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Unnithan D, Sartaj A, Iqubal MK, Ali J, Baboota S. A neoteric annotation on the advances in combination therapy for Parkinson's disease: nanocarrier-based combination approach and future anticipation. Part I: exploring theoretical insights and pharmacological advances. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:423-435. [PMID: 38481172 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2331214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological condition defined by a substantial reduction in dopamine-containing cells in the substantia nigra. Levodopa (L-Dopa) is considered the gold standard in treatment. Recent research has clearly shown that resistance to existing therapies can develop. Moreover, the involvement of multiple pathways in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss suggests that modifying the treatment strategy could effectively reduce this degeneration. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the key concerns with treating PD patients and the combinations, aimed at effectively managing PD. Part I focuses on the clinical diagnosis at every stage of the disease as well as the pharmacological treatment strategies that are applied throughout its course. It methodically elucidates the potency of multifactorial interventions in attenuating the disease trajectory, substantiating the rationale for co-administration of dual or multiple therapeutic agents. Significant emphasis is laid on evidence-based pharmacological combinations for PD management. EXPERT OPINION By utilizing multiple drugs in a combination fashion, this approach can leverage the additive or synergistic effects of these agents, amplify the spectrum of treatment, and curtail the risk of side effects by reducing the dose of each drug, demonstrating significantly greater efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika Unnithan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Ali Sartaj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Ahmed U, Ong SK, Khan KM, Siddiqui R, Khan NA, Shaikh MF, Alawfi BS, Anwar A. Effect of embelin on inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:360. [PMID: 37898989 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba castellanii is the causative agent of fatal encephalitis and blinding keratitis. Current therapies remain a challenge, hence there is a need to search for new therapeutics. Here, we tested embelin (EMB) and silver nanoparticles doped with embelin (EMB-AgNPs) against A. castellanii. Using amoebicidal assays, the results revealed that both compounds inhibited the viability of Acanthamoeba, having an IC50 of 27.16 ± 0.63 and 13.63 ± 1.08 μM, respectively, while causing minimal cytotoxicity against HaCaT cells in vitro. The findings suggest that both samples induced apoptosis through the mitochondria-mediated pathway. Differentially expressed genes analysis showed that 652 genes were uniquely expressed in treated versus untreated cells, out of which 191 were significantly regulated in the negative control vs. conjugate. Combining the analysis, seven genes (ARIH1, RAP1, H3, SDR16C5, GST, SRX1, and PFN) were highlighted as the most significant (Log2 (FC) value ± 4) for the molecular mode of action in vitro. The KEGG analysis linked most of the genes to apoptosis, the oxidative stress signaling pathway, cytochrome P450, Rap1, and the oxytocin signaling pathways. In summary, this study provides a thorough framework for developing therapeutic agents against microbial infections using EMB and EMB-AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seng-Kai Ong
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khalid Mohammed Khan
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, 34010, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bader Saleem Alawfi
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, 42353, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Bai X, Wang J, Ding S, Yang S, Pei B, Yao M, Zhu X, Jiang M, Zhang M, Mu W, Guo S. Embelin protects against apoptosis and inflammation by regulating PI3K/Akt signaling in IL-1β-stimulated human nucleus pulposus cells. Tissue Cell 2023; 82:102089. [PMID: 37075678 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Embelin is a natural benzoquinone compound that displays a beneficial effect in various inflammatory-related diseases. However, the effect of embelin on degeneration of intervertebral disc (IDD), a chronic inflammatory disorder, has not been reported. This study was attempted to explore the therapeutic action of embelin on IDD in vitro. Network pharmacology analysis was performed for evaluating the link between embelin and IDD. The human nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) were stimulated with IL-1β to induce inflammation. Cell viability of NPCs was assessed by CCK-8 assay. Western blotting was conducted to detect the expression levels of PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, cleaved caspase-3, caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, p65 and p-p65. Apoptotic deaths of NPCs were examined by TUNEL assay. The production of COX-2, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α was examined by ELISA. It can be seen that 16 overlapping genes were selected from 109 possible targets of embelin and 342 possible targets of IDD. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was a close link between embelin and IDD. We found that embelin dose-dependently improved the cell viability in IL-1β-stimulated NPCs. Embelin elevated the relative levels of p-PI3K/PI3K and p-Akt/Akt in IL-1β-stimulated NPCs. IL-1β induced a significant increase in apoptotic deaths of NPCs, which was attenuated by embelin treatment. IL-1β-induced alternations in expression levels of apoptotic-related proteins including cleaved caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 were prevented by embelin treatment. Pretreatment with LY294002 (an inhibitor of PI3K) reversed the inhibitory effect of embelin on IL-1β-induced apoptosis in NPCs. Embelin treatment caused inhibitory effects on the IL-1β-stimulated production of COX-2, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, which were abolished by LY294002 treatment. Furthermore, embelin treatment prevented IL-1β-induced phosphorylation of p65 in NPCs, while LY294002 elevated the embelin-caused decrease in p-p65/p65 level. Overall, embelin protected human NPCs against IL-1β-stimulated apoptosis and inflammation by regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. These findings provided new ideas for the clinical usage of embelin in the prevention and treatment of IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Bai
