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Li X, Gu Y, Kayoumu M, Muhammad N, Wang X, Gui H, Luo T, Wang Q, Wumaierjiang X, Ruan S, Iqbal A, Zhang X, Song M, Dong Q. Systematic characterization of Gossypium GLN family genes reveals a potential function of GhGLN1.1a regulates nitrogen use efficiency in cotton. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:313. [PMID: 38654158 PMCID: PMC11036627 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04990-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The enzyme glutamine synthetase (GLN) is mainly responsible for the assimilation and reassimilation of nitrogen (N) in higher plants. Although the GLN gene has been identified in various plants, there is little information about the GLN family in cotton (Gossypium spp.). To elucidate the roles of GLN genes in cotton, we systematically investigated and characterized the GLN gene family across four cotton species (G. raimondii, G. arboreum, G. hirsutum, and G. barbadense). Our analysis encompassed analysis of members, gene structure, cis-element, intragenomic duplication, and exploration of collinear relationships. Gene duplication analysis indicated that segmental duplication was the primary driving force for the expansion of the GhGLN gene family. Transcriptomic and quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses indicated that the GhGLN1.1a gene is responsive to N induction treatment and several abiotic stresses. The results of virus-induced gene silencing revealed that the accumulation and N use efficiency (NUE) of cotton were affected by the inactivation of GhGLN1.1a. This study comprehensively analyzed the GhGLN genes in Gossypium spp., and provides a new perspective on the functional roles of GhGLN1.1a in regulating NUE in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Yunqi Gu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Mirezhatijiang Kayoumu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Noor Muhammad
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Huiping Gui
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Tong Luo
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xieraili Wumaierjiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Sijia Ruan
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Asif Iqbal
- Department of Agriculture, Hazara University, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Mansehra, 21120, Pakistan
| | - Xiling Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Meizhen Song
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
| | - Qiang Dong
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
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Liu Y, Xu E, Fan Y, Xu L, Ma J, Li X, Wang H, He S, Li T, Qin Y, Xiao J, Luo A. Transcriptomics combined with physiological analysis provided new insights into the Zn enrichment capacity and tolerance mechanism of Dendrobium denneanum Kerr. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 340:111988. [PMID: 38232820 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.111988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the tolerance and accumulation capacity of Dendrobium denneanum Kerr (D.denneanum) by analyzing the growth and physiological changes of D.denneanum under different levels of Zn treatments, and further transcriptome sequencing of D.denneanum leaves to screen and analyze the differentially expressed genes. The results showed that Zn400 treatment (400 mg·kg-1) promoted the growth of D.denneanum while both Zn800 (800 mg·kg-1) and Zn1600 treatment (1600 mg·kg-1) caused stress to D.denneanum. Under Zn800 treatment (800 mg·kg-1), the resistance contribution of physiological indexes was the most obvious: antioxidant system, photosynthetic pigment, osmoregulation, phytochelatins, and ASA-GSH cycle (Ascorbic acid-Glutathione cycle). D.denneanum leaves stored the most Zn, followed by stems and roots. The BCF(Bioconcentration Factor) of the D.denneanum for Zn were all more than 1.0 under different Zn treatments, with the largest BCF (1.73) for Zn400. The transcriptome revealed that there were 1500 differentially expressed genes between Zn800 treatment and group CK, of which 842 genes were up-regulated and 658 genes were down-regulated. The genes such as C4H, PAL, JAZ, MYC2, PP2A, GS, and GST were significantly induced under the Zn treatments. The differentially expressed genes were associated with phenylpropane biosynthesis, phytohormone signaling, and glutathione metabolism. There were three main pathways of response to Zn stress in Dendrobium: antioxidant action, compartmentalization, and cellular chelation. This study provides new insights into the response mechanisms of D.denneanum to Zn stress and helps to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of D.denneanum in Zn-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Erya Xu
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yijun Fan
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Linlong Xu
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuebing Li
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Siyu He
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yujiao Qin
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jingtao Xiao
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Aoxue Luo
