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Yuan D, Huang S, Berger E, Liu L, Gross N, Heinzmann F, Ringelhan M, Connor TO, Stadler M, Meister M, Weber J, Öllinger R, Simonavicius N, Reisinger F, Hartmann D, Meyer R, Reich M, Seehawer M, Leone V, Höchst B, Wohlleber D, Jörs S, Prinz M, Spalding D, Protzer U, Luedde T, Terracciano L, Matter M, Longerich T, Knolle P, Ried T, Keitel V, Geisler F, Unger K, Cinnamon E, Pikarsky E, Hüser N, Davis RJ, Tschaharganeh DF, Rad R, Weber A, Zender L, Haller D, Heikenwalder M. Kupffer Cell-Derived Tnf Triggers Cholangiocellular Tumorigenesis through JNK due to Chronic Mitochondrial Dysfunction and ROS. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:771-789.e6. [PMID: 28609656 PMCID: PMC7909318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a highly malignant, heterogeneous cancer with poor treatment options. We found that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress trigger a niche favoring cholangiocellular overgrowth and tumorigenesis. Liver damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and paracrine tumor necrosis factor (Tnf) from Kupffer cells caused JNK-mediated cholangiocellular proliferation and oncogenic transformation. Anti-oxidant treatment, Kupffer cell depletion, Tnfr1 deletion, or JNK inhibition reduced cholangiocellular pre-neoplastic lesions. Liver-specific JNK1/2 deletion led to tumor reduction and enhanced survival in Akt/Notch- or p53/Kras-induced ICC models. In human ICC, high Tnf expression near ICC lesions, cholangiocellular JNK-phosphorylation, and ROS accumulation in surrounding hepatocytes are present. Thus, Kupffer cell-derived Tnf favors cholangiocellular proliferation/differentiation and carcinogenesis. Targeting the ROS/Tnf/JNK axis may provide opportunities for ICC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detian Yuan
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shan Huang
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emanuel Berger
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Gross
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Heinzmann
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Physiology I, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Ringelhan
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany; 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Tracy O Connor
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mira Stadler
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Meister
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Weber
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Rupert Öllinger
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Simonavicius
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Reisinger
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Hartmann
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Meyer
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria Reich
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marco Seehawer
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Physiology I, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Valentina Leone
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Bastian Höchst
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Jörs
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Duncan Spalding
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Hepatobiliary Oncology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Matter
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Percy Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Ried
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Geisler
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Einat Cinnamon
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Eli Pikarsky
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Norbert Hüser
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Roger J Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Darjus F Tschaharganeh
- Helmholtz-University Group "Cell Plasticity and Epigenetic Remodeling", German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) & Institute of Pathology University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lars Zender
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Physiology I, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology Group within the German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Seubert B, Grünwald B, Kobuch J, Cui H, Schelter F, Schaten S, Siveke JT, Lim NH, Nagase H, Simonavicius N, Heikenwalder M, Reinheckel T, Sleeman JP, Janssen KP, Knolle PA, Krüger A. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 creates a premetastatic niche in the liver through SDF-1/CXCR4-dependent neutrophil recruitment in mice. Hepatology 2015; 61:238-48. [PMID: 25131778 PMCID: PMC4280301 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Due to its ability to inhibit prometastatic matrix metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 has been thought to suppress tumor metastasis. However, elevated systemic levels of TIMP-1 correlate with poor prognosis in cancer patients, suggesting a metastasis-stimulating role of TIMP-1. In colorectal cancer patients, tumor as well as plasma TIMP-1 levels were correlated with synchronous liver metastasis or distant metastasis-associated disease relapse. In mice, high systemic TIMP-1 levels increased the liver susceptibility towards metastasis by triggering the formation of a premetastatic niche. This promoted hepatic metastasis independent of origin or intrinsic metastatic potential of tumor cells. High systemic TIMP-1 led to increased hepatic SDF-1 levels, which in turn promoted recruitment of neutrophils to the liver. Both inhibition of SDF-1-mediated neutrophil recruitment and systemic depletion of neutrophils reduced TIMP-1-induced increased liver susceptibility towards metastasis. This indicates a crucial functional role of neutrophils in the TIMP-1-induced premetastatic niche. CONCLUSION Our results identify TIMP-1 as an essential promoter of hepatic premetastatic niche formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Seubert
- Institut für Experimentelle Onkologie und Therapieforschung, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Barbara Grünwald
- Institut für Experimentelle Onkologie und Therapieforschung, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Julia Kobuch
- Institut für Experimentelle Onkologie und Therapieforschung, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Haissi Cui
- Institut für Experimentelle Onkologie und Therapieforschung, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Florian Schelter
