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Tsegaye S, Mehdi M, Labisso WL, Melka DS. Cysteine Cathepsins and Matrix Metalloproteases Among Breast Cancer Patients. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2021; 13:271-283. [PMID: 33994807 PMCID: PMC8112858 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s305387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Cellular proteases are thought to increase the likelihood of cancer cell infiltration and metastasis by degrading constituents of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Measuring activities of these proteases may be used as tumor markers for early diagnosis, prognosis, and as a possible target for treatment plan. Objective The aim of the current study is to evaluate cysteine cathepsins (CTSK and CTSL) and matrix metalloproteases-2 (MMP-2) and 9 (MMP-9) activities in human breast tumor tissue. Methods A comparative cross-sectional study plan was devised to study the enzymatic activities ofCTSK and CTSL andMMP-2 and MMP-9 via zymographic detection method. Sites of tissue sample collection were St Paul’s Millennium Medical College, Menelik II Hospital and Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 36 breast cancer patients were recruited and tissue samples were collected for the study. Results Activities of CTSK and CTSL were significantly elevated in cancerous tissue than the adjacent normal non-cancerous breast tissue of the same patients (n = 36, p ≤ 0.05). Also, activities ofMMP-2 and MMP-9 were increased significantly in tumor tissues than normal tissues (n = 36, P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion It is found that there are different patterns of protease enzymatic activity expression between normal and tumor tissue using zymography. Compared with normal tissue samples, the protease enzymatic activity in cancerous tissue is higher. Thus, tissue proteases can be used in conjunction with histological techniques to identify patients in the same clinical group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Tsegaye
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Assela University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Mehdi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wajana L Labisso
- Department of Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Seifu Melka
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Abstract
Cysteine proteases play multiple roles in basically all aspects of physiology and development. In plants, they are involved in growth and development and in accumulation and mobilization of storage proteins. Furthermore, they are engaged in signalling pathways and in the response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In animals and also in humans, they are responsible for senescence and apoptosis, prohormone processing, and ECM remodelling. When analyzed by zymography, the enzyme must be renaturated after SDS-PAGE. SDS must be washed out and substituted by Triton X-100. Gels are then further incubated under ideal conditions for activity detection. Cysteine proteases require an acidic pH (5.0-6.0) and a reducing agent, usually DTT. When screening biological samples, there is generally no previous clue on what peptidase class will be present, neither optimal proteolysis conditions are known. Hence, it is necessary to assess several parameters, such as incubation time, pH, temperature, influence of ions or reducing agents, and finally evaluate the inhibition profile. For detection of cysteine peptidase activity, the use of specific inhibitors, such as E-64, can be used to prevent the development of cysteine peptidase activity bands and positively confirm its presence. Here four different protocols to assess cysteine protease activity from different sources are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Wilkesman
- Centre for Environmental, Biology and Chemistry Research, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela.
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Platt MO, Evans D, Keegan PM, McNamara L, Parker IK, Roberts LM, Caulk AW, Gleason RL, Seifu D, Amogne W, Penny C. Low-Cost Method to Monitor Patient Adherence to HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Using Multiplex Cathepsin Zymography. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 58:56-64. [PMID: 26589706 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-015-9903-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring patient adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) by patient survey is inherently error prone, justifying a need for objective, biological measures affordable in low-resource settings where HIV/AIDS epidemic is highest. In preliminary studies conducted in Ethiopia and South Africa, we observed loss of cysteine cathepsin activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-positive patients on ART. We optimized a rapid protocol for multiplex cathepsin zymography to quantify cysteine cathepsins, and prospectively enrolled 350 HIV-positive, ART-naïve adults attending the Themba Lethu Clinic, Johannesburg, South Africa, to test if suppressed cathepsin activity could be a biomarker of ART adherence (103 patients were included in final analysis). Poor adherence was defined as detectable viral load (>400 copies/ml) or simplified medication adherence questionnaire, 4-6 months after ART initiation. 86 % of patients with undetectable viral loads after 6 months were cathepsin negative, and cathepsin-positive patients were twice as likely to have detectable viral loads (RR 2.32 95 % CI 1.26-4.29). Together, this demonstrates proof of concept that multiplex cathepsin zymography may be an inexpensive, objective method to monitor patient adherence to ART. Low cost of this electrophoresis-based assay makes it a prime candidate for implementation in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu O Platt
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 315 Ferst Drive, IBB 1308, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA. .,The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Denise Evans
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Philip M Keegan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 315 Ferst Drive, IBB 1308, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lynne McNamara
- Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ivana K Parker
- The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - LaDeidra M Roberts
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 315 Ferst Drive, IBB 1308, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander W Caulk
- The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rudolph L Gleason
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 315 Ferst Drive, IBB 1308, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Seifu
- Department of Biochemistry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wondwossen Amogne
- Department of Internal Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Clement Penny
- Oncology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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E4F1-mediated control of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity is essential for skin homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11004-9. [PMID: 27621431 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1602751113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional protein E4 transcription factor 1 (E4F1) is an essential regulator of epidermal stem cell (ESC) maintenance. Here, we found that E4F1 transcriptionally regulates a metabolic program involved in pyruvate metabolism that is required to maintain skin homeostasis. E4F1 deficiency in basal keratinocytes resulted in deregulated expression of dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (Dlat), a gene encoding the E2 subunit of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex. Accordingly, E4f1 knock-out (KO) keratinocytes exhibited impaired PDH activity and a redirection of the glycolytic flux toward lactate production. The metabolic reprogramming of E4f1 KO keratinocytes associated with remodeling of their microenvironment and alterations of the basement membrane, led to ESC mislocalization and exhaustion of the ESC pool. ShRNA-mediated depletion of Dlat in primary keratinocytes recapitulated defects observed upon E4f1 inactivation, including increased lactate secretion, enhanced activity of extracellular matrix remodeling enzymes, and impaired clonogenic potential. Altogether, our data reveal a central role for Dlat in the metabolic program regulated by E4F1 in basal keratinocytes and illustrate the importance of PDH activity in skin homeostasis.
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Seubert B, Cui H, Simonavicius N, Honert K, Schäfer S, Reuning U, Heikenwalder M, Mari B, Krüger A. Tetraspanin CD63 acts as a pro-metastatic factor via β-catenin stabilization. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:2304-15. [PMID: 25354204 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The tetraspanin CD63 is implicated in pro-metastatic signaling pathways but, so far, it is unclear, how CD63 levels affect the tumor cell phenotype. Here, we investigated the effect of CD63 modulation in different metastatic tumor cell lines. In vitro, knock down of CD63 induced a more epithelial-like phenotype concomitant with increased E-cadherin expression, downregulation of its repressors Slug and Zeb1, and decreased N-cadherin. In addition, β-catenin protein was markedly reduced, negatively affecting expression of the target genes MMP-2 and PAI-1. β-catenin inhibitors mimicked the epithelial phenotype induced by CD63 knock down. Inhibition of β-catenin upstream regulators PI3K/AKT or GSK3β could rescue the mesenchymal phenotype underlining the importance of the β-catenin pathway in CD63-regulated cell plasticity. CD63 knock down-induced phenotypical changes correlated with a decrease of experimental metastasis whereas CD63 overexpression enhanced the tumor cell-intrinsic metastatic potential. Taken together, our data show that CD63 is a crucial player in the regulation of the tumor cell-intrinsic metastatic potential by affecting cell plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Seubert
- Institute for Experimental Oncology and Therapy Research and Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technische Universität München, München, Germany
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