p65, but Bex2 overexpression promoted them. Similarly, the proliferation of glioma cells was inhibited by p65 downregulation but increased by p65 overexpression. In addition, Bex2 overexpression-induced cell proliferation was abolished by p65 downregulation. Furthermore, Bex2 with nuclear localization signal deleted no longer promoted p65 expression. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Bex2 promotes proliferation of human glioblastoma cells via NF-κB signaling pathway and Bex2 nuclear location is critical for p65 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, People's Republic of China
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Zhang H, Nie W, Zhang X, Zhang G, Li Z, Wu H, Shi Q, Chen Y, Ding Z, Zhou X, Yu R. NEDD4-1 regulates migration and invasion of glioma cells through CNrasGEF ubiquitination in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82789. [PMID: 24340059 PMCID: PMC3858320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated 4-1 (NEDD4-1) plays a great role in tumor cell growth, but its function and mechanism in cell invasive behavior are totally unknown. Here we report that NEDD4-1 regulates migration and invasion of malignant glioma cells via triggering ubiquitination of cyclic nucleotide Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor (CNrasGEF) using cultured glioma cells. NEDD4-1 overexpression promoted cell migration and invasion, while its downregulation specifically inhibited them. However, NEDD4-1 did not affect the proliferation and apoptosis of glioma cells. NEDD4-1 physically interacted with CNrasGEF and promoted its poly-ubiquitination and degradation. Contrary to the effect of NEDD4-1, CNrasGEF downregulation promoted cell migration and invasion, while its overexpression inhibited them. Importantly, downregulation of CNrasGEF facilitated the effect of NEDD4-1-induced cell migration and invasion. Interestingly, aberrant up-regulated NEDD4-1 showed reverse correlation with CNrasGEF protein level but not with its mRNA level in glioma tissues. Combined with the in vitro results, the result of glioma tissues indicated post-translationally modification effect of NEDD4-1 on CNrasGEF. Our study suggests that NEDD4-1 regulates cell migration and invasion through ubiquitination of CNrasGEF in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenchen Nie
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gentang Zhang
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huaibing Wu
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Lab of Neurosurgery, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Chen
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhijun Ding
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuping Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Lab of Neurosurgery, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (RY); (XZ)
| | - Rutong Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Lab of Neurosurgery, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (RY); (XZ)
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Sayegh ET, Kaur G, Bloch O, Parsa AT. Systematic review of protein biomarkers of invasive behavior in glioblastoma. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:1212-44. [PMID: 24271659 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive and incurable brain tumor with a grave prognosis. Recurrence is inevitable even with maximal surgical resection, in large part because GBM is a highly invasive tumor. Invasiveness also contributes to the failure of multiple cornerstones of GBM therapy, including radiotherapy, temozolomide chemotherapy, and vascular endothelial growth factor blockade. In recent years there has been significant progress in the identification of protein biomarkers of invasive phenotype in GBM. In this article, we comprehensively review the literature and survey a broad spectrum of biomarkers, including proteolytic enzymes, extracellular matrix proteins, cell adhesion molecules, neurodevelopmental factors, cell signaling and transcription factors, angiogenic effectors, metabolic proteins, membrane channels, and cytokines and chemokines. In light of the marked variation seen in outcomes in GBM patients, the systematic use of these biomarkers could be used to form a framework for better prediction, prognostication, and treatment selection, as well as the identification of molecular targets for further laboratory investigation and development of nascent, directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli T Sayegh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611-2911, USA
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Zhou X, Liu Z, Shi Q, Jiao J, Bian W, Song X, Mo J, sang B, Xu Y, Qian J, Chao Y, Yu R. Geranylgeranyltransferase I regulates HIF-1α promoting glioblastoma cell migration and invasion. J Neurooncol 2013; 112:365-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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