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Tripathy S, Singh S, Banerjee M, Modi DR, Prakash A. Coagulation proteases and neurotransmitters in pathogenicity of glioblastoma multiforme. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:398-408. [PMID: 35896309 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2107514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive type of cancer that begins in cells called astrocytes that support nerve cells that can occur in the brain or spinal cord. It can form in the brain or spinal cord. Despite the variety of modern therapies against GBM, it is still a deadly disease. Patients usually have a median survival of approximately 14 to 15 months from the diagnosis. Glioblastoma is also known as glioblastoma multiforme. The pathogenesis contributing to the proliferation and metastasis of cancer involves aberrations of multiple signalling pathways through multiple genetic mutations and altered gene expression. The coagulant factors like thrombin and tissue factor play a noteworthy role in cancer invasion. They are produced in the microenvironment of glioma through activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs) which are activated by coagulation proteases. PARs are members of family G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by coagulation proteases. These components play a key role in tumour cell angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and interactions with host vascular cells. Further, the release of neurotransmitters is also found to regulate malignancy in gliomas. Exploration of the interplay between malignant neural circuitry with the normal conditions is also decisive in finding effective therapies for these apparently invasive tumours. The present review discusses the molecular classification of gliomas, activation of PARs by coagulation protease, and its role in metastasis of gliomas. Further, the differential involvement of neurotransmitters in the pathogenesis of gliomas has also been discussed. Targeting these molecules may present a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Tripathy
- Molecular & Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Monisha Banerjee
- Molecular & Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Dinesh Raj Modi
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Anand Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, India
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2
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Golderman V, Goldberg Z, Gofrit SG, Dori A, Maggio N, Chapman J, Sher I, Rotenstreich Y, Shavit-Stein E. PARIN5, a Novel Thrombin Receptor Antagonist Modulates a Streptozotocin Mice Model for Diabetic Encephalopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032021. [PMID: 36768341 PMCID: PMC9917200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic encephalopathy (DE) is an inflammation-associated diabetes mellitus (DM) complication. Inflammation and coagulation are linked and are both potentially modulated by inhibiting the thrombin cellular protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). Our aim was to study whether coagulation pathway modulation affects DE. Diabetic C57BL/6 mice were treated with PARIN5, a novel PAR1 modulator. Behavioral changes in the open field and novel object recognition tests, serum neurofilament (NfL) levels and thrombin activity in central and peripheral nervous system tissue (CNS and PNS, respectively), brain mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), Factor X (FX), prothrombin, and PAR1 were assessed. Subtle behavioral changes were detected in diabetic mice. These were accompanied by an increase in serum NfL, an increase in central and peripheral neural tissue thrombin activity, and TNF-α, FX, and prothrombin brain intrinsic mRNA expression. Systemic treatment with PARIN5 prevented the appearance of behavioral changes, normalized serum NfL and prevented the increase in peripheral but not central thrombin activity. PARIN5 treatment prevented the elevation of both TNF-α and FX but significantly elevated prothrombin expression. PARIN5 treatment prevents behavioral and neural damage in the DE model, suggesting it for future clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Golderman
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Zehavit Goldberg
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, The Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
| | - Shany Guly Gofrit
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
| | - Amir Dori
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Joab Chapman
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ifat Sher
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, The Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- The TELEM Rubin Excellence in Biomedical Research Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ygal Rotenstreich
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, The Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Efrat Shavit-Stein