- The Fifth Department of Orthopedics, Baoding NO.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Jie Wang
- The Fifth Department of Orthopedics, Baoding NO.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Siguang Ding
- The Fifth Department of Orthopedics, Baoding NO.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- The Fifth Department of Orthopedics, Baoding NO.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Bo Pei
- The Fifth Department of Orthopedics, Baoding NO.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Mingyan Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Baoding NO.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, Baoding NO.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Meichao Jiang
- The Fifth Department of Orthopedics, Baoding NO.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Mingyuan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Laishui County TCM Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 074199, China
| | - Weina Mu
- Department of Ultrasonography, Baoding NO.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Shuqin Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Baoding NO.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China.
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Sharma V, Gautam DNS, Radu AF, Behl T, Bungau SG, Vesa CM. Reviewing the Traditional/Modern Uses, Phytochemistry, Essential Oils/Extracts and Pharmacology of Embelia ribes Burm. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1359. [PMID: 35883850 PMCID: PMC9311956 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Embelia ribes Burm. (E. ribes, Myrsinaceae), also known as Vidanga in Ayurveda, has been shown to have significant therapeutic benefits on several disorders, and its main chemical bioactive constituent, embelin, has the therapeutic potential to be converted into innovative drugs, which is why it has recently received considerable interest. In the present work, we provide a higher level of comprehension, awareness, and extensive knowledge of the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological characteristics of E. ribes throughout the last several decades (February 1965 to June 2021), emphasizing the importance of the study of essential oils extracted from E. ribes, which show a major potential for exerting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Google Scholar, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scifinder, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were used to conduct a thorough literature search. RESULTS E. ribes is high in essential oils, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and phenolics, all of which have medicinal benefits. The essential oils/extracts and isolated chemical constituents exhibited antioxidant activity, wound healing, antidiabetic, central nervous system (CNS)-related disease, antiviral, antiobesity, cardioprotective, antifungal, antibacterial, and antifertility activity, among other promising pharmacological effects. CONCLUSION The translation between traditional applications and modern medicine may make E. ribes a promising target for the implementation of innovative medication. To investigate the efficacy and safety profile of E. ribes, further high-quality preclinical studies using advanced methodologies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;
| | - Dev Nath Singh Gautam
- Department of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;
| | - Andrei-Flavius Radu
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Tapan Behl
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
| | - Cosmin Mihai Vesa
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
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Devi Daimary U, Girisa S, Parama D, Verma E, Kumar A, Kunnumakkara AB. Embelin: A novel XIAP inhibitor for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 36:e22950. [PMID: 34842329 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diseases are a serious health concern worldwide, especially in the elderly population. Most chronic diseases like cancer, cardiovascular ailments, neurodegenerative disorders, and autoimmune diseases are caused due to the abnormal functioning of multiple signaling pathways that give rise to critical anomalies in the body. Although a lot of advanced therapies are available, these have failed to entirely cure the disease due to their less efficacy. Apart from this, they have been shown to manifest disturbing side effects which hamper the patient's quality of life to the extreme. Since the last few decades, extensive studies have been done on natural herbs due to their excellent medicinal benefits. Components present in natural herbs target multiple signaling pathways involved in diseases and therefore hold high potential in the prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases. Embelin, a benzoquinone, is one such agent isolated from Embelia ribes, which has shown excellent biological activities toward several chronic ailments by upregulating a number of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., SOD, CAT, GSH, etc.), inhibiting anti-apoptotic genes (e.g., TRAIL, XIAP, survivin, etc.), modulating transcription factors (e.g., NF-κB, STAT3, etc.) blocking inflammatory biomarkers (e.g., NO, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, etc.), monitoring cell cycle synchronizing genes (e.g., p53, cyclins, CDKs, etc.), and so forth. Several preclinical studies have confirmed its excellent therapeutic activities against malicious diseases like cancer, obesity, heart diseases, Alzheimer's, and so forth. This review presents an overview of embelin, its therapeutic prospective, and the molecular targets in different chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzini Devi Daimary
