1
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Estiri H, Bhattacharya S, Buitrago JAR, Castagna R, Legzdiņa L, Casucci G, Ricci A, Parisini E, Gautieri A. Tailoring FPOX enzymes for enhanced stability and expanded substrate recognition. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18610. [PMID: 37903872 PMCID: PMC10616090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructosyl peptide oxidases (FPOX) are deglycating enzymes that find application as key enzymatic components in diabetes monitoring devices. Indeed, their use with blood samples can provide a measurement of the concentration of glycated hemoglobin and glycated albumin, two well-known diabetes markers. However, the FPOX currently employed in enzymatic assays cannot directly detect whole glycated proteins, making it necessary to perform a preliminary proteolytic treatment of the target protein to generate small glycated peptides that can act as viable substrates for the enzyme. This is a costly and time consuming step. In this work, we used an in silico protein engineering approach to enhance the overall thermal stability of the enzyme and to improve its catalytic activity toward large substrates. The final design shows a marked improvement in thermal stability relative to the wild type enzyme, a distinct widening of its access tunnel and significant enzymatic activity towards a range of glycated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Estiri
- Department of Biotechnology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, 1006, Latvia
| | - Shapla Bhattacharya
- Department of Biotechnology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, 1006, Latvia
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena 3, Riga, 1048, Latvia
| | | | - Rossella Castagna
- Department of Biotechnology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, 1006, Latvia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Linda Legzdiņa
- Department of Biotechnology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, 1006, Latvia
| | - Giorgia Casucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, 1006, Latvia
| | - Andrea Ricci
- Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Emilio Parisini
- Department of Biotechnology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, 1006, Latvia.
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alfonso Gautieri
- Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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2
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Gautieri A, Rigoldi F, Torretta A, Redaelli A, Parisini E. In Silico Engineering of Enzyme Access Tunnels. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2397:203-225. [PMID: 34813066 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1826-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme engineering is a tailoring process that allows the modification of naturally occurring enzymes to provide them with improved catalytic efficiency, stability, or specificity. By introducing partial modifications to their sequence and to their structural features, enzyme engineering can transform natural enzymes into more efficient, specific and resistant biocatalysts and render them suitable for virtually countless industrial processes. Current enzyme engineering methods mostly target the active site of the enzyme, where the catalytic reaction takes place. Nonetheless, the tunnel that often connects the surface of an enzyme with its buried active site plays a key role in the activity of the enzyme as it acts as a gatekeeper and regulates the access of the substrate to the catalytic pocket. Hence, there is an increasing interest in targeting the sequence and the structure of substrate entrance tunnels in order to fine-tune enzymatic activity, regulate substrate specificity, or control reaction promiscuity.In this chapter, we describe the use of a rational in silico design and screening method to engineer the access tunnel of a fructosyl peptide oxidase with the aim to facilitate access to its catalytic site and to expand its substrate range. Our goal is to engineer this class of enzymes in order to utilize them for the direct detection of glycated proteins in diabetes monitoring devices. The design strategy involves remodeling of the backbone structure of the enzyme , a feature that is not possible with conventional enzyme engineering techniques such as single-point mutagenesis and that is highly unlikely to occur using a directed evolution approach.The proposed strategy, which results in a significant reduction in cost and time for the experimental production and characterization of candidate enzyme variants, represents a promising approach to the expedited identification of novel and improved enzymes. Rational enzyme design aims to provide in silico strategies for the fast, accurate, and inexpensive development of biocatalysts that can meet the needs of multiple industrial sectors, thus ultimately promoting the use of green chemistry and improving the efficiency of chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Gautieri
- Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Federica Rigoldi
- Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Archimede Torretta
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Redaelli
- Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Parisini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy.
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia.
