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Singh A, Singh K, Kaur J, Kaur R, Sharma A, Kaur J, Kaur U, Chadha R, Bedi PMS. Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease and Diversity of 1,2,3-Triazole Scaffold in Drug Development: Design Strategies, Structural Insights, and Therapeutic Potential. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3291-3317. [PMID: 37683129 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a most prevalent form of dementia all around the globe and currently poses a significant challenge to the healthcare system. Currently available drugs only slow the progression of this disease rather than provide proper containment. Identification of multiple targets responsible for this disease in the last three decades established it as a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder that needs novel multifunctional agents for its management and the possible reason for the failure of currently available single target clinical drugs. 1,2,3-Triazole is a miraculous nucleus in medicinal chemistry and the first choice for development of multifunctional hybrid molecules. Apart from that, it is an integral component of various drugs in clinical trials as well as in clinical practice. This review is focused on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and 1,2,3-triazole containing derivatives developed in recent decades as potential anti-Alzheimer's agents. The review will provide (A) precise insight of various established targets of Alzheimer's disease including cholinergic, amyloid, tau, monoamine oxidases, glutamate, calcium, and reactive oxygen species hypothesis and (B) design hypothesis, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacological outcomes of 1,2,3-triazole containing multifunctional anti-Alzheimer's agents. This review will provide a baseline for various research groups working on Alzheimer's drug development in designing potent, safer, and effective multifunctional anti-Alzheimer's candidates of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Karanvir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Jashandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Ramanpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Uttam Kaur
- University School of Business, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Renu Chadha
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
- Drug and Pollution Testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
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Maziar A, Critch TNRHY, Ghosh S, Rajani V, Flynn CM, Qin T, Reinhardt C, Man KNM, Lee A, Hell JW, Yuan Q. Aging differentially affects LTCC function in hippocampal CA1 and piriform cortex pyramidal neurons. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:1489-1503. [PMID: 35437602 PMCID: PMC9930631 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with cognitive decline and memory loss in humans. In rats, aging-associated neuronal excitability changes and impairments in learning have been extensively studied in the hippocampus. Here, we investigated the roles of L-type calcium channels (LTCCs) in the rat piriform cortex (PC), in comparison with those of the hippocampus. We employed spatial and olfactory tasks that involve the hippocampus and PC. LTCC blocker nimodipine administration impaired spontaneous location recognition in adult rats (6-9 months). However, the same blocker rescued the spatial learning deficiency in aged rats (19-23 months). In an odor-associative learning task, infusions of nimodipine into either the PC or dorsal CA1 impaired the ability of adult rats to learn a positive odor association. Again, in contrast, nimodipine rescued odor associative learning in aged rats. Aged CA1 neurons had higher somatic expression of LTCC Cav1.2 subunits, exhibited larger afterhyperpolarization (AHP) and lower excitability compared with adult neurons. In contrast, PC neurons from aged rats showed higher excitability and no difference in AHP. Cav1.2 expression was similar in adult and aged PC somata, but relatively higher in PSD95- puncta in aged dendrites. Our data suggest unique features of aging-associated changes in LTCCs in the PC and hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Maziar
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Tristian N R H Y Critch
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Vishaal Rajani
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Cassandra M Flynn
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Tian Qin
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Camila Reinhardt
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Kwun Nok Mimi Man
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Amy Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Johannes W Hell
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Qi Yuan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
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Kulkarni AS, Burns MR, Brundin P, Wesson DW. Linking α-synuclein-induced synaptopathy and neural network dysfunction in early Parkinson's disease. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac165. [PMID: 35822101 PMCID: PMC9272065 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The prodromal phase of Parkinson's disease is characterized by aggregation of the misfolded pathogenic protein α-synuclein in select neural centres, co-occurring with non-motor symptoms including sensory and cognitive loss, and emotional disturbances. It is unclear whether neuronal loss is significant during the prodrome. Underlying these symptoms are synaptic impairments and aberrant neural network activity. However, the relationships between synaptic defects and network-level perturbations are not established. In experimental models, pathological α-synuclein not only impacts neurotransmission at the synaptic level, but also leads to changes in brain network-level oscillatory dynamics-both of which likely contribute to non-motor deficits observed in Parkinson's disease. Here we draw upon research from both human subjects and experimental models to propose a 'synapse to network prodrome cascade' wherein before overt cell death, pathological α-synuclein induces synaptic loss and contributes to aberrant network activity, which then gives rise to prodromal symptomology. As the disease progresses, abnormal patterns of neural activity ultimately lead to neuronal loss and clinical progression of disease. Finally, we outline goals and research needed to unravel the basis of functional impairments in Parkinson's disease and other α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya S Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Matthew R Burns
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Disorders, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffman-La Roche, Little Falls, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel W Wesson
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Disorders, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Abubakar MB, Sanusi KO, Ugusman A, Mohamed W, Kamal H, Ibrahim NH, Khoo CS, Kumar J. Alzheimer’s Disease: An Update and Insights Into Pathophysiology. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:742408. [PMID: 35431894 PMCID: PMC9006951 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.742408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible brain disorder associated with slow, progressive loss of brain functions mostly in older people. The disease processes start years before the symptoms are manifested at which point most therapies may not be as effective. In the hippocampus, the key proteins involved in the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, such as p-JAK2-Tyr1007 and p-STAT3-Tyr705 were found to be elevated in various models of AD. In addition to neurons, glial cells such as astrocytes also play a crucial role in the progression of AD. Without having a significant effect on tau and amyloid pathologies, the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in reactive astrocytes exhibits a behavioral impact in the experimental models of AD. Cholinergic atrophy in AD has been traced to a trophic failure in the NGF metabolic pathway, which is essential for the survival and maintenance of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN). In AD, there is an alteration in the conversion of the proNGF to mature NGF (mNGF), in addition to an increase in degradation of the biologically active mNGF. Thus, the application of exogenous mNGF in experimental studies was shown to improve the recovery of atrophic BFCN. Furthermore, it is now coming to light that the FGF7/FGFR2/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway mediated by microRNA-107 is also involved in AD pathogenesis. Vascular dysfunction has long been associated with cognitive decline and increased risk of AD. Vascular risk factors are associated with higher tau and cerebral beta-amyloid (Aβ) burden, while synergistically acting with Aβ to induce cognitive decline. The apolipoprotein E4 polymorphism is not just one of the vascular risk factors, but also the most prevalent genetic risk factor of AD. More recently, the research focus on AD shifted toward metabolisms of various neurotransmitters, major and minor nutrients, thus giving rise to metabolomics, the most important “omics” tool for the diagnosis and prognosis of neurodegenerative diseases based on an individual’s metabolome. This review will therefore proffer a better understanding of novel signaling pathways associated with neural and glial mechanisms involved in AD, elaborate potential links between vascular dysfunction and AD, and recent developments in “omics”-based biomarkers in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murtala Bello Abubakar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Kamaldeen Olalekan Sanusi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Azizah Ugusman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wael Mohamed
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Haziq Kamal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Husna Ibrahim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ching Soong Khoo
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Jaya Kumar,
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Garg J, Lakhani A, Dave V. Effects of the Involvement of Calcium Channels on Neuronal Hyperexcitability Related to Alzheimer’s Disease: A Computational Model. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-021-09890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hidisoglu E, Kantar-Gok D, Er H, Acun AD, Yargicoglu P. Alterations in spontaneous delta and gamma activity might provide clues to detect changes induced by amyloid-β administration. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:1013-1023. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enis Hidisoglu
- Department of Biophysics; Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine; Dumlupinar Boulevard TR-07058 Campus; Antalya Turkey
| | - Deniz Kantar-Gok
- Department of Biophysics; Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine; Dumlupinar Boulevard TR-07058 Campus; Antalya Turkey
| | - Hakan Er
- Department of Biophysics; Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine; Dumlupinar Boulevard TR-07058 Campus; Antalya Turkey
| | - Alev Duygu Acun
- Department of Biophysics; Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine; Dumlupinar Boulevard TR-07058 Campus; Antalya Turkey
| | - Piraye Yargicoglu
- Department of Biophysics; Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine; Dumlupinar Boulevard TR-07058 Campus; Antalya Turkey