- Institut für Experimentelle Onkologie und Therapieforschung, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Susanne Schaten
- Institut für Experimentelle Onkologie und Therapieforschung, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Jens T. Siveke
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Ngee H. Lim
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oxford, London, UK
| | - Hideaki Nagase
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oxford, London, UK
| | | | | | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan P. Sleeman
- Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany,KIT Karlsruhe Campus Nord, Institute for Toxicology and Genetics, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik des Klinikums rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Percy A. Knolle
- Institut für Experimentelle Onkologie und Therapieforschung, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Achim Krüger
- Institut für Experimentelle Onkologie und Therapieforschung, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
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3
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Seubert B, Cui H, Simonavicius N, Honert K, Schäfer S, Reuning U, Heikenwalder M, Mari B, Krüger A. Tetraspanin CD63 acts as a pro-metastatic factor via β-catenin stabilization. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:2304-15. [PMID: 25354204 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The tetraspanin CD63 is implicated in pro-metastatic signaling pathways but, so far, it is unclear, how CD63 levels affect the tumor cell phenotype. Here, we investigated the effect of CD63 modulation in different metastatic tumor cell lines. In vitro, knock down of CD63 induced a more epithelial-like phenotype concomitant with increased E-cadherin expression, downregulation of its repressors Slug and Zeb1, and decreased N-cadherin. In addition, β-catenin protein was markedly reduced, negatively affecting expression of the target genes MMP-2 and PAI-1. β-catenin inhibitors mimicked the epithelial phenotype induced by CD63 knock down. Inhibition of β-catenin upstream regulators PI3K/AKT or GSK3β could rescue the mesenchymal phenotype underlining the importance of the β-catenin pathway in CD63-regulated cell plasticity. CD63 knock down-induced phenotypical changes correlated with a decrease of experimental metastasis whereas CD63 overexpression enhanced the tumor cell-intrinsic metastatic potential. Taken together, our data show that CD63 is a crucial player in the regulation of the tumor cell-intrinsic metastatic potential by affecting cell plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Seubert
- Institute for Experimental Oncology and Therapy Research and Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technische Universität München, München, Germany
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4
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Wolf MJ, Adili A, Piotrowitz K, Abdullah Z, Boege Y, Stemmer K, Ringelhan M, Simonavicius N, Egger M, Wohlleber D, Lorentzen A, Einer C, Schulz S, Clavel T, Protzer U, Thiele C, Zischka H, Moch H, Tschöp M, Tumanov AV, Haller D, Unger K, Karin M, Kopf M, Knolle P, Weber A, Heikenwalder M. Metabolic activation of intrahepatic CD8+ T cells and NKT cells causes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver cancer via cross-talk with hepatocytes. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:549-64. [PMID: 25314080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the fastest rising cancer in the United States and increasing in Europe, often occurs with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Mechanisms underlying NASH and NASH-induced HCC are largely unknown. We developed a mouse model recapitulating key features of human metabolic syndrome, NASH, and HCC by long-term feeding of a choline-deficient high-fat diet. This induced activated intrahepatic CD8(+) T cells, NKT cells, and inflammatory cytokines, similar to NASH patients. CD8(+) T cells and NKT cells but not myeloid cells promote NASH and HCC through interactions with hepatocytes. NKT cells primarily cause steatosis via secreted LIGHT, while CD8(+) and NKT cells cooperatively induce liver damage. Hepatocellular LTβR and canonical NF-κB signaling facilitate NASH-to-HCC transition, demonstrating that distinct molecular mechanisms determine NASH and HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Julia Wolf
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Arlind Adili
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Kira Piotrowitz
- LIMES Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn 53125, Germany
| | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53105, Germany
| | - Yannick Boege
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München & Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich 81657, Germany
| | - Marc Ringelhan
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich 81675, Germany; Second Medical Department, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich 81657, Germany
| | - Nicole Simonavicius
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Michèle Egger
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Anna Lorentzen
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Claudia Einer
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Sabine Schulz
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Thomas Clavel
- Junior Group Intestinal Microbiome, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan 85350, Germany; Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Biofunctionality Unit, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan 85350, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Christoph Thiele
- LIMES Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn 53125, Germany
| | - Hans Zischka
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Holger Moch
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München & Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich 81657, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Biofunctionality Unit, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan 85350, Germany
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Percy Knolle
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53105, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Achim Weber
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland.
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich 81675, Germany.