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3
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Savino S, Fraaije MW. The vast repertoire of carbohydrate oxidases: An overview. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 51:107634. [PMID: 32961251 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are widely abundant molecules present in a variety of forms. For their biosynthesis and modification, nature has evolved a plethora of carbohydrate-acting enzymes. Many of these enzymes are of particular interest for biotechnological applications, where they can be used as biocatalysts or biosensors. Among the enzymes catalysing conversions of carbohydrates are the carbohydrate oxidases. These oxidative enzymes belong to different structural families and use different cofactors to perform the oxidation reaction of CH-OH bonds in carbohydrates. The variety of carbohydrate oxidases available in nature reflects their specificity towards different sugars and selectivity of the oxidation site. Thanks to their properties, carbohydrate oxidases have received a lot of attention in basic and applied research, such that nowadays their role in biotechnological processes is of paramount importance. In this review we provide an overview of the available knowledge concerning the known carbohydrate oxidases. The oxidases are first classified according to their structural features. After a description on their mechanism of action, substrate acceptance and characterisation, we report on the engineering of the different carbohydrate oxidases to enhance their employment in biocatalysis and biotechnology. In the last part of the review we highlight some practical applications for which such enzymes have been exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Savino
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
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4
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Rigoldi F, Donini S, Torretta A, Carbone A, Redaelli A, Bandiera T, Parisini E, Gautieri A. Rational backbone redesign of a fructosyl peptide oxidase to widen its active site access tunnel. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:3688-3698. [PMID: 32797625 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fructosyl peptide oxidases (FPOXs) are enzymes currently used in enzymatic assays to measure the concentration of glycated hemoglobin and albumin in blood samples, which serve as biomarkers of diabetes. However, since FPOX are unable to work directly on glycated proteins, current enzymatic assays are based on a preliminary proteolytic digestion of the target proteins. Herein, to improve the speed and costs of the enzymatic assays for diabetes testing, we applied a rational design approach to engineer a novel enzyme with a wider access tunnel to the catalytic site, using a combination of Rosetta design and molecular dynamics simulations. Our final design, L3_35A, shows a significantly wider and shorter access tunnel, resulting from the deletion of five-amino acids lining the gate structures and from a total of 35 point mutations relative to the wild-type (WT) enzyme. Indeed, upon experimental testing, our engineered enzyme shows good structural stability and maintains significant activity relative to the WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rigoldi
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Donini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy
| | - Archimede Torretta
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Carbone
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Redaelli
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Emilio Parisini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy.,Biotechnology Group, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Alfonso Gautieri
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
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5
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Gerke C, Buchholz M, Müller H, Meusinger R, Grimmler M, Metzmann E. Direct glucosone-based synthesis and HILIC-ESI-MS/MS characterization of N-terminal fructosylated valine and valylhistidine for validation of enzymatic HbA 1c assays in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:7967-7979. [PMID: 31754770 PMCID: PMC6920237 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring fructosamines are of high clinical significance due to their potential use in diabetes mellitus monitoring (quantification of fructosylated hemoglobin, HbA1c) or for the investigation of their reactivity in consecutive reactions and harmfulness towards the organism. Here we report the specific synthesis of the fructosylated dipeptide L-valyl-L-histidine (Fru-Val-His) and fructosylated L-valine (Fru-Val). Both are basic tools for the development and validation of enzymatic HbA1c assays. The two fructosamine derivatives were synthesized via a protected glucosone intermediate which was coupled to the primary amine of Val or Val-His, performing a reductive amination reaction. Overall yields starting from fructose were 36% and 34% for Fru-Val and Fru-Val-His, respectively. Both compounds were achieved in purities > 90%. A HILIC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed for routine analysis of the synthesized fructosamines, including starting materials and intermediates. The presented method provides a well-defined and efficient synthesis protocol with purification steps and characterization of the desired products. The functionality of the fructosylated dipeptide has been thoroughly tested in an enzymatic HbA1c assay, showing its concentration-dependent oxidative degradation by fructosyl-peptide oxidases (FPOX). Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gerke
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Straße 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Monika Buchholz
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Straße 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - Holger Müller
- DiaSys Diagnostic Systems GmbH, Alte Straße 9, 65558, Holzheim, Germany
| | - Reinhard Meusinger
- Clemens-Schöpf Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Technology Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Matthias Grimmler
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Straße 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
- DiaSys Diagnostic Systems GmbH, Alte Straße 9, 65558, Holzheim, Germany
| | - Erwin Metzmann
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger Straße 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany.
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6