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- The TELEM Rubin Excellence in Biomedical Research Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +972-3530-4409
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Berkowitz S, Gofrit SG, Aharoni SA, Golderman V, Qassim L, Goldberg Z, Dori A, Maggio N, Chapman J, Shavit-Stein E. LPS-Induced Coagulation and Neuronal Damage in a Mice Model Is Attenuated by Enoxaparin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810472. [PMID: 36142385 PMCID: PMC9499496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Due to the interactions between neuroinflammation and coagulation, the neural effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (IP), n = 20) and treatment with the anti-thrombotic enoxaparin (1 mg/kg, IP, 15 min, and 12 h following LPS, n = 20) were studied in C57BL/6J mice. Methods. One week after LPS injection, sensory, motor, and cognitive functions were assessed by a hot plate, rotarod, open field test (OFT), and Y-maze. Thrombin activity was measured with a fluorometric assay; hippocampal mRNA expression of coagulation and inflammation factors were measured by real-time-PCR; and serum neurofilament-light-chain (NfL), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured by a single-molecule array (Simoa) assay. Results. Reduced crossing center frequency was observed in both LPS groups in the OFT (p = 0.02), along with a minor motor deficit between controls and LPS indicated by the rotarod (p = 0.057). Increased hippocampal thrombin activity (p = 0.038) and protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) mRNA (p = 0.01) were measured in LPS compared to controls, but not in enoxaparin LPS-treated mice (p = 0.4, p = 0.9, respectively). Serum NfL and TNF-α levels were elevated in LPS mice (p < 0.05) and normalized by enoxaparin treatment. Conclusions. These results indicate that inflammation, coagulation, neuronal damage, and behavior are linked and may regulate each other, suggesting another pharmacological mechanism for intervention in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Berkowitz
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Shany Guly Gofrit
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
| | - Shay Anat Aharoni
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
| | - Valery Golderman
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Lamis Qassim
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Zehavit Goldberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
| | - Amir Dori
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Correspondence:
| | - Joab Chapman
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Efrat Shavit-Stein
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Emerging Role of Neuron-Glia in Neurological Disorders: At a Glance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3201644. [PMID: 36046684 PMCID: PMC9423989 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3201644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on the diverse physiological influence, the impact of glial cells has become much more evident on neurological illnesses, resulting in the origins of many diseases appearing to be more convoluted than previously happened. Since neurological disorders are often random and unknown, hence the construction of animal models is difficult to build, representing a small fraction of people with a gene mutation. As a result, an immediate necessity is grown to work within in vitro techniques for examining these illnesses. As the scientific community recognizes cell-autonomous contributions to a variety of central nervous system illnesses, therapeutic techniques involving stem cells for treating neurological diseases are gaining traction. The use of stem cells derived from a variety of sources is increasingly being used to replace both neuronal and glial tissue. The brain's energy demands necessitate the reliance of neurons on glial cells in order for it to function properly. Furthermore, glial cells have diverse functions in terms of regulating their own metabolic activities, as well as collaborating with neurons via secreted signaling or guidance molecules, forming a complex network of neuron-glial connections in health and sickness. Emerging data reveals that metabolic changes in glial cells can cause morphological and functional changes in conjunction with neuronal dysfunction under disease situations, highlighting the importance of neuron-glia interactions in the pathophysiology of neurological illnesses. In this context, it is required to improve our understanding of disease mechanisms and create potential novel therapeutics. According to research, synaptic malfunction is one of the features of various mental diseases, and glial cells are acting as key ingredients not only in synapse formation, growth, and plasticity but also in neuroinflammation and synaptic homeostasis which creates critical physiological capacity in the focused sensory system. The goal of this review article is to elaborate state-of-the-art information on a few glial cell types situated in the central nervous system (CNS) and highlight their role in the onset and progression of neurological disorders.