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Zhang W, Ni K, Long L, Ruan J. Nitrogen transport and assimilation in tea plant ( Camellia sinensis): a review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1249202. [PMID: 37810380 PMCID: PMC10556680 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1249202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for tea plants, as it contributes significantly to tea yield and serves as the component of amino acids, which in turn affects the quality of tea produced. To achieve higher yields, excessive amounts of N fertilizers mainly in the form of urea have been applied in tea plantations where N fertilizer is prone to convert to nitrate and be lost by leaching in the acid soils. This usually results in elevated costs and environmental pollution. A comprehensive understanding of N metabolism in tea plants and the underlying mechanisms is necessary to identify the key regulators, characterize the functional phenotypes, and finally improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Tea plants absorb and utilize ammonium as the preferred N source, thus a large amount of nitrate remains activated in soils. The improvement of nitrate utilization by tea plants is going to be an alternative aspect for NUE with great potentiality. In the process of N assimilation, nitrate is reduced to ammonium and subsequently derived to the GS-GOGAT pathway, involving the participation of nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Additionally, theanine, a unique amino acid responsible for umami taste, is biosynthesized by the catalysis of theanine synthetase (TS). In this review, we summarize what is known about the regulation and functioning of the enzymes and transporters implicated in N acquisition and metabolism in tea plants and the current methods for assessing NUE in this species. The challenges and prospects to expand our knowledge on N metabolism and related molecular mechanisms in tea plants which could be a model for woody perennial plant used for vegetative harvest are also discussed to provide the theoretical basis for future research to assess NUE traits more precisely among the vast germplasm resources, thus achieving NUE improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Xihu National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lizhi Long
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Xihu National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality, Hangzhou, China
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Sun L, Dong X, Wang Y, Maker G, Agarwal M, Ding Z. Tea-Soybean Intercropping Improves Tea Quality and Nutrition Uptake by Inducing Changes of Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2149. [PMID: 36363740 PMCID: PMC9697773 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The positive aspects of the tea plant/legume intercropping system draw attention to the Chinese tea industry for its benefit for soil fertility improvement with low fertilizer input. However, limited information exists as to the roles of intercropped legumes in the rhizosphere microbiome and tea quality. Hereby, soybean was selected as the intercropped plant to investigate its effect on bacterial communities, nutrient competition, tea plant development, and tea quality. Our data showed that intercropped soybean boosted the uptake of nitrogen in tea plants and enhanced the growth of young tea shoots. Nutrient competition for phosphorus and potassium in soil existed between soybeans and tea plants. Moreover, tea/soybean intercropping improved tea quality, manifested by a significantly increased content of non-ester type catechins (C, EGC, EC), total catechins and theanine, and decreased content of ester type catechins (EGCG). Significant differences in rhizobacterial composition were also observed under different systems. At the genus level, the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Bradyrhizobium, Saccharimonadales and Mycobacterium, was significantly increased with the intercropping system, while the relative abundance of denitrifying bacteria, Pseudogulbenkiania, was markedly decreased. Correlation analysis showed that Pseudogulbenkiania, SBR1031, and Burkholderiaceae clustered together showing a similar correlation with soil physicochemical and tea quality characteristics; however, other differential bacteria showed the opposite pattern. In conclusion, tea/soybean intercropping improves tea quality and nutrition uptake by increasing the relative abundance of beneficial rhizosphere bacteria and decreasing denitrifying bacteria. This study strengthens our understanding of how intercropping system regulate the soil bacterial community to maintain the health of soils in tea plantations and provides the basis for replacing chemical fertilizers and improving the ecosystem in tea plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Xue Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Garth Maker
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Manjree Agarwal
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Scientific Service Division, Chemcentre, Government of Western Australia, B.No. 500, Corner of Manning Road and Townsing Drive, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Zhaotang Ding
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
