1
|
Shen B, Wang Z, Yu H, Shen X, Li L, Ru Y, Yang C, Du G, Lai C, Gao Y. Medicinal cannabis oil improves anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors in CCS mice via the BDNF/TRPC6 signaling pathway. Behav Brain Res 2024; 467:115005. [PMID: 38641178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) refers to a chronic impairing psychiatric disorder occurring after exposure to the severe traumatic event. Studies have demonstrated that medicinal cannabis oil plays an important role in neuroprotection, but the mechanism by which it exerts anti-PTSD effects remains unclear. METHODS The chronic complex stress (CCS) simulating the conditions of long voyage stress for 4 weeks was used to establish the PTSD mice model. After that, behavioral tests were used to evaluate PTSD-like behaviors in mice. Mouse brain tissue index was detected and hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to assess pathological changes in the hippocampus. The indicators of cell apoptosis and the BDNF/TRPC6 signaling activation in the mice hippocampus were detected by western blotting or real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR experiments. RESULTS We established the PTSD mice model induced by CCS, which exhibited significant PTSD-like phenotypes, including increased anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors. Medicinal cannabis oil treatment significantly ameliorated PTSD-like behaviors and improved brain histomorphological abnormalities in CCS mice. Mechanistically, medicinal cannabis oil reduced CCS-induced cell apoptosis and enhanced the activation of BDNF/TRPC6 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS We constructed a PTSD model with CCS and medicinal cannabis oil that significantly improved anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors in CCS mice, which may play an anti-PTSD role by stimulating the BDNF/TRPC6 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoying Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhixing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810016, China
| | - Huijing Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lin Li
- Jilin Sihuan Aokang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jilin 133400, China
| | - Yi Ru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chunqi Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; Faculty of Environment and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Guangxu Du
- Jilin Sihuan Aokang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jilin 133400, China
| | - Chengcai Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Yue Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Peng Z, Chen J, Liu Y, Li D, Li Y, Zhang Q, Chen C, Zhang Y, Yao J, Wang S, Lin Q, Ruan Y. Optical biosensor based on weak measurement for ultra-sensitive detection of calreticulin in human serum. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:715-724. [PMID: 38404297 PMCID: PMC10890857 DOI: 10.1364/boe.514443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
A novel real-time optical phase sensing method based on the Mach-Zehnder interference principle has been proposed for the detection of calreticulin (CRT) levels in human serum samples. In this approach, anti-CRT antibodies are utilized to capture CRT molecules in serum, leading to a phase shift in both the measuring and reference arms of the system. By employing the concept of weak amplification within the framework of weak measurements, it becomes feasible to continuously monitor the response of CRT in real-time, allowing for the precise determination of serum CRT content at the picomolar level. Our achievement may pave the way in establishing CRT as a diagnostic biomarker for a wide range of medical applications, including rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhikang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement of Zhejiang Province, Center for Optics & Optoelectronics Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Jiali Chen
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement of Zhejiang Province, Center for Optics & Optoelectronics Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement of Zhejiang Province, Center for Optics & Optoelectronics Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement of Zhejiang Province, Center for Optics & Optoelectronics Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Yixiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement of Zhejiang Province, Center for Optics & Optoelectronics Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Qihao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement of Zhejiang Province, Center for Optics & Optoelectronics Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Chaoyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement of Zhejiang Province, Center for Optics & Optoelectronics Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shaoxing Second Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Jia Yao
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Shuqian Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement of Zhejiang Province, Center for Optics & Optoelectronics Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Yi Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement of Zhejiang Province, Center for Optics & Optoelectronics Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lokshina Y, Sheynin J, Vogt GS, Liberzon I. Fear Extinction Learning in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023; 64:257-270. [PMID: 37535308 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2023_436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Impairments in fear extinction processes have been implicated in the genesis and maintenance of debilitating psychopathologies, including Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD, classified as a trauma- and stressor-related disorder, is characterized by four symptom clusters: intrusive recollections of trauma, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, alterations in cognition and mood, and hyperarousal. One of the key pathological feature associated with the persistence of these symptoms is impaired fear extinction, as delineated in multiple studies employing Pavlovian fear-conditioning paradigms. These paradigms, comprising fear acquisition, extinction, extinction recall, and fear renewal phases, have illuminated the neurobiological substrates of PTSD. Dysfunctions in the neural circuits that mediate these fear learning and extinction processes can result in failure to extinguish fear responses and retain extinction memory, giving rise to enduring experience of fear and anxiety. The protective avoidance behaviors observed in individuals with PTSD further exacerbate intrusive symptoms and pose challenges to effective treatment strategies. A comprehensive analysis of fear conditioning and extinction processes, along with the underlying neurobiology, could significantly enhance our understanding of PTSD pathophysiology. This chapter delineates the role of fear extinction processes in PTSD, investigates the underlying neurobiological substrates, and underscores the therapeutic implications, while also identifying future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yana Lokshina
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jony Sheynin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Gregory S Vogt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA.