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Goldberg Z, Sher I, Qassim L, Chapman J, Rotenstreich Y, Shavit-Stein E. Intrinsic Expression of Coagulation Factors and Protease Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1) in Photoreceptors and Inner Retinal Layers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020984. [PMID: 35055169 PMCID: PMC8778890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the distribution of the thrombin receptor, protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1), in the neuroretina. Neuroretina samples of wild-type C57BL/6J and PAR1−/− mice were processed for indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to determine mRNA expression of coagulation Factor X (FX), prothrombin (PT), and PAR1 in the isolated neuroretina. Thrombin activity following KCl depolarization was assessed in mouse neuroretinas ex vivo. PAR1 staining was observed in the retinal ganglion cells, inner nuclear layer cells, and photoreceptors in mouse retinal cross sections by indirect immunofluorescence. PAR1 co-localized with rhodopsin in rod outer segments but was not expressed in cone outer segments. Western blot analysis confirmed PAR1 expression in the neuroretina. Factor X, prothrombin, and PAR1 mRNA expression was detected in isolated neuroretinas. Thrombin activity was elevated by nearly four-fold in mouse neuroretinas following KCl depolarization (0.012 vs. 0.044 mu/mL, p = 0.0497). The intrinsic expression of coagulation factors in the isolated neuroretina together with a functional increase in thrombin activity following KCl depolarization may suggest a role for the PAR1/thrombin pathway in retinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehavit Goldberg
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel; (Z.G.); (I.S.); (Y.R.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ifat Sher
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel; (Z.G.); (I.S.); (Y.R.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Lamis Qassim
- Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel; (L.Q.); (J.C.)
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Joab Chapman
- Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel; (L.Q.); (J.C.)
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ygal Rotenstreich
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel; (Z.G.); (I.S.); (Y.R.)
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Efrat Shavit-Stein
- Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5266202, Israel; (L.Q.); (J.C.)
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +972-3-530-4409
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Physical Exercise as a Modulator of Vascular Pathology and Thrombin Generation to Improve Outcomes After Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:1124-1138. [PMID: 34846694 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02639-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier and occurrence of coagulopathy after traumatic brain injury (TBI) have important implications for multiple secondary injury processes. Given the extent of post-traumatic changes in neuronal function, significant alterations in some targets, such thrombin (a protease that plays a physiological role in maintaining blood coagulation), play an important role in TBI-induced pathophysiology. Despite the magnitude of thrombin in synaptic plasticity being concentration-dependent, the mechanisms underlying TBI have not been fully elucidated. The understanding of this post-injury neurovascular dysregulation is essential to establish scientific-based rehabilitative strategies. One of these strategies may be supporting physical exercise, considering its relevance in reducing damage after a TBI. However, there are caveats to consider when interpreting the effect of physical exercise on neurovascular dysregulation after TBI. To complete this picture, this review will describe how the interactions established between blood-borne factors (such as thrombin) and physical exercise alter the TBI pathophysiology.
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Shlobin NA, Har-Even M, Itsekson-Hayosh Z, Harnof S, Pick CG. Role of Thrombin in Central Nervous System Injury and Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:562. [PMID: 33921354 PMCID: PMC8070021 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is a Na+-activated allosteric serine protease of the chymotrypsin family involved in coagulation, inflammation, cell protection, and apoptosis. Increasingly, the role of thrombin in the brain has been explored. Low concentrations of thrombin are neuroprotective, while high concentrations exert pathological effects. However, greater attention regarding the involvement of thrombin in normal and pathological processes in the central nervous system is warranted. In this review, we explore the mechanisms of thrombin action, localization, and functions in the central nervous system and describe the involvement of thrombin in stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage, neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and primary central nervous system tumors. We aim to comprehensively characterize the role of thrombin in neurological disease and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Shlobin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Meirav Har-Even