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Kwon HJ, Cha MY, Kim D, Kim DK, Soh M, Shin K, Hyeon T, Mook-Jung I. Mitochondria-Targeting Ceria Nanoparticles as Antioxidants for Alzheimer's Disease. ACS NANO 2016; 10:2860-70. [PMID: 26844592 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b08045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative stress is a key pathologic factor in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Abnormal generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction, can lead to neuronal cell death. Ceria (CeO2) nanoparticles are known to function as strong and recyclable ROS scavengers by shuttling between Ce(3+) and Ce(4+) oxidation states. Consequently, targeting ceria nanoparticles selectively to mitochondria might be a promising therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we report the design and synthesis of triphenylphosphonium-conjugated ceria nanoparticles that localize to mitochondria and suppress neuronal death in a 5XFAD transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse model. The triphenylphosphonium-conjugated ceria nanoparticles mitigate reactive gliosis and morphological mitochondria damage observed in these mice. Altogether, our data indicate that the triphenylphosphonium-conjugated ceria nanoparticles are a potential therapeutic candidate for mitochondrial oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyek Jin Kwon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Yong Cha
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyoon Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soh
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangsoo Shin
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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8
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Cheng YH, Lai SW, Chen PY, Chang JH, Chang NW. PPARα activation attenuates amyloid-β-dependent neurodegeneration by modulating Endo G and AIF translocation. Neurotox Res 2014; 27:55-68. [PMID: 25048111 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of a large amount of amyloid-β (Aβ42) in brain neurons is one of the debilitating characteristics of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we determined the effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) activation on neuronal degeneration using a model of Aβ42-induced cytotoxicity. We found that 0.5 μM Aβ42 induced DNA damage and apoptosis in NT2N cells after 6 h of treatment. Co-treatment of Aβ42-treated cells with Wy14643, a PPARα ligand, significantly increased cell viability after 24 h compared with cells treated with Aβ42 alone. There were no differences in the protein levels of caspase-3, Bcl-2/Bax or p53 between cells treated with Aβ42 alone and those treated with both Aβ42 and Wy14643. However, the addition of Wy14643 significantly suppressed the Aβ42-induced upregulation of Endo G and AIF protein levels. Immunohistochemical analyses further demonstrated that Wy14643 reduced the expression of Endo G and AIF translocated from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, which occurred concomitantly with the decrease in DNA damage in Aβ42-treated cells. Our data clearly show that PPARα activation prevents DNA damage and neuronal cell apoptosis by decreasing the expression and translocation of AIF/Endo G to the nucleus in a caspase-3- and p53-independent pathway in the NT2N cell model. This role of PPARα in promoting neuron survival suggests a possible clinical application in treating Aβ42-associated neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hsin Cheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, ROC
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9
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Yao W, Zou HJ, Sun D, Ren SQ. Aβ induces acute depression of excitatory glutamatergic synaptic transmission through distinct phosphatase-dependent mechanisms in rat CA1 pyramidal neurons. Brain Res 2013; 1515:88-97. [PMID: 23583290 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) has a causal role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies indicate that Aβ can disrupt excitatory glutamatergic synaptic function at synaptic level. However, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. In this study, we recorded evoked and spontaneous EPSCs in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons via whole-cell voltage-clamping methods and found that 1 μM Aβ can induce acute depression of basal glutamatergic synaptic transmission through both presynaptic and postsynaptic dysfunction. Moreover, we also found that Aβ-induced both presynaptic and postsynaptic dysfunction can be reversed by the inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B), FK506, whereas only postsynaptic disruption can be ameliorated by the inhibitor of PP1/PP2A, Okadaic acid (OA). These results indicate that PP1/PP2A and PP2B have overlapping but not identical functions in Aβ-induced acute depression of excitatory glutamatergic synaptic transmission of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuxi Higher Health Vocational Technology School, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Hunsaker MR. The importance of considering all attributes of memory in behavioral endophenotyping of mouse models of genetic disease. Behav Neurosci 2013; 126:371-80. [PMID: 22642882 DOI: 10.1037/a0028453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In order to overcome difficulties in evaluating cognitive function in mouse models of genetic disorders, it is critical to take into account the background strain of the mouse and reported phenotypes in the clinical population being studied. Recent studies have evaluated cognitive function across a number of background strains and found that spatial memory assayed by the water maze and contextual fear conditioning often does not provide optimal results. The logical extension to these results is to emphasize not only spatial, but all attributes or domains of memory function in behavioral phenotyping experiments. A careful evaluation of spatial, temporal, sensory/perceptual, affective, response, executive, proto-linguistic, and social behaviors designed to specifically evaluate the cognitive function each mouse model can be performed in a rapid, relatively high throughput manner. Such results would not only provide a more comprehensive snapshot of brain function in mouse disease models than the more common approach that approaches nonspecific spatial memory tasks to evaluate cognition, but also would better model the disorders being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hunsaker