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Huang Z, Cui C, Cao Y, Dai J, Cheng X, Hua S, Wang W, Duan Y, Petropoulos E, Wang H, Zhou L, Fang W, Zhong Z. Tea plant-legume intercropping simultaneously improves soil fertility and tea quality by changing bacillus species composition. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac046. [PMID: 35184199 PMCID: PMC9123240 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tea plant is an economically important crop in China, but long-term monoculture and substantial chemical nitrogen fertilizer input cause soil acidification, which in turn affects the nutrient supply and tea quality. Intercropping has drawn more attention in tea gardens because this pattern is expected to improve soil fertility and tea quality and change the soil microbial community composition. However, the roles of some key microorganisms in rhizosphere soils have not been well characterized. Hereby, a "soybean in summer and smooth vetch in winter" mode was selected to investigate the effects of intercropped legumes in a tea garden on soil fertility, tea quality, and the potential changes in beneficial bacteria such as Bacillus. Our data showed that when soybeans were turned into soil, intercropping system exhibited higher soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), tea quality indices and the expression of Camellia sinensis glutamine synthetase gene (CsGS). Notably, intercropping significantly affected the bacterial communities and decreased the relative abundance of Bacillus but increased its absolute abundance. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BM1 was isolated from intercropped soil and showed outstanding plant growth-promoting (PGP) properties when coinoculated with rhizobia. In winter, intercropping with smooth vetch had a beneficial effect on soil properties and tea quality. Comparably, coinoculation with strain BM1 and Rhizobium leguminosarum Vic5 on smooth vetch (Vicia villosa) showed huge improvements in SOM, TN and quality of tea leaves, accompanied by the highest level of amino acids and lowest levels of polyphenol and caffeine (p < 0.05). According to these results, our findings demonstrate that intercropping with some legumes in the tea garden is a strategy that increases SOM, TN and tea quality, and some PGP Bacillus species are optional to obtain an amplification effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chunhong Cui
- College of Resource and Environment Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yajun Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinghui Dai
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyue Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shaowei Hua
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu Duan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | - Hui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- College of Resource and Environment Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wanping Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zengtao Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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She G, Yu S, Li Z, Peng A, Li P, Li Y, Chang M, Liu L, Chen Q, Shi C, Sun J, Zhao J, Wan X. Characterization of CsTSI in the Biosynthesis of Theanine in Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:826-836. [PMID: 35029385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Theanine is a unique major amino acid in tea plants responsible for umami taste and mental health benefits of tea. However, theanine biosynthesis and physiological role in tea plants are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that tea plant theanine synthetase is encoded by a glutamine synthetase gene CsTSI. The expression pattern of CsTSI is closely correlated with theanine and glutamine levels in various tissues. CsTSI transcripts were accumulated in root tip epidermal cells, pericycle and procambial cells, where CsTSI presents as a cytosolic protein. Ectopic expression of the gene in Arabidopsis led to greater glutamine and theanine production than controls when fed with ethylamine (EA). RNAi knockdown or overexpression of CsTSI in tea plant hairy roots reduced or enhanced theanine and glutamine contents, respectively, compared with controls. The CsTSI recombinant enzymes used glutamate as an acceptor and ammonium or EA as a donor to synthesize glutamine and theanine, respectively. CsTSI expression in tea roots responded to nitrogen supply and deprivation and was correlated with theanine contents. This study provides fresh insights into the molecular basis for the biosynthesis of theanine, which may facilitate the breeding of high-theanine tea plants for improving the nutritional benefit of tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbiao She
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shuwei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhenguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Anqi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Penghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Manman Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chengying Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Chen Z, Wang Z, Yuan H, He N. From Tea Leaves to Factories: A Review of Research Progress in l-Theanine Biosynthesis and Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1187-1196. [PMID: 33475342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
l-Theanine is the most popular nonprotein amino acid contained in tea leaves. It is one of the umami components of green tea, contributing to the unique flavor of tea. Because of its various health functions, l-theanine has been commercially developed as a valuable ingredient easily used for various applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. Nowadays, l-theanine is mass-produced by plant extraction, chemical synthesis, or enzymatic transformation in factories. This review embodies the available up to date information on the l-theanine synthesis metabolism in the tea plant as well as approaches to produce it, placing emphasis on the biotransformation of l-theanine. It also gives insight into the challenges of l-theanine production on a large scale, as well as directions for future research. This review comprehensively summarizes information on l-theanine to provide an approach for an in-depth study of l-theanine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- TBI, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31013, France