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Dey Parama
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Elika Verma
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Expression pattern analysis and drug differential sensitivity of cancer-associated fibroblasts in triple-negative breast cancer. Transl Oncol 2020; 14:100891. [PMID: 33069102 PMCID: PMC7563008 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has the characteristics of a complex molecular landscape, aggressive or high proliferation leading to poor prognosis, and behavioral heterogeneity. The purpose of the present study was to determine the spatiotemporal expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) at histological level in 4T1 tumors and to predict the sensitivity to 138 drugs in patients with TNBC according to α-SMA expression. The quantitative results of fibrosis showed that the volume of 4T1 tumors correlated positively with the area of tumor fibrosis. Furthermore, we divided 4T1 tumors according to the degree of fibrosis and characterized the molecular characteristics of the four regions. Finally, the difference in the signaling pathways and sensitivity to 138 drugs was analyzed in patients with TNBC according to α-SMA expression combined with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The myogenesis, TGF-β, and Notch signaling pathways were upregulated and the patients with TNBC were significantly differentially sensitive to 25 drugs. The results of in vivo experiments showed that the inhibitory effect of embelin on 4T1 tumors with high α-SMA expression was greater than that on 4TO7 tumors with low α-SMA expression. At the same time, embelin significantly decreased α-SMA and PDGFRA expression in 4T1 tumors compared with the control group. Our findings add to understanding of CAF distribution in the 4T1 tumor microenvironment and its possible role in treating cancer.
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Embelin ameliorated sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation intensities by simultaneously suppressing inflammation and thrombosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110528. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Shi L, Ji Q, Liu L, Shi Y, Lu Z, Ye J, Zeng T, Xue Y, Yang Z, Liu Y, Lu J, Huang X, Qin Q, Li T, Lin Y. IL-22 produced by Th22 cells aggravates atherosclerosis development in ApoE -/- mice by enhancing DC-induced Th17 cell proliferation. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:3064-3078. [PMID: 32022386 PMCID: PMC7077608 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Th22 cells are a novel subset of CD4+ T cells that primarily mediate biological effects through IL-22, with both Th22 cells and IL-22 being closely associated with multiple autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated whether and how Th22 cells affect atherosclerosis. ApoE-/- mice and age-matched C57BL/6J mice were fed a Western diet for 0, 4, 8 or 12 weeks. The results of dynamic analyses showed that Th22 cells, which secrete the majority of IL-22 among the known CD4+ cells, play a major role in atherosclerosis. ApoE-/- mice fed a Western diet for 12 weeks and administered recombinant mouse IL-22 (rIL-22) developed substantially larger plaques in both the aorta and aortic root and higher levels of CD3+ T cells, CD68+ macrophages, collagen, IL-6, Th17 cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and pSTAT3 but lower smooth muscle cell (SMC) α-actin expression than the control mice. Treatment with a neutralizing anti-IL-22 monoclonal antibody (IL-22 mAb) reversed the above effects. Bone marrow-derived DCs exhibited increased differentiation into mature DCs following rIL-22 and ox-LDL stimulation. IL-17 and pSTAT3 were up-regulated after stimulation with IL-22 and ox-LDL in cells cocultured with CD4+ T cells and mature DC supernatant, but this up-regulation was significantly inhibited by IL-6mAb or the cell-permeable STAT3 inhibitor S31-201. Thus, Th22 cell-derived IL-22 aggravates atherosclerosis development through a mechanism that is associated with IL-6/STAT3 activation, DC-induced Th17 cell proliferation and IL-22-stimulated SMC dedifferentiation into a synthetic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Department of CardiologyThe People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningChina
| | - Qingwei Ji
- Department of CardiologyThe People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningChina
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of CardiologyThe People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningChina
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of CardiologyThe People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningChina
| | - Zhengde Lu
- Department of CardiologyThe People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningChina
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of CardiologyThe People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningChina
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of CardiologyThe People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningChina
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of CardiologyThe People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningChina
| | - Zicong Yang
- Department of CardiologyThe People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningChina
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of CardiologyThe People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningChina