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ze’ev Itsekson-Hayosh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer 5262000, Israel
| | - Sagi Harnof
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel;
| | - Chaim G. Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center for Biology of Addictive Diseases, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Itsekson Hayosh Z, Abu Bandora E, Shelestovich N, Nulman M, Bakon M, Yaniv G, Khaitovitch B, Balan S, Gerasimova A, Drori T, Mausbach S, Schwammenthal Y, Afek A, Chapman J, Shavit Stein E, Orion D. In-thrombus thrombin secretion: a new diagnostic marker of atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke. J Neurointerv Surg 2020; 13:799-804. [PMID: 33055222 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-016484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endovascularly retrieved clots are a potential resource for diagnosing stroke etiology, which may influence secondary prevention treatment. In this study we measured thrombin activity eluted by serially washing clots. METHODS Clots were retrieved from 68 patients with acute ischemic stroke, freshly frozen and classified by standard criteria into proven atrial fibrillation (AF, 18 patients), atherosclerotic origin (AS, 15 patients), cryptogenic stroke (Cr, 17 patients) and other known causes (18 patients). Thawed clot samples were washed by transferring them into 1 mL buffer in seven hourly cycles and a fluorescent substrate assay was used to measure secreted thrombin activity. The clots were also examined histologically. Artificial fibrin and red blood cell-rich clots were similarly assayed for wash-eluted thrombin activity as an external control. RESULTS Thrombin activity eluted from clots of AF origin decreased significantly with time in contrast to steady levels eluted from AS origin thrombi (P<0.0001 by repeated measures ANOVA). The Cr stroke group was indistinguishable from the AF group and differed statistically from the AS group (P=0.017 by repeated measures ANOVA). In artificial clots we found a biphasic activity pattern, with initially decreasing levels of eluted thrombin (AF pattern) and then, with continuing washes, steady eluted thrombin levels (AS pattern). CONCLUSIONS An assay measuring the change in thrombin in clots retrieved during acute stroke endovascular thrombectomy procedures may serve as a diagnostic marker of the origin of the clot. The suggested mechanism for these differences may be the clot location before its retrieval, with high blood flow causing thrombin washout in atherosclerotic clots, in contrast to atrium appendage low blood flow retaining high thrombin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze'ev Itsekson Hayosh
- Neurology, Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | - Maya Nulman
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mati Bakon
- Institute of Medical Imaging, Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Gal Yaniv
- Institute of Medical Imaging, Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Boris Khaitovitch
- Institute of Medical Imaging, Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shmuel Balan
- Institute of Medical Imaging, Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Tali Drori
- Neurology, Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Stefan Mausbach
- Neurology, Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Neurology, Märkische Kliniken Lüdenscheid, Lüdenscheid, Germany
| | | | - Arnon Afek
- General Hospital, Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Joab Chapman
- Neurology, Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Efrat Shavit Stein
- Neurology, Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David Orion
- Neurology, Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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9
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Gofrit SG, Shavit-Stein E. The neuro-glial coagulonome: the thrombin receptor and coagulation pathways as major players in neurological diseases. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:2043-2053. [PMID: 31397331 PMCID: PMC6788244 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.262568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuro-glial interface extends far beyond mechanical support alone and includes interactions through coagulation cascade proteins. Here, we systematically review the evidence indicating that synaptic and node of Ranvier glia cell components modulate synaptic transmission and axonal conduction by a coagulation cascade protein system, leading us to propose the concept of the neuro-glial coagulonome. In the peripheral nervous system, the main thrombin receptor protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is located on the Schwann microvilli at the node of Ranvier and at the neuromuscular junction. PAR1 activation effects can be both neuroprotective or harmful, depending on thrombin activity levels. Low physiological levels of thrombin induce neuroprotective effects in the Schwann cells which are mediated by the endothelial protein C receptor. High levels of thrombin induce conduction deficits, as found in experimental autoimmune neuritis, the animal model for Guillaine-Barre