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5
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Simonavicius N, Seubert B, Borsig L, Wohlleber D, Browning J, Krüger A, Heikenwalder M. 370: Lymphotoxin signalling alters the vasculature to increase tumour cell metastasis. Eur J Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(14)50330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Wolf MJ, Hoos A, Bauer J, Boettcher S, Knust M, Weber A, Simonavicius N, Schneider C, Lang M, Stürzl M, Croner RS, Konrad A, Manz MG, Moch H, Aguzzi A, van Loo G, Pasparakis M, Prinz M, Borsig L, Heikenwalder M. Endothelial CCR2 signaling induced by colon carcinoma cells enables extravasation via the JAK2-Stat5 and p38MAPK pathway. Cancer Cell 2012; 22:91-105. [PMID: 22789541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Increased expression of the chemokine CCL2 in tumor cells correlates with enhanced metastasis, poor prognosis, and recruitment of CCR2(+)Ly6C(hi) monocytes. However, the mechanisms driving tumor cell extravasation through the endothelium remain elusive. Here, we describe CCL2 upregulation in metastatic UICC stage IV colon carcinomas and demonstrate that tumor cell-derived CCL2 activates the CCR2(+) endothelium to increase vascular permeability in vivo. CCR2 deficiency prevents colon carcinoma extravasation and metastasis. Of note, CCR2 expression on radio-resistant cells or endothelial CCR2 expression restores extravasation and metastasis in Ccr2(-/-) mice. Reduction of CCR2 expression on myeloid cells decreases but does not prevent metastasis. CCL2-induced vascular permeability and metastasis is dependent on JAK2-Stat5 and p38MAPK signaling. Our study identifies potential targets for treating CCL2-dependent metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Julia Wolf
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Simonavicius N, Robertson D, Bax DA, Jones C, Huijbers IJ, Isacke CM. Endosialin (CD248) is a marker of tumor-associated pericytes in high-grade glioma. Mod Pathol 2008; 21:308-15. [PMID: 18192970 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3801006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most frequent primary tumors of the central nervous system in adults. The most prevalent and aggressive subclass of these is glioblastoma multiforme, which is characterized by massive neovascularization. Endosialin (CD248) has generated interest as a target for antiangiogenic therapy following reports that its expression is upregulated on angiogenic endothelial cells. We demonstrate here that endosialin is not expressed in normal human adult brain but is strongly upregulated in the angiogenic vasculature of all high-grade glioma specimens examined. However, by taking advantage of a technique which allows for multiple fluorescent labeling of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded archival sections, we demonstrate unambiguously that endosialin is not expressed by the glioma endothelial cells but on closely associated perivascular cells. With increasing awareness that targeting pericytes is an attractive adjunct in antiangiogenic therapy, this finding has important implications for understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating angiogenesis in these highly vascularized tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Simonavicius
- 1Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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Abstract
Free fatty acids (FFAs) play important physiological roles in many tissues as an energy source and as signaling molecules in various cellular processes. Elevated levels of circulating FFAs are associated with obesity, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. Here we show that GPR84, a previously orphan G protein-coupled receptor, functions as a receptor for medium-chain FFAs with carbon chain lengths of 9-14. Medium-chain FFAs elicit calcium mobilization, inhibit 3',5'-cyclic AMP production, and stimulate [35S]guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) binding in a GPR84-dependent manner. The activation of GPR84 by medium-chain FFAs couples primarily to a pertussis toxin-sensitive G(i/o) pathway. In addition, we show that GPR84 is selectively expressed in leukocytes and markedly induced in monocytes/macrophages upon activation by lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, we demonstrate that medium-chain FFAs amplify lipopolysaccharide-stimulated production of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-12 p40 through GPR84. Our results indicate a role for GPR84 in directly linking fatty acid metabolism to immunological regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Wang
- Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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9
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Wang J, Simonavicius N, Wu X, Swaminath G, Reagan J, Tian H, Ling L. Kynurenic acid as a ligand for orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR35. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:22021-22028. [PMID: 16754668 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603503200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Local catabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan is considered an important mechanism in regulating immunological and neurological responses. The kynurenine pathway is the main route for the non-protein metabolism of tryptophan. The intermediates of the kynurenine pathway are present at micromolar concentrations in blood and are regulated by inflammatory stimuli. Here we show that GPR35, a previously orphan G protein-coupled receptor, functions as a receptor for the kynurenine pathway intermediate kynurenic acid. Kynurenic acid elicits calcium mobilization and inositol phosphate production in a GPR35-dependent manner in the presence of G(qi/o) chimeric G proteins. Kynurenic acid stimulates [35S]guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) binding in GPR35-expressing cells, an effect abolished by pertussis toxin treatment. Kynurenic acid also induces the internalization of GPR35. Expression analysis indicates that GPR35 is predominantly detected in immune cells and the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, we show that kynurenic acid inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our results suggest unexpected signaling functions for kynurenic acid through GPR35 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaosu Wu
- Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | | | - Jeff Reagan
- Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Hui Tian
- Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Lei Ling
- Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080.
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