| | - Jianyong Lu
- Department of CardiologyThe People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningChina
| | - Xinshun Huang
- Department of CardiologyThe People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningChina
| | - Qiuwen Qin
- Department of CardiologyThe People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningChina
| | - Tianzhu Li
- Department of CardiologyThe People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningChina
| | - Ying‐zhong Lin
- Department of CardiologyThe People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningChina
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Li JY, Chen RJ, Huang LT, Lee TY, Lu WJ, Lin KH. Embelin as a Novel Inhibitor of PKC in the Prevention of Platelet Activation and Thrombus Formation. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101724. [PMID: 31635287 PMCID: PMC6832570 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Embelin is a quinone derivative and found in the fruits of Embelia ribes Burm.f. Embelin has been identified as a small molecular inhibitor of X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, and has multiple biological activities, including antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and antitumor effects. However, the effect of embelin in platelets remains unclear. Thus, this study investigated the antiplatelet mechanism of embelin. Our data revealed that embelin could inhibit platelet aggregation induced by various agonists, including the protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu). Embelin, as well as the PKC inhibitor Ro 31-8220, markedly reduced PDBu-mediated phosphorylation of the PKC substrate, suggesting that embelin may be a PKC inhibitor for platelets. Embelin could block PKC downstream signaling and events, including the inhibition of protein kinase B and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, granule release, and glycoprotein IIbIIIa activation. Moreover, embelin could delay thrombus formation in the mesenteric microvessels of mice, but did not significantly affect the tail bleeding time. In conclusion, we demonstrated that embelin is a PKC inhibitor and possesses antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects. The further analysis is necessary to more accurately determine clinical therapeutic potential of embelin in all clinical thromboembolic events with disturbance of thrombocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun Yi Li
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Ray Jade Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Li Ting Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu Yin Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Wan Jung Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan Hung Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan.
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Embelin can protect mice from thioacetamide-induced acute liver injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Mohtashami L, Shakeri A, Javadi B. Neuroprotective natural products against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: A review. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Xue Z, Xi Q, Liu H, Guo X, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Li Y, Yang G, Zhou D, Yang H, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Gu C, Yang J, Da Y, Yao Z, Duo S, Zhang R. miR-21 promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation to mediate pyroptosis and endotoxic shock. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:461. [PMID: 31189875 PMCID: PMC6561921 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
miR-21 is aberrantly expressed, and plays a role in various types of tumors and many other diseases. However, the mechanism of miR-21 in LPS-induced septic shock is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of miR-21 in LPS-induced pyroptosis and septic shock. Here, we show that miR-21 deficiency inhibited NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 expression, as well as inflammasome activation in myeloid cells from both mice and humans. We found that the NF-κB pathway was regulated by miR-21, and that A20 was a direct target of miR-21. Furthermore, miR-21 deficiency inhibited the ASC pyroptosome, which restrained caspase-1 activation and GSDMD cleavage, thereby preventing LPS-induced pyroptosis and septic shock. miR-21 deficiency resulted in an increase in A20, which led to decreased IL-1β production and caspase-1 activation. Caspase-1-mediated GSDMD cleavage was consequently decreased, which prevented pyroptosis in LPS-induced sepsis in mice. Our results demonstrate that miR-21 is a critical positive regulator of the NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasomes in pyroptosis and septic shock via A20. In addition, by analyzing published miRNA expression profiles in the Gene Expression Omnibus database, we found that the miR-21 levels in peripheral blood from patients with septic shock were elevated. Thus, miR-21 may serve as a potential treatment target in patients with septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Xue
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Xi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongkun Liu
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangdong Guo
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Jieyou Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Zimu Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Li
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangze Yang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiyun Yang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute of Integrative Medicines for Acute Abdominal Diseases, Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Gu
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juhong Yang
- Metabolic Disease Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Yurong Da
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China.