syndrome. In the central nervous system, PAR1 is located on the peri-synaptic astrocyte end-feet. Its activation by high thrombin levels is involved in the pathology of primary inflammatory brain diseases such as multiple sclerosis, as well as in other central nervous system insults, including trauma, neoplasms, epilepsy and vascular injury. Following activation of PAR1 by high thrombin levels the seizure threshold is lowered. On the other hand, PAR1 activation by lower levels of thrombin in the central nervous system protects against a future ischemic insult. This review presents the known structure and function of the neuro-glial coagulonome, focusing on coagulation, thrombin and PAR1 in a pathway which may be either physiological (neuroprotective) or detrimental in peripheral nervous system and central nervous system diseases. Understanding the neuro-glial coagulonome may open opportunities for novel pharmacological interventions in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shany G Gofrit
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Efrat Shavit-Stein
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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10
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Shavit-Stein E, Sheinberg E, Golderman V, Sharabi S, Wohl A, Gofrit SG, Zivli Z, Shelestovich N, Last D, Guez D, Daniels D, Gera O, Feingold K, Itsekson-Hayosh Z, Rosenberg N, Tamarin I, Dori A, Maggio N, Mardor Y, Chapman J, Harnof S. A Novel Compound Targeting Protease Receptor 1 Activators for the Treatment of Glioblastoma. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1087. [PMID: 30619047 PMCID: PMC6304418 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Data from human biopsies, in-vitro and in-vivo models, strongly supports the role of thrombin, and its protease-activated receptor (PAR1) in the pathology and progression of glioblastoma (GBM), a high-grade glial tumor. Activation of PAR1 by thrombin stimulates vasogenic edema, tumor adhesion and tumor growth. We here present a novel six amino acid chloromethyl-ketone compound (SIXAC) which specifically inhibits PAR1 proteolytic activation and counteracts the over-activation of PAR1 by tumor generated thrombin. SIXAC effects were demonstrated in-vitro utilizing 3 cell-lines, including the highly malignant CNS-1 cell-line which was also used as a model for GBM in-vivo. The in-vitro effects of SIXAC on proliferation rate, invasion and thrombin activity were measured by XTT, wound healing, colony formation and fluorescent assays, respectively. The effect of SIXAC on GBM in-vivo was assessed by measuring tumor and edema size as quantified by MRI imaging, by survival follow-up and brain histopathology. SIXAC was found in-vitro to inhibit thrombin-activity generated by CNS-1 cells (IC50 = 5 × 10-11M) and significantly decrease proliferation rate (p < 0.03) invasion (p = 0.02) and colony formation (p = 0.03) of these cells. In the CNS-1 GBM rat animal model SIXAC was found to reduce edema volume ratio (8.8 ± 1.9 vs. 4.9 ± 1, p < 0.04) and increase median survival (16 vs. 18.5 days, p < 0.02 by Log rank Mental-Cox test). These results strengthen the important role of thrombin/PAR1 pathway in glioblastoma progression and suggest SIXAC as a novel therapeutic tool for this fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Shavit-Stein
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ehud Sheinberg
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Valery Golderman
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shirley Sharabi
- The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Anton Wohl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shany Guly Gofrit
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Zion Zivli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - David Last
- The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - David Guez
- The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Dianne Daniels
- The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Orna Gera
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Kate Feingold
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Zeev Itsekson-Hayosh
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nurit Rosenberg
- Institute of Thrombosis and Heamostasis, Coagulation Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ilia Tamarin
- Institute of Thrombosis and Heamostasis, Coagulation Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Amir Dori
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yael Mardor
- The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Joab Chapman
- Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Sagi Harnof
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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11