| | - Hongyu Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Tang D, Liu MY, Zhang Q, Fan K, Ruan J. Isolation and characterization of chloroplastic glutamine synthetase gene (CsGS2) in tea plant Camellia sinensis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:321-329. [PMID: 32798900 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is an ammonium preferring plant species. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying this preference. Herein, a chloroplastic glutamine synthetase gene (CsGS2), which is vital for nitrogen assimilation in mesophyll tissue, was isolated from tea cultivar C. sinensis cv. 'Longjing43'. The full length cDNA of CsGS2 was 1622 bp, having a 1299 bp open reading frame encoding a 432-amino acid protein. Homology search and sequence analysis demonstrated that CsGS2 protein carried the basic characteristics of a canonical GS2 domain and shared high identity with GS2s from other plant species. Subcellular localization and immunolocalization of CsGS2 revealed that it is localized in chloroplast. qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses showed that CsGS2 was expressed in a leaf-specific pattern, such that both CsGS2 and its protein were most abundant in mature leaves. Temporal expression patterns of CsGS2 showed minor differences in response to ammonium and nitrate nutrition. The transcript level of CsGS2 was significantly induced in mature leaves during the development of new shoots, whereas darkness inhibited this induction significantly. These results suggested that CsGS2 does not play a role in the differential utilization mechanisms of differing nitrogen forms in tea, and imply a light dependent transcription regulation in mature leaves during the development of new shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Mei-Ya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Qunfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Kai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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Tai Y, Ling C, Wang H, Yang L, She G, Wang C, Yu S, Chen W, Liu C, Wan X. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Regulatory Mechanisms of Theanine Synthesis in Tea ( Camellia sinensis) and Oil Tea ( Camellia oleifera) Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10235-10244. [PMID: 31436988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tea provides a rich taste and has healthy properties due to its variety of bioactive compounds, such as theanine, catechins, and caffeine. Theanine is the most abundant free amino acid (40%-70%) in tea leaves. Key genes related to theanine biosynthesis have been studied, but relatively little is known about the regulatory mechanisms of theanine accumulation in tea leaves. Herein, we analyzed theanine content in tea (Camellia sinensis) and oil tea (Camellia oleifera) and found it to be higher in the roots than in other tissues in both species. The theanine content was significantly higher in tea than oil tea. To explore the regulatory mechanisms of theanine accumulation, we identified genes involved in theanine biosynthesis by RNA-Seq analysis and compared theanine-related modules. Moreover, we cloned theanine synthase (TS) promoters from tea and oil tea plants and found that a difference in TS expression and cis-acting elements may explain the difference in theanine accumulation between the two species. These data provide an important resource for regulatory mechanisms of theanine accumulation in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chun Liu
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen , Shenzhen 518083 , China
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James D, Borphukan B, Fartyal D, Ram B, Singh J, Manna M, Sheri V, Panditi V, Yadav R, Achary VMM, Reddy MK. Concurrent Overexpression of OsGS1;1 and OsGS2 Genes in Transgenic Rice ( Oryza sativa L.): Impact on Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:786. [PMID: 29977247 PMCID: PMC6021690 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a key enzyme involved in the nitrogen metabolism of higher plants. Abiotic stresses have adverse effects on crop production and pose a serious threat to global food security. GS activity and expression is known to be significantly modulated by various abiotic stresses. However, very few transgenic overexpression studies of GS have studied its impact on abiotic stress tolerance. GS is also the target enzyme of the broad spectrum herbicide Glufosinate (active ingredient: phosphinothricin). In this study, we investigated the effect of concurrent overexpression of the rice cytosolic GS1 (OsGS1;1) and chloroplastic GS2 (OsGS2) genes in transgenic rice on its tolerance to abiotic stresses and the herbicide Glufosinate. Our results demonstrate that the co-overexpression of OsGS1;1 and OsGS2 isoforms in transgenic rice plants enhanced its tolerance to osmotic and salinity stress at the seedling stage. The transgenic lines maintained significantly higher fresh weight, chlorophyll content, and relative water content than wild type (wt) and null segregant (ns) controls, under both osmotic and salinity stress. The OsGS1;1/OsGS2 co-overexpressing transgenic plants accumulated higher levels of proline but showed lower electrolyte leakage and had lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content under the stress treatments. The transgenic lines showed considerably enhanced photosynthetic and agronomic performance under drought and salinity stress imposed during the reproductive stage, as compared to wt and ns control plants. The grain filling rates of the transgenic rice plants under reproductive stage drought stress (64.6 ± 4.7%) and salinity stress (58.2 ± 4.5%) were significantly higher than control plants, thereby leading to higher yields under these abiotic stress conditions. Preliminary analysis also revealed that the transgenic lines had improved tolerance to methyl viologen induced photo-oxidative stress. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the concurrent overexpression of OsGS1;1 and OsGS2 isoforms in rice enhanced physiological tolerance and agronomic performance under adverse abiotic stress conditions, apparently acting through multiple mechanistic routes. The transgenic rice plants also showed limited tolerance to the herbicide Glufosinate. The advantages and limitations of glutamine synthetase overexpression in crop plants, along with future strategies to overcome these limitations for utilization in crop improvement have also been discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald James
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhabesh Borphukan
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Dhirendra Fartyal
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, India
| | - Babu Ram
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, India
| | - Jitender Singh
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Mrinalini Manna
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vijay Sheri
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Varakumar Panditi
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Renu Yadav
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - V. Mohan M. Achary
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mallireddy K. Reddy
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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11
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Cheng S, Fu X, Wang X, Liao Y, Zeng L, Dong F, Yang Z. Studies on the Biochemical Formation Pathway of the Amino Acid l-Theanine in Tea (Camellia sinensis) and Other Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7210-7216. [PMID: 28796499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis) is the most widely consumed beverage aside from water. The flavor of tea is conferred by certain metabolites, especially l-theanine, in C. sinensis. To determine why more l-theanine accumulates in C. sinensis than in other plants, we compare l-theanine contents between C. sinensis and other plant species (Camellia nitidissima, Camellia japonica, Zea mays, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Solanum lycopersicum) and use a stable isotope labeling approach to elucidate its biosynthetic route. We quantify relevant intermediates and metabolites by mass spectrometry. l-Glutamic acid, a precursor of l-theanine, is present in most plants, while ethylamine, another precursor of l-theanine, specifically accumulates in Camellia species, especially C. sinensis. Most plants contain the enzyme/gene catalyzing the conversion of ethylamine and l-glutamic acid to l-theanine. After supplementation with [2H5]ethylamine, all the plants produce [2H5]l-theanine, which suggests that ethylamine availability is the reason for the difference in l-theanine accumulation between C. sinensis and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihua Cheng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiumin Fu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinyin Liao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Lanting Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fang Dong
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College , Longdongbei Road 321, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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12
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Aldarini N, Alhasawi AA, Thomas SC, Appanna VD. The role of glutamine synthetase in energy production and glutamine metabolism during oxidative stress. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 110:629-639. [PMID: 28097538 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-0829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is known to severely impede aerobic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. However, the metabolically-versatile Pseudomonas fluorescens survives this challenge by invoking alternative ATP-generating networks. When grown in a medium with glutamine as the sole organic nutrient in the presence of H2O2, the microbe utilizes glutamine synthetase (GS) to modulate its energy budget. The activity of this enzyme that mediates the release of energy stored in glutamine was sharply increased in the stressed cells compared to the controls. The enhanced activities of such enzymes as acetate kinase, adenylate kinase and nucleotide diphosphate kinase ensured the efficacy of this ATP producing-machine by transferring the high energy phosphate. The elevated amounts of phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase recorded in the H2O2 exposed cells provided another route to ATP independent of the reduction of O2. This is the first demonstration of a metabolic pathway involving GS dedicated to ATP synthesis. The phospho-transfer network that is pivotal to the survival of the microorganism under oxidative stress may reveal therapeutic targets against infectious microbes reliant on glutamine for their proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nohaiah Aldarini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Azhar A Alhasawi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Sean C Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Vasu D Appanna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada.