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cai M, Park HR, Yang EJ. Nutraceutical Interventions for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Animal Models: A Focus on the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070898. [PMID: 35890196 PMCID: PMC9324528 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs after exposure to traumatic events and is characterized by overwhelming fear and anxiety. Disturbances in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis are involved in the pathogenesis of mood disorders, including anxiety, PTSD, and major depressive disorders. Studies have demonstrated the relationship between the HPA axis response and stress vulnerability, indicating that the HPA axis regulates the immune system, fear memory, and neurotransmission. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), sertraline and paroxetine, are the only drugs that have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of PTSD. However, SSRIs require long treatment times and are associated with lower response and remission rates; therefore, additional pharmacological interventions are required. Complementary and alternative medicine therapies ameliorate HPA axis disturbances through regulation of gut dysbiosis, insomnia, chronic stress, and depression. We have described the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which the HPA axis is involved in PTSD pathogenesis and have evaluated the potential of herbal medicines for PTSD treatment. Herbal medicines could comprise a good therapeutic strategy for HPA axis regulation and can simultaneously improve PTSD-related symptoms. Finally, herbal medicines may lead to novel biologically driven approaches for the treatment and prevention of PTSD.
Collapse
|
5
|
Alzoubi KH, Al-Dekah AM, Jaradat S, Alrabadi N. L-Carnitine prevents memory impairment induced by post-traumatic stress disorder. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2021; 40:53-61. [PMID: 34974445 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-211191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a genuine obstructing mental disorder. As indicated by the name, it is related to the patients' stress augmented by life-threatening conditions or accidents. The PTSD has linked to oxidative stress that can result in neurodegeneration. L-carnitine (L-CAR) is known for its antioxidant properties, which can protect against neuronal damage. OBJECTIVE In the current study, we investigated the beneficial effects of L-CAR on the memory impairment induced by PTSD using a rat model. METHODS A model of single-prolonged stress (a cycle of restraining, forced swimming, rest, and finally diethyl ether exposure for 2 h, 20 min, 15 min, and 1-2 min, respectively) was used to induce PTSD-like behavior. Intraperitoneal L-CAR treatment (300 mg/kg/day) was introduced for four weeks. Both memory and special learning were evaluated utilizing the radial arm water maze (RAWM). Moreover, the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reduced (GSH), and glutathione oxidized (GSSG) were assessed as biomarkers oxidative stress in the hippocampus. RESULTS The results demonstrated that both the short and long-term memories were impaired by PTSD/SPS model (P < 0.05), while L-CAR treatment prevented this memory impairment in PTSD rats. Besides, L-CAR prevented the reduction in GPx activity and increase in GSSG, which were altered in the hippocampus of the PTSD/SPS rats (P < 0.05). Levels of GSH were not changed in PTSD and/or L-CAR rats. CONCLUSIONS L-CAR administration prevented short- and long-term memories' impairments induced in the PTSD/SPS rat model. This is probably related to its antioxidant effects in the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Arwa M Al-Dekah
- Department of Applied Biology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Saied Jaradat
- Department of Applied Biology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nasr Alrabadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Han D, Shi Y, Han F. The effects of orexin-A and orexin receptors on anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in a male rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:592-606. [PMID: 34387361 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Orexin neurons play an important role in stress-related mental disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Anxiety- and depression-related symptoms commonly occur in combination with PTSD. However, the role of the orexin system in mediating alterations in these affective symptoms remains unclear. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is implicated in both cognitive and emotional processing. In the present study, we investigated anxiety- and depression-related behavioral changes using the elevated plus maze, the sucrose preference test, and the open field test in male rats with single prolonged stress (SPS) induced-PTSD. The expression of orexin-A in the hypothalamus and orexin receptors (OX1R and OX2R) in the mPFC was detected and quantified by immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. We found that the SPS rats exhibited enhanced levels of anxiety, reduced exploratory activities, and anhedonia. Furthermore, SPS resulted in reductions in the expression of orexin-A in the hypothalamus and the increased the expression of OX1R in the mPFC. The intracerebroventricular administration of orexin-A alleviated behavioral changes in SPS rats and partly restored the increased levels of OX1R in the mPFC. These results suggest that the orexin system plays a role in the anxiety- and depression-related symptoms observed in PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Han