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Korbecki J, Gutowska I, Kojder I, Jeżewski D, Goschorska M, Łukomska A, Lubkowska A, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. New extracellular factors in glioblastoma multiforme development: neurotensin, growth differentiation factor-15, sphingosine-1-phosphate and cytomegalovirus infection. Oncotarget 2018; 9:7219-7270. [PMID: 29467963 PMCID: PMC5805549 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen considerable progress in understanding the biochemistry of cancer. For example, more significance is now assigned to the tumor microenvironment, especially with regard to intercellular signaling in the tumor niche which depends on many factors secreted by tumor cells. In addition, great progress has been made in understanding the influence of factors such as neurotensin, growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) on the 'hallmarks of cancer' in glioblastoma multiforme. Therefore, in the present work we describe the influence of these factors on the proliferation and apoptosis of neoplastic cells, cancer stem cells, angiogenesis, migration and invasion, and cancer immune evasion in a glioblastoma multiforme tumor. In particular, we discuss the effect of neurotensin, GDF-15, S1P (including the drug FTY720), and infection with CMV on tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), microglial cells, neutrophil and regulatory T cells (Treg), on the tumor microenvironment. In order to better understand the role of the aforementioned factors in tumoral processes, we outline the latest models of intratumoral heterogeneity in glioblastoma multiforme. Based on the most recent reports, we discuss the problems of multi-drug therapy in treating glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biała, 43-309 Bielsko-Biała, Poland
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Kojder
- Department of Applied Neurocognitivistics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Jeżewski
- Department of Applied Neurocognitivistics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Goschorska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łukomska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Lubkowska
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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12
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Krenzlin H, Lorenz V, Alessandri B. The involvement of thrombin in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:2080-2085. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Krenzlin
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston MA 02115 USA
- Institute for Neurosurgical Pathophysiology; University Medicine Mainz; Langenbeckstr.1 Mainz 55101 Germany
| | - Viola Lorenz
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital; 300 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Beat Alessandri
- Institute for Neurosurgical Pathophysiology; University Medicine Mainz; Langenbeckstr.1 Mainz 55101 Germany
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13
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Gera O, Shavit-Stein E, Bushi D, Harnof S, Shimon MB, Weiss R, Golderman V, Dori A, Maggio N, Finegold K, Chapman J. Thrombin and protein C pathway in peripheral nerve Schwann cells. Neuroscience 2016; 339:587-598. [PMID: 27771530 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin and activated protein C (aPC) bound to the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) both activate protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) generating either harmful or protective signaling respectively. In the present study we examined the localization of PAR-1 and EPCR and thrombin activity in Schwann glial cells of normal and crushed peripheral nerve and in Schwannoma cell lines. In the sciatic crush model nerves were excised 1h, 1, 4, and 7days after the injury. Schwannoma cell lines produced high levels of prothrombin which is converted to active thrombin and expressed both EPCR and PAR-1 which co-localized. In the injured sciatic nerve thrombin levels were elevated as early as 1h after injury, reached their peak 1day after injury which was significantly higher (24.4±4.1mU/ml) compared to contralateral uninjured nerves (2.6±7mU/ml, t-test p<0.001) and declined linearly reaching baseline levels by day 7. EPCR was found to be located at the microvilli of Schwann cells at the node of Ranvier and in cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus. Four days after sciatic injury, EPCR levels increased significantly (57,785±16602AU versus 4790±1294AU in the contralateral uninjured nerves, p<0.001 by t-test) mainly distal to the site of injury, where axon degeneration is followed by proliferation of Schwann cells which are diffusely stained for EPCR. EPCR seems to be located to cytoplasmic component of Schwann cells and not to compact myelin component, and is highly increased following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orna Gera
- Department of Neurology and The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Physical Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Efrat Shavit-Stein
- Department of Neurology and The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel.
| | - Doron Bushi
- Department of Neurology and The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Sagi Harnof
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Marina Ben Shimon
- Department of Neurology and The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Ronen Weiss
- Department of Neurology and The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Valery Golderman
- Department of Neurology and The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Amir Dori
- Department of Neurology and The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel.