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13
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Liu ZW, Wu ZJ, Li H, Wang YX, Zhuang J. L-Theanine Content and Related Gene Expression: Novel Insights into Theanine Biosynthesis and Hydrolysis among Different Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis L.) Tissues and Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:498. [PMID: 28439281 PMCID: PMC5383724 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
L-Theanine content has tissues and cultivars specificity in tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.), the correlations of theanine metabolic related genes expression profiles with theanine contents were explored in this study. L-theanine contents in the bud and 1st leaf, 2nd leaf, 3rd leaf, old leaf, stem, and lateral root were determined by HPLC from three C. sinensis cultivars, namely 'Huangjinya', 'Anjibaicha', and 'Yingshuang', respectively. The theanine contents in leaves and root of 'Huangjinya' were the highest, followed by 'Anjibaicha', and 'Yingshuang'. The theanine contents in the leaves reduced as the leaf mature gradually, and in stem were the least. Seventeen genes encoding enzymes involved in theanine metabolism were identified from GenBank and our tea transcriptome database, including CsTS1, CsTS2, CsGS1, CsGS2, CsGOGAT-Fe, CsGOGAT-NAD(P)H, CsGDH1, CsGDH2, CsALT, CsSAMDC, CsADC, CsCuAO, CsPAO, CsNiR, CsNR, CsGGT1, and CsGGT3. The transcript profiles of those seventeen genes in the different tissues of three tea plant cultivars were analyzed comparatively. Among the different cultivars, the transcript levels of most selected genes in 'Huangjinya' were significantly higher than that in the 'Anjibaicha' and 'Yingshuang'. Among the different tissues, the transcript levels of CsTS2, CsGS1, and CsGDH2 almost showed positive correlation with the theanine contents, while the other genes showed negative correlation with the theanine contents in most cases. The theanine contents showed correlations with related genes expression levels among cultivars and tissues of tea plant, and were determined by the integrated effect of the metabolic related genes.
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14
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Xu Q, Zhu J, Zhao S, Hou Y, Li F, Tai Y, Wan X, Wei C. Transcriptome Profiling Using Single-Molecule Direct RNA Sequencing Approach for In-depth Understanding of Genes in Secondary Metabolism Pathways of Camellia sinensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1205. [PMID: 28744294 PMCID: PMC5504172 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Characteristic secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, theanine and caffeine, are important components of Camellia sinensis, and their biosynthesis has attracted widespread interest. Previous studies on the biosynthesis of these major secondary metabolites using next-generation sequencing technologies limited the accurately prediction of full-length (FL) splice isoforms. Herein, we applied single-molecule sequencing to pooled tea plant tissues, to provide a more complete transcriptome of C. sinensis. Moreover, we identified 94 FL transcripts and four alternative splicing events for enzyme-coding genes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids, theanine and caffeine. According to the comparison between long-read isoforms and assemble transcripts, we improved the quality and accuracy of genes sequenced by short-read next-generation sequencing technology. The resulting FL transcripts, together with the improved assembled transcripts and identified alternative splicing events, enhance our understanding of genes involved in the biosynthesis of characteristic secondary metabolites in C. sinensis.
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15
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Daghino S, Martino E, Perotto S. Model systems to unravel the molecular mechanisms of heavy metal tolerance in the ericoid mycorrhizal symbiosis. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:263-274. [PMID: 26710764 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0675-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ericoid mycorrhizal plants dominate in harsh environments where nutrient-poor, acidic soil conditions result in a higher availability of potentially toxic metals. Although metal-tolerant plant species and ecotypes are known in the Ericaceae, metal tolerance in these plants has been mainly attributed to their association with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi. The mechanisms underlying plant protection by the fungal symbiont are poorly understood, whereas some insights have been achieved regarding the molecular mechanisms of heavy metal tolerance in the fungal symbiont. This review will briefly introduce the general features of heavy metal tolerance in mycorrhizal fungi and will then focus on the use of "omics" approaches and heterologous expression in model organisms to reveal the molecular bases of fungal response to heavy metals. Functional complementation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has allowed the identification of several ericoid mycorrhizal fungi genes (i.e., antioxidant enzymes, metal transporters, and DNA damage repair proteins) that may contribute to metal tolerance in a metal-tolerant ericoid Oidiodendron maius isolate. Although a powerful system, the use of the yeast complementation assay to study metal tolerance in mycorrhizal symbioses has limitations. Thus, O. maius has been developed as a model system to study heavy metal tolerance mechanisms in mycorrhizal fungi, thanks to its high metal tolerance, easy handling and in vitro mycorrhization, stable genetic transformation, genomics, transcriptomic and proteomic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Daghino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Martino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy.