- PTSD Laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Neonatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuxiu Shi
- PTSD Laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fang Han
- PTSD Laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stupin KN, Zenko MY, Rybnikova EA. Comparative Analysis of Pathobiochemical Changes in Major Depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:729-736. [PMID: 34225595 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921060109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Comparative analysis of available literature data on the pathogenetic neuroendocrine mechanisms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is provided in this review to identify their common features and differences. We discuss the multidirectional modifications of the activity of cortical and subcortical structures of the brain, levels of neurotransmitters and their receptors, and functions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in depression and PTSD. The analysis shows that these disorders are examples of opposite failures in the system of adaptive stress response of the body to stressful psychotraumatic events. On this basis, it is concluded that the currently widespread use of similar approaches to treat these disorders is not justified, despite the significant similarity of their anxiety-depressive symptoms; development of differential therapeutic strategies is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin N Stupin
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Mikhail Y Zenko
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Elena A Rybnikova
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alzoubi KH, Shatnawi AF, Al-Qudah MA, Alfaqih MA. Vitamin C attenuates memory loss induced by post-traumatic stress like behavior in a rat model. Behav Brain Res 2020; 379:112350. [PMID: 31711893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is associated with neuronal damage in many brain regions including the hippocampus; an area in the brain responsible of memory processing. Oxidative stress is also linked with many psychiatric conditions including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is triggered by traumatic experience and many PTSD patients show signs of memory impairment. Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin with antioxidant properties. Herein, we hypothesized that memory impairment observed during PTSD could be a result of oxidative stress in hippocampal tissues and that prophylactic vitamin C administration may reduce oxidative stress in the hippocampus and prevent memory impairment. The above hypothesis was tested in a rat model where PTSD-like behavior was induced through single prolonged stress (SPS). Short and long-term memory was tested using a radial arm water maze (RAWM). We found that SPS induced a significant increase in the oxidized glutathione levels of the hippocampus. This reduction was accompanied with a significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase and catalase enzyme activity, and a significant increase in lipid peroxidation. Intriguingly, vitamin C administration successfully attenuated memory impairment and all of the changes observed in oxidative stress markers. Our findings demonstrate that vitamin C could prevent oxidative stress and memory impairment induced by SPS model of PTSD-like behavior in rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Alaa F Shatnawi
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad A Al-Qudah
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mahmoud A Alfaqih
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ding Y, Tang J, You X, Zhang X, Wang G, Yao C, Lin M, Wang X, Cheng D. Study on the mechanism underlying Al-induced hepatotoxicity based on the identification of the Al-binding proteins in liver. Metallomics 2019; 11:1353-1362. [PMID: 31343013 DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00150f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is the most abundant metal element in the earth's crust, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of liver lesions. However, the mechanisms underlying Al3+-induced hepatotoxicity are still largely elusive. Based on analysis with native gel electrophoresis, Al3+ plus 8-hydroxyquinoline staining and LC-MS/MS, the proteins with high Al3+ affinity were identified to be carbamoyl-phosphate synthase, adenosylhomocysteinase, heat shock protein 90-alpha, carbonic anhydrase 3, serum albumin and calreticulin. These proteins are involved in physiological processes such as the urea cycle, redox reactions, apoptosis and so on. Then we established an Al3+-treated rat model for biochemical tests, morphology observation and Ca2+ homeostasis analysis, in order to evaluate the extent of oxidative damage, hepatic histopathology and specific indicators of Al3+-related proteins in liver. Our findings indicated the high-affinity interactions with Al3+ perturbed the normal function of the above proteins, which could account for the mechanism underlying Al3+-induced hepatotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Jinlei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Xun You