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology and The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Kate Finegold
- Department of Neurology and The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Joab Chapman
- Department of Neurology and The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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14
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Wang F, Ren YJ, Dong MH. Molecular design, synthesis and anticoagulant activity evaluation of fluorinated dabigatran analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2739-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Monteiro RQ, Lima LG, Gonçalves NP, DE Souza MRA, Leal AC, Demasi MAA, Sogayar MC, Carneiro-Lobo TC. Hypoxia regulates the expression of tissue factor pathway signaling elements in a rat glioma model. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:315-322. [PMID: 27347144 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia and necrosis are fundamental features of glioma, and their emergence is critical for the rapid biological progression of this fatal tumor. The presence of vaso-occlusive thrombus is higher in grade IV tumors [glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)] compared with lower grade tumors, suggesting that the procoagulant properties of the tumor contribute to its aggressive behavior, as well as the establishment of tumor hypoxia and necrosis. Tissue factor (TF), the primary cellular initiator of coagulation, is overexpressed in GBMs and likely favors a thrombotic microenvironment. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss and hypoxia are two common alterations observed in glioma that may be responsible for TF upregulation. In the present study, ST1 and P7 rat glioma lines, with different levels of aggressiveness, were comparatively analyzed with the aim of identifying differences in procoagulant mechanisms. The results indicated that P7 cells display potent procoagulant activity compared with ST1 cells. Flow cytometric analysis showed less pronounced levels of TF in ST1 cells compared with P7 cells. Notably, P7 cells supported factor X (FX) activation via factor VIIa, whereas no significant FXa generation was observed in ST1 cells. Furthermore, the exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surface of P7 and ST1 cells was investigated. The results supported the assembly of prothrombinase complexes, accounting for the production of thrombin. Furthermore, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that CoCl2 (known to induce a hypoxic-like stress) led to an upregulation of TF levels in P7 and ST1 cells. Therefore, increased TF expression in P7 cells was accompanied by increased TF procoagulant activity. In addition, hypoxia increased the shedding of procoagulant TF-bearing microvesicles in both cell lines. Finally, hypoxic stress induced by treatment with CoCl2 upregulated the expression of the PAR1 receptor in both P7 and ST1 cells. In addition to PAR1, P7, but not ST1 cells, expressed higher levels of PAR2 under hypoxic stress. Thus, modulating these molecular interactions may provide additional insights for the development of more efficient therapeutic strategies against aggressive glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Q Monteiro
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Luize G Lima
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, National Institute of Cancer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20230-130, Brazil
| | - Nathália P Gonçalves
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Mayara R Arruda DE Souza
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Ana C Leal
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Marcos A Almeida Demasi
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL-NETCEM), Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05360-120, Brazil
| | - Mari C Sogayar
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL-NETCEM), Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05360-120, Brazil
| | - Tatiana C Carneiro-Lobo
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
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16
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Bushi D, Gera O, Kostenich G, Shavit-Stein E, Weiss R, Chapman J, Tanne D. A novel histochemical method for the visualization of thrombin activity in the nervous system. Neuroscience 2016; 320:93-104. [PMID: 26851772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Although thrombin has an important role in both central and peripheral nerve diseases, characterization of the anatomical distribution of its proteolytic activity has been limited by available methods. This study presents the development, challenges, validation and implementation of a novel histochemical method for visualization of thrombin activity in the nervous system. The method is based on the cleavage of the substrate, Boc-Asp(OBzl)-Pro-Arg-4MβNA by thrombin to liberate free 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine (4MβNA). In the presence of 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde, free 4MβNA is captured, yielding an insoluble yellow fluorescent precipitate which marks the site of thrombin activity. The sensitivity of the method was determined in vitro using known concentrations of thrombin while the specificity was verified using a highly specific thrombin inhibitor. Using this method we determined the spatial distribution of thrombin activity in mouse brain following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) and in mouse sciatic nerve following crush injury. Fluorescence microscopy revealed well-defined thrombin activity localized to the right ischemic hemisphere in cortical areas and in the striatum compared to negligible thrombin activity contralaterally. The histochemical localization of thrombin activity following tMCAo was in good correlation with the infarct areas per triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and to thrombin activity measured biochemically in tissue punches (85 ± 35 and 20 ± 3 mU/ml, in the cortical and striatum areas respectively, compared to 7 ± 2 and 13 ± 2 mU/ml, in the corresponding contralateral areas; mean ± SEM; p<0.05). In addition, 24 h following crush injury, focal areas of highly elevated thrombin activity were detected in teased sciatic fibers. This observation was supported by the biochemical assay and western blot technique. The histochemical method developed in this study can serve as an important tool for studying the role of thrombin in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bushi
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - O Gera
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Physical Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - G Kostenich
- Advanced Technology Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - E Shavit-Stein
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - R Weiss
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - J Chapman
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - D Tanne
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and The J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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