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16
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Wu ZJ, Tian C, Jiang Q, Li XH, Zhuang J. Selection of suitable reference genes for qRT-PCR normalization during leaf development and hormonal stimuli in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). Sci Rep 2016; 6:19748. [PMID: 26813576 PMCID: PMC4728435 DOI: 10.1038/srep19748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) leaf is an important non-alcoholic beverage resource. The application of quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) has a profound significance for the gene expression studies of tea plant, especially when applied to tea leaf development and metabolism. In this study, nine candidate reference genes (i.e., CsACT7, CsEF-1α, CseIF-4α, CsGAPDH, CsPP2A, CsSAND, CsTBP, CsTIP41, and CsTUB) of C. sinensis were cloned. The quantitative expression data of these genes were investigated in five tea leaf developmental stages (i.e., 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and older leaves) and normal growth tea leaves subjected to five hormonal stimuli (i.e., ABA, GA, IAA, MeJA, and SA), and gene expression stability was calculated using three common statistical algorithms, namely, geNorm, NormFinder, and Bestkeeper. Results indicated that CsTBP and CsTIP41 were the most stable genes in tea leaf development and CsTBP was the best gene under hormonal stimuli; by contrast, CsGAPDH and CsTUB genes showed the least stability. The gene expression profile of CsNAM gene was analyzed to confirm the validity of the reference genes in this study. Our data provide basis for the selection of reference genes for future biological research in the leaf development and hormonal stimuli of C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Wu
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xing-Hui Li
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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17
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Ashihara H. Occurrence, Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Theanine (γ-Glutamyl-L-ethylamide) in Plants: A Comprehensive Review. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Theanine (γ-glutamyl-L-ethylamide) is the most abundant non-protein amino acid in tea leaves. In addition to Camellia sinensis, theanine occurs in several plants belonging to the Ericales. Biosynthesis of theanine from glutamic acid and ethylamine by theanine synthetase is present in all organs of tea seedlings, but roots are the major site of theanine biosynthesis in adult tea trees. Theanine is transported from roots to young leaves via the xylem sap. Theanine is hydrolysed to glutamic acid and ethylamine in leaves. Ethylamine produced from theanine is predominantly used for catechin biosynthesis. Concentration of ammonia and light intensity influence the biosynthesis and degradation of theanine, respectively. Biosynthesis, translocation and degradation of theanine and related enzymes and genes are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ashihara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan
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18
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Khouja H, Daghino S, Abbà S, Boutaraa F, Chalot M, Blaudez D, Martino E, Perotto S. OmGOGAT-disruption in the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Oidiodendron maius induces reorganization of the N pathway and reduces tolerance to heavy-metals. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 71:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Zhao W, Yang J, Tian Y, Fu X, Zhu B, Xue Y, Gao J, Han HJ, Peng R, Yao QH. Expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant mangrove glutamine synthetase. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:7575-83. [PMID: 25086623 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3649-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To expand our knowledge about the relationship of nitrogen use efficiency and glutamine synthetase (GS) activity in the mangrove plant, a cytosolic GS gene from Avicennia marina has been heterologously expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli. Synthesis of the mangrove GS enzyme in E. coli was demonstrated by functional genetic complementation of a GS deficient mutant. The subunit molecular mass of GSI was ~40 kDa. Optimal conditions for biosynthetic activity were found to be 35 °C at pH 7.5. The Mg(2+)-dependent biosynthetic activity was strongly inhibited by Ni(2+), Zn(2+), and Al(3+), whereas was enhanced by Co(2+). The apparent K m values of AmGLN1 for the substrates in the biosynthetic assay were 3.15 mM for glutamate, and 2.54 mM for ATP, 2.80 mM for NH4 (+) respectively. The low affinity kinetics of AmGLN1 apparently participates in glutamine synthesis under the ammonium excess conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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20
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Rao SR, Ford KL, Cassin AM, Roessner U, Patterson JH, Bacic A. Proteomic and Metabolic Profiling of Rice Suspension Culture Cells as a Model to Study Abscisic Acid Signaling Response Pathways in Plants. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:6623-34. [DOI: 10.1021/pr100788m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sushma R. Rao
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kristina L. Ford
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew M. Cassin
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John H. Patterson
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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21
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Computational Structural Analysis and Kinetic Studies of a Cytosolic Glutamine Synthetase from Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. Protein J 2009; 28:428-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-009-9210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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A CsGS is regulated at transcriptional level during developmental stages and nitrogen utilization in Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:703-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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