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Xiongfeng Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Tobacco Science Research Institute, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Guangliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Congying Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Mibin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Xuerui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Dai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, China. and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moreno-Rius J. The cerebellum under stress. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 54:100774. [PMID: 31348932 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stress-related psychiatric conditions are one of the main causes of disability in developed countries. They account for a large portion of resource investment in stress-related disorders, become chronic, and remain difficult to treat. Research on the neurobehavioral effects of stress reveals how changes in certain brain areas, mediated by a number of neurochemical messengers, markedly alter behavior. The cerebellum is connected with stress-related brain areas and expresses the machinery required to process stress-related neurochemical mediators. Surprisingly, it is not regarded as a substrate of stress-related behavioral alterations, despite numerous studies that show cerebellar responsivity to stress. Therefore, this review compiles those studies and proposes a hypothesis for cerebellar function in stressful conditions, relating it to stress-induced psychopathologies. It aims to provide a clearer picture of stress-related neural circuitry and stimulate cerebellum-stress research. Consequently, it might contribute to the development of improved treatment strategies for stress-related disorders.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kotian V, Sarmah D, Kaur H, Kesharwani R, Verma G, Mounica L, Veeresh P, Kalia K, Borah A, Wang X, Dave KR, Yavagal DR, Bhattacharya P. Evolving Evidence of Calreticulin as a Pharmacological Target in Neurological Disorders. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2629-2646. [PMID: 31017385 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CALR), a lectin-like ER chaperone, was initially known only for its housekeeping function, but today it is recognized for many versatile roles in different compartments of a cell. Apart from canonical roles in protein folding and calcium homeostasis, it performs a variety of noncanonical roles, mostly in CNS development. In the past, studies have linked Calreticulin with various other biological components which are detrimental in deciding the fate of neurons. Many neurological disorders that differ in their etiology are commonly associated with aberrant levels of Calreticulin, that lead to modulation of apoptosis and phagocytosis, and impact on transcriptional pathways, impairment in proteostatis, and calcium imbalances. Such multifaceted properties of Calreticulin are the reason why it has been implicated in vital roles of the nervous system in recent years. Hence, understanding its role in the physiology of neurons would help to unearth its involvement in the spectrum of neurological disorders. This Review aims toward exploring the interplay of Calreticulin in neurological disorders which would aid in targeting Calreticulin for developing novel neurotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Kotian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Radhika Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Geetesh Verma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Leela Mounica
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Pabbala Veeresh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kunjan R. Dave
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Dileep R. Yavagal
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Richter-Levin G, Stork O, Schmidt MV. Animal models of PTSD: a challenge to be met. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1135-1156. [PMID: 30816289 PMCID: PMC6756084 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0272-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen increased interest in psychopathologies related to trauma exposure. Specifically, there has been a growing awareness to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in part due to terrorism, climate change-associated natural disasters, the global refugee crisis, and increased violence in overpopulated urban areas. However, notwithstanding the increased awareness to the disorder, the increasing number of patients, and the devastating impact on the lives of patients and their families, the efficacy of available treatments remains limited and highly unsatisfactory. A major scientific effort is therefore devoted to unravel the neural mechanisms underlying PTSD with the aim of paving the way to developing novel or improved treatment approaches and drugs to treat PTSD. One of the major scientific tools used to gain insight into understanding physiological and neuronal mechanisms underlying diseases and for treatment development is the use of animal models of human diseases. While much progress has been made using these models in understanding mechanisms of conditioned fear and fear memory, the gained knowledge has not yet led to better treatment options for PTSD patients. This poor translational outcome has already led some scientists and pharmaceutical companies, who do not in general hold opinions against animal models, to propose that those models should be abandoned. Here, we critically examine aspects of animal models of PTSD that may have contributed to the relative lack of translatability, including the focus on the exposure to trauma, overlooking individual and sex differences, and the contribution of risk factors. Based on findings from recent years, we propose research-based modifications that we believe are required in order to overcome some of the shortcomings of previous practice. These modifications include the usage of animal models of PTSD which incorporate risk factors and of the behavioral profiling analysis of individuals in a sample. These modifications are aimed to address factors such as individual predisposition and resilience, thus taking into consideration the fact that only a fraction of individuals exposed to trauma develop PTSD. We suggest that with an appropriate shift of practice, animal models are not only a valuable tool to enhance our understanding of fear and memory processes, but could serve as effective platforms for understanding PTSD, for PTSD drug development and drug testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gal Richter-Levin