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Shahbazmohammadi H, Sardari S, Omidinia E. An amperometric biosensor for specific detection of glycated hemoglobin based on recombinant engineered fructosyl peptide oxidase. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 142:855-865. [PMID: 31622711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present a specific biosensor based on the detection of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) proteolytic digestion product, fructosyl valyl histidine (Fru-ValHis). A recombinant engineered fructosyl peptide oxidase (FPOX) enzyme with improved specificity was immobilized on the electrode surface modified by chitosan (CHIT), graphene oxide (GO) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The biosensor exhibited a linear response toward different concentrations of Fru-ValHis ranging from 0.1 to 2 mM with a sensitivity of 8.45 µA mM-1 cm-2. Detection limit of the current biosensor for Fru-ValHis was 0.3 µM as the lowest quantity required giving a signal to a background. Analytical recovery of added Fru-ValHis in whole blood was 95.1-98.35% for FPOX/AuNPs/GO/CHIT/FTO electrode. For Fru-ValHis determination by FPOX-AuNPs-GO-CHIT/FTO electrode, within-run coefficient of variation (CV) was between 1.3% and 2.4% and between run CV was between 2.1% and 3.5%. A significant change in electron transfer resistance after the incubation of FPOX-modified electrode with Fru-ValHis was observed, while no response was achieved with control, indicating specific measurement of Fru-ValHis. Moreover, designed biosensor measured HbA1c in human blood samples and the results were well agreed with that obtained with NORUDIA™ N HbA1c diagnostic kit. Overall, suitable specificity of the engineered FPOX made the bioelectrode responded well to the Fru-ValHis level, which demonstrates a promising application for specific detection of HbA1c biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Shahbazmohammadi
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Genetic and Metabolism Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Sardari
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eskandar Omidinia
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Genetic and Metabolism Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Chen KJ, Wu YT, Lee CK. Cellulose binding domain fusion enhanced soluble expression of fructosyl peptide oxidase and its simultaneous purification and immobilization. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133:980-986. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Creation of haemoglobin A1c direct oxidase from fructosyl peptide oxidase by combined structure-based site specific mutagenesis and random mutagenesis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:942. [PMID: 30700768 PMCID: PMC6353924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The currently available haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) enzymatic assay consists of two specific steps: proteolysis of HbA1c and oxidation of the liberated fructosyl peptide by fructosyl peptide oxidase (FPOX). To develop a more convenient and high throughput assay, we devised novel protease-free assay system employing modified FPOX with HbA1c oxidation activity, namely HbA1c direct oxidase (HbA1cOX). AnFPOX-15, a modified FPOX from Aspergillus nidulans, was selected for conversion to HbA1cOX. As deduced from the crystal structure of AnFPOX-15, R61 was expected to obstruct the entrance of bulky substrates. An R61G mutant was thus constructed to open the gate at the active site. The prepared mutant exhibited significant reactivity for fructosyl hexapeptide (F-6P, N-terminal amino acids of HbA1c), and its crystal structure revealed a wider gate observed for AnFPOX-15. To improve the reactivity for F-6P, several mutagenesis approaches were performed. The ultimately generated AnFPOX-47 exhibited the highest F-6P reactivity and possessed HbA1c oxidation activity. HbA1c levels in blood samples as measured using the direct assay system using AnFPOX-47 were highly correlated with the levels measured using the conventional HPLC method. In this study, FPOX was successfully converted to HbA1cOX, which could represent a novel in vitro diagnostic modality for diabetes mellitus.
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9
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Shahbazmohammadi H, Sardari S, Lari A, Omidinia E. Engineering an efficient mutant of Eupenicillium terrenum fructosyl peptide oxidase for the specific determination of hemoglobin A1c. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:1725-1735. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Hatada M, Tsugawa W, Kamio E, Loew N, Klonoff DC, Sode K. Development of a screen-printed carbon electrode based disposable enzyme sensor strip for the measurement of glycated albumin. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 88:167-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Kameya M, Tsugawa W, Yamada-Tajima M, Hatada M, Suzuki K, Sakaguchi-Mikami A, Ferri S, Klonoff DC, Sode K. Electrochemical sensing system employing fructosamine 6-kinase enables glycated albumin measurement requiring no proteolytic digestion. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:797-804. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miho Kameya
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Mayumi Yamada-Tajima
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Mika Hatada
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Keita Suzuki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Akane Sakaguchi-Mikami
- D epartment of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Bionics, Computer and Media Sciences; Tokyo University of Technology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Stefano Ferri
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology; Shizuoka University; Tokyo Japan
| | - David C. Klonoff
- Diabetes Research Institute; Mills-Peninsula Health Services; San Mateo California USA
| | - Koji Sode
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; Tokyo Japan
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12
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Rigoldi F, Spero L, Dalle Vedove A, Redaelli A, Parisini E, Gautieri A. Molecular dynamics simulations provide insights into the substrate specificity of FAOX family members. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:2622-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00405a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic assays based on Fructosyl Amino Acid Oxidases (FAOX) represent a potential, rapid and economical strategy to measure glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), which is in turn a reliable method to monitor the insurgence and the development of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rigoldi
- Dipartimento di Elettronica
- Informazione e Bioingegneria
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Ludovica Spero
- Dipartimento di Elettronica
- Informazione e Bioingegneria
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Andrea Dalle Vedove
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica
| | - Alberto Redaelli
- Dipartimento di Elettronica
- Informazione e Bioingegneria
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Emilio Parisini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Alfonso Gautieri
- Dipartimento di Elettronica
- Informazione e Bioingegneria
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
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13
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Watanabe B, Ichiyanagi A, Hirokawa K, Gomi K, Nakatsu T, Kato H, Kajiyama N. Synthesis and inhibitory activity of substrate-analog fructosyl peptide oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3910-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
ARKRAY, Inc developed the world's first automatic glycohemoglobin analyzer based on HPLC (1981). After that, ARKRAY developed enzymatic HbA1c assay "CinQ HbA1c" with the spread and diversification of HbA1c measurement (2007). CinQ HbA1c is the kit of Clinical Chemistry Analyzer, which uses fructosyl peptide oxidase (FPOX) for a measurement reaction. This report mainly indicates the developmental background, measurement principle, and future of the enzymatic method HbA1c reagent.
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