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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11
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Amyloid Beta-Protein and Neural Network Dysfunction. JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES 2013; 2013:657470. [PMID: 26316994 PMCID: PMC4437331 DOI: 10.1155/2013/657470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction induced by amyloid beta-protein (Aβ) represents one of the major challenges for Alzheimer's disease (AD) research. The most evident symptom of AD is a severe decline in cognition. Cognitive processes, as any other brain function, arise from the activity of specific cell assemblies of interconnected neurons that generate neural network dynamics based on their intrinsic and synaptic properties. Thus, the origin of Aβ-induced cognitive dysfunction, and possibly AD-related cognitive decline, must be found in specific alterations in properties of these cells and their consequences in neural network dynamics. The well-known relationship between AD and alterations in the activity of several neural networks is reflected in the slowing of the electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. Some features of the EEG slowing observed in AD, such as the diminished generation of different network oscillations, can be induced in vivo and in vitro upon Aβ application or by Aβ overproduction in transgenic models. This experimental approach offers the possibility to study the mechanisms involved in cognitive dysfunction produced by Aβ. This type of research may yield not only basic knowledge of neural network dysfunction associated with AD, but also novel options to treat this modern epidemic.
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12
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Garcia I, Kim C, Arenkiel BR. Genetic strategies to investigate neuronal circuit properties using stem cell-derived neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2012; 6:59. [PMID: 23264761 PMCID: PMC3524522 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian brain is anatomically and functionally complex, and prone to diverse forms of injury and neuropathology. Scientists have long strived to develop cell replacement therapies to repair damaged and diseased nervous tissue. However, this goal has remained unrealized for various reasons, including nascent knowledge of neuronal development, the inability to track and manipulate transplanted cells within complex neuronal networks, and host graft rejection. Recent advances in embryonic stem cell (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, alongside novel genetic strategies to mark and manipulate stem cell-derived neurons, now provide unprecedented opportunities to investigate complex neuronal circuits in both healthy and diseased brains. Here, we review current technologies aimed at generating and manipulating neurons derived from ESCs and iPSCs toward investigation and manipulation of complex neuronal circuits, ultimately leading to the design and development of novel cell-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Garcia
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, USA ; Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, USA
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13
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Wesson DW, Varga-Wesson AG, Borkowski AH, Wilson DA. Respiratory and sniffing behaviors throughout adulthood and aging in mice. Behav Brain Res 2011; 223:99-106. [PMID: 21524667 PMCID: PMC3128824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Orienting responses are physiological and active behavioral reactions evoked by novel stimulus perception and are critical for survival. We explored whether odor orienting responses are impacted throughout both adulthood and normal and pathological aging in mice. Novel odor investigation (including duration and bout numbers) and its subsequent habituation as assayed in the odor habituation task were preserved in adult C57BL/6J mice up to 12 mo of age with <6% variability between age groups in investigation time. Separately, using whole-body plethysmography we found that both spontaneous respiration and odor-evoked sniffing behaviors were strikingly preserved in wildtype (WT) mice up to 26 mo of age. In contrast, mice accumulating amyloid-β protein in the brain by means of overexpressing mutations in the human amyloid precursor protein gene (APP) showed preserved spontaneous respiration up to 12 mo, but starting at 14 mo showed significant differences from WT. Similar to WTs, odor-evoked sniffing was not impacted in APP mice up to 26 mo. These results show that odor-orienting responses are minimally impacted throughout aging in mice, and suggest that the olfactomotor network is mostly spared of insults due to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Wesson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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