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel. .,The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel. .,Psychology Department, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Oliver Stork
- 0000 0001 1018 4307grid.5807.aDepartment of Genetics & Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany ,grid.452320.2Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mathias V. Schmidt
- 0000 0000 9497 5095grid.419548.5Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Alzoubi KH, Al-Ibbini AM, Nuseir KQ. Prevention of memory impairment induced by post-traumatic stress disorder by cerebrolysin. Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:430-437. [PMID: 30316170 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may occur after exposure to stressful, fearful or troubling events. Until now, there is no curable medication for this disorder. Cerebrolysin is a neuropeptide, which has an important role in the treatment of vascular dementia. In this study, the probable protective effect of cerebrolysin on PTSD-induced memory impairment was investigated. To induce PTSD, the single prolonged stress (SPS) model was used. Rats were allocated into four groups: control (vehicle-treated), CBL (administrated cerebrolysin 2.5 ml/kg by intraperitoneal route for 4 weeks), SPS (as a model of PTSD and administered vehicle), and CBL-SPS (exposed to SPS and administered cerebrolysin for 4 weeks). Learning and memory were assessed using the radial arm water maze (RAWM). Results showed that SPS impaired both short- and long- term memories; and chronic cerebrolysin administration prevented such effect. Cerebrolysin also prevented decreases in hippocampal GSH levels and GSH/GSSG ratios, and increased GSSG and TBARs, levels induced by PTSD. In conclusion, a protective effect of cerebrolysin administration against SPS model of PTSD induced short- and long- term memory impairment was characterized. This protection could be accomplished, at least partly, by prevention of PTSD induced increase in oxidative stress in the hippocampus via the use of cerebrolysin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Alaa M Al-Ibbini
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Khawla Q Nuseir
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jia Y, Han Y, Wang X, Han F. Role of apoptosis in the Post-traumatic stress disorder model-single prolonged stressed rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 95:97-105. [PMID: 29843020 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress-related mental disorder which occurs following exposure to traumatic events. A number of brain neuroimaging studies have revealed that PTSD patients have reduced volume and abnormal functions in the hippocampus and the amygdala. However, the pathogenesis of abnormalities in certain brain regions, as induced by PTSD, remains unclear. Recent studies, using the single prolonged stress (SPS) model, an animal model of PTSD, have found that abnormal apoptosis in certain brain regions, including the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC); these areas are closely associated with emotion and cognition. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of apoptosis in SPS rats, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria pathways. For the ER pathway, three individual pathways: PERK, IRE1, and ATF6 showed different roles on apoptosis and neuroprotection. Three key factors are thought to be involved in the mitochondrial pathway and PTSD-induced apoptosis: corticosteroid receptors, apoptosis-related factors, and anti-apoptosis factors. We have investigated the role of these factors and have attempted to identify which factors of the pathways are more focused towards neuronal protection, and which are more direct towards apoptosis. We also discussed the role of autophagy and the specific differences between autophagy and apoptosis in SPS rats. Finally, we discussed emerging researches related to anti-apoptosis treatment, including PERK inhibitors, IRE1 inhibitors, and metformin; collectively, these were exciting, but limited, This review provides a summary of the current understanding of apoptosis in SPS rats and the potential anti-apoptosis treatment strategies for PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunbo Jia
- PTSD laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yunhe Han
- PTSD laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- PTSD laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Fang Han
- PTSD laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wen L, Xiao B, Shi Y, Han F. PERK signalling pathway mediates single prolonged stress-induced dysfunction of medial prefrontal cortex neurons. Apoptosis 2018; 22:753-768. [PMID: 28391375 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1371-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized with abnormal learning and memory. Impairments in learning and memory are closely associated with apoptosis in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We previously examined the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was involved in the apoptosis in the mPFC of PTSD. The PERK pathway plays the important role in the ER stress-induced apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of PERK pathway in neuronal apoptosis in the mPFC of rat models of PTSD. We used the single prolonged stress (SPS) to mimic PTSD in rats and studied the effects of the PERK pathway in mPFC. Learning and memory behavior were examined by Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests. Apoptosis in mPFC was detected by TUNEL staining. Our results showed decreased learning memory and increased apoptosis of mPFC neurons in rats exposed to SPS. SPS exposure upregulate mRNA expressions of PERK, p-PERK, eIF2α, p-eIF2α, nuclear ATF4 and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) in mPFC neurons, but the protein levels of these molecules showed difference in magnitude and time course. GSK2606414 (an antagonist of PERK) treatment successfully reversed the above changes. These results suggested that the PERK pathway mediated SPS-induced neural apoptosis in the mPFC. These findings will be helpful in understanding mPFC-related pathogenesis of PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wen
- PTSD Lab, Department of Histo-Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Bing Xiao
- PTSD Lab, Department of Histo-Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuxiu Shi
- PTSD Lab, Department of Histo-Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Fang Han
- PTSD Lab, Department of Histo-Embryology, Basic Medical Sciences College, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Alzoubi KH, Rababa'h AM, Al Yacoub ON. Tempol prevents post-traumatic stress disorder induced memory impairment. Physiol Behav 2018; 184:189-195. [PMID: 29217357 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
17
|
Lisieski MJ, Eagle AL, Conti AC, Liberzon I, Perrine SA. Single-Prolonged Stress: A Review of Two Decades of Progress in a Rodent Model of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:196. [PMID: 29867615 PMCID: PMC5962709 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common, costly, and often debilitating psychiatric condition. However, the biological mechanisms underlying this disease are still largely unknown or poorly understood. Considerable evidence indicates that PTSD results from dysfunction in highly-conserved brain systems involved in stress, anxiety, fear, and reward. Pre-clinical models of traumatic stress exposure are critical in defining the neurobiological mechanisms of PTSD, which will ultimately aid in the development of new treatments for PTSD. Single prolonged stress (SPS) is a pre-clinical model that displays behavioral, molecular, and physiological alterations that recapitulate many of the same alterations observed in PTSD, illustrating its validity and giving it utility as a model for investigating post-traumatic adaptations and pre-trauma risk and protective factors. In this manuscript, we review the present state of research using the SPS model, with the goals of (1) describing the utility of the SPS model as a tool for investigating post-trauma adaptations, (2) relating findings using the SPS model to findings in patients with PTSD, and (3) indicating research gaps and strategies to address them in order to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lisieski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Andrew L Eagle
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Alana C Conti
- Research and Development Service, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Mental Health Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Shane A Perrine
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Knox D, Stanfield BR, Staib JM, David NP, DePietro T, Chamness M, Schneider EK, Keller SM, Lawless C. Using c-Jun to identify fear extinction learning-specific patterns of neural activity that are affected by single prolonged stress. Behav Brain Res 2017; 341:189-197. [PMID: 29292158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neural circuits via which stress leads to disruptions in fear extinction is often explored in animal stress models. Using the single prolonged stress (SPS) model of post traumatic stress disorder and the immediate early gene (IEG) c-Fos as a measure of neural activity, we previously identified patterns of neural activity through which SPS disrupts extinction retention. However, none of these stress effects were specific to fear or extinction learning and memory. C-Jun is another IEG that is sometimes regulated in a different manner to c-Fos and could be used to identify emotional learning/memory specific patterns of neural activity that are sensitive to SPS. Animals were either fear conditioned (CS-fear) or presented with CSs only (CS-only) then subjected to extinction training and testing. C-Jun was then assayed within neural substrates critical for extinction memory. Inhibited c-Jun levels in the hippocampus (Hipp) and enhanced functional connectivity between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) during extinction training was disrupted by SPS in the CS-fear group only. As a result, these effects were specific to emotional learning/memory. SPS also disrupted inhibited Hipp c-Jun levels, enhanced BLA c-Jun levels, and altered functional connectivity among the vmPFC, BLA, and Hipp during extinction testing in SPS rats in the CS-fear and CS-only groups. As a result, these effects were not specific to emotional learning/memory. Our findings suggest that SPS disrupts neural activity specific to extinction memory, but may also disrupt the retention of fear extinction by mechanisms that do not involve emotional learning/memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayan Knox
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
| | - Briana R Stanfield
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Jennifer M Staib
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Nina P David
- School of Public Policy and Administration, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Thomas DePietro
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Marisa Chamness
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Elizabeth K Schneider
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Samantha M Keller
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Caroline Lawless
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wen L, Han F, Shi Y, Li X. Role of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Pathway in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Model Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:471-82. [PMID: 27112439 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies revealed that patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have a smaller than normal medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and PTSD rats [single prolonged stress, (SPS)] have an increased mPFC neuron apoptosis, which are related to the severity of PTSD symptoms. Three signalling pathways [protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)] in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) play a critical role in resisting apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the three branches of ER signalling are involved in SPS-induced mPFC neuron apoptosis. We used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to detect morphological changes in ER and fluorescence spectrophotometry to detect the concentration of intracellular calcium in mPFC. We used molecular biological techniques to detect the expression levels of three branch signalling pathways of ER: phosphorylated PERK (p-PERK)/phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A (p-eIF2a), ATF6a/X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), and IRE1a. In addition, the ER molecular chaperone 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) and the ER-related apoptosis factors caspase family and Bax also were examined. Apoptosis neurons were detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling. The results showed that the concentration of calcium in mPFC was increased in SPS rats. Using TEM, we found that mPFC neurons in SPS rats showed an expanded ER and chromatin margination. The increased expressions of p-PERK/p-eIF2a, ATF6a/XBP1, and IRE1 in response to SPS were also observed, although the degrees of increase were different. In addition, the protein and mRNA expression of GRP78 was increased in SPS rats; the upregulation of ER-related apoptosis factors and apoptosis neurons after SPS stimulation was observed. These results suggested that the three signalling pathways of unfolded protein response were involved in PTSD-induced, ER-dependent apoptosis in mPFC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wen
- PTSD Lab, Department of histology and embryology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning province, China, 110122
| | - Fang Han
- PTSD Lab, Department of histology and embryology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning province, China, 110122.
| | - Yuxiu Shi
- PTSD Lab, Department of histology and embryology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning province, China, 110122
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- PTSD Lab, Department of histology and embryology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning province, China, 110122
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang HN, Bai YH, Chen YC, Zhang RG, Wang HH, Zhang YH, Gan JL, Peng ZW, Tan QR. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ameliorates anxiety-like behavior and impaired sensorimotor gating in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117189. [PMID: 25659132 PMCID: PMC4320076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been employed for decades as a non-pharmacologic treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although a link has been suggested between PTSD and impaired sensorimotor gating (SG), studies assessing the effects of rTMS against PTSD or PTSD with impaired SG are scarce. Aim To assess the benefit of rTMS in a rat model of PTSD. Methods Using a modified single prolonged stress (SPS&S) rat model of PTSD, behavioral parameters were acquired using open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze test (EPMT), and prepulse inhibition trial (PPI), with or without 7 days of high frequency (10Hz) rTMS treatment of SPS&S rats. Results Anxiety-like behavior, impaired SG and increased plasma level of cortisol were observed in SPS&S animals after stress for a prolonged time. Interestingly, rTMS administered immediately after stress prevented those impairment. Conclusion Stress-induced anxiety-like behavior, increased plasma level of cortisol and impaired PPI occur after stress and high-frequency rTMS has the potential to ameliorate this behavior, suggesting that high frequency rTMS should be further evaluated for its use as a method for preventing PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-ning Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yuan-han Bai
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yun-chun Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Rui-guo Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Huai-hai Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ya-hong Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jing-li Gan
- Department of Psychiatry, 91 Hospital of P. L. A., Jiaozuo, 454150, China
| | - Zheng-wu Peng
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
- * E-mail: (Z-WP); (Q-RT)
| | - Qing-rong Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
- * E-mail: (Z-WP); (Q-RT)
| |
Collapse
|