| | - Zhi Yao
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuguang Duo
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China. .,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Amlexanox attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting dendritic cell maturation and reprogramming effector and regulatory T cell responses. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:52. [PMID: 30823934 PMCID: PMC6396467 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amlexanox (ALX), a TBK1 inhibitor, can modulate immune responses and has anti-inflammatory properties. To investigate its role in regulating the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we studied the effect of ALX on the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and the responses of effector and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Methods In vitro, bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) were cultured and treated with ALX. Their proliferation, maturation, and their stimulatory function to induce T cells responses were detected. In vivo, the development of EAE from different groups was recorded. At the peak stage of disease, HE, LFB, and electronic microscope (EM) were used to evaluate inflammation and demyelination. Maturation of splenic DC and Th1/Th17/Treg response in the CNS and peripheral were also detected. To further explore the mechanism underlying the action of ALX in DC maturation, the activation of TBK1, IRF3, and AKT was analyzed. Results Our data indicated that ALX significantly inhibited the proliferation and maturation of BMDCs, characterized by the reduced MHCII, a co-stimulatory molecule, IL12, and IL-23 expression, along with morphological alterations. Co-culture of ALX-treated BMDCs inhibited allogeneic T cell proliferation and MOG-specific T cell response. In EAE mice, ALX significantly attenuated the EAE development by decreasing inflammatory infiltration and demyelination in the spinal cords, accompanied by reduced frequency of splenic pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells and increased Tregs. Moreover, ALX treatment decreased Th1 and Th17 cytokines, but increased Treg cytokines in the CNS and spleen. Notably, ALX treatment reduced the frequency and expression of CD80 and CD86 on splenic DCs and lowered IL-12 and IL-23 secretion, further supporting an impaired maturation of splenic DCs. In addition, ALX potently reduced the phosphorylation of IRF3 and AKT in BMDC and splenic DCs, both of which are substrates of TBK1 and associated with DC maturation. Conclusions ALX, a TBK1 inhibitor, mitigated EAE development by inhibiting DC maturation and subsequent pathogenic Th1 and Th17 responses while increasing Treg responses through attenuating the TBK1/AKT and TBK1/IRF3 signaling.
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Cheng X, Wang H, Yang J, Cheng Y, Wang D, Yang F, Li Y, Zhou D, Wang Y, Xue Z, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Yang L, Zhang R, Da Y. Arctigenin protects against liver injury from acute hepatitis by suppressing immune cells in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:464-471. [PMID: 29579707 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a phenylpropanoid and dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan present in medical plants, such as those used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine, including Arctium lappa (Niubang), arctigenin exhibits antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. In this study, we investigated the protective role of arctigenin in Concanavalin A (ConA)-induced acute hepatitis in mice. Arctigenin remarkably reduced the congestion and necroinflammation of livers, and improved hepatic function (ALT and AST) in ConA-induced acute hepatitis in vivo. The infiltration of CD4 T, NKT and macrophages into the livers was found to be reduced with arctigenin treatment. Arctigenin suppressed ConA-induced T lymphocyte proliferations that might have resulted from enhanced IL-10 production by macrophages and CD4 T cells. These results suggested that arctigenin could be a powerful drug candidate for acute hepatitis through immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Cheng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Binhai New Area Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huafeng Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
| | - Jinlai Yang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingnan Cheng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengrui Yang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanxia Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
| | - Zhenyi Xue
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Luhong Yang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yurong Da
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Prabhu KS, Achkar IW, Kuttikrishnan S, Akhtar S, Khan AQ, Siveen KS, Uddin S. Embelin: a benzoquinone possesses therapeutic potential for the treatment of human cancer. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:961-976. [PMID: 29620447 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products have been gaining recognition and are becoming a significant part of research in the area of drug development and discovery. Phytochemicals derived from these sources have been comprehensively studied and have displayed a wide range of activities against many fatal diseases including cancer. One such product that has gained recognition from its pharmacological properties and nontoxic nature is embelin, obtained from Embelia ribes. Amid all the vivid pharmacological activities, embelin has gained its prominence in the area of cancer research. Embelin binds to the BIR3 domain of XIAP, preventing the association of XIAP and caspase-9 resulting in the suppression of cell growth, proliferation and migration of various types of cancer cells. Furthermore, embelin modulates anti-apoptotic pathways by suppressing the activity of NF-κB, PI3-kinase/AKT, JAK/STAT pathway - among others. The present review summarizes the various reported effects of embelin on different types of cancer cells and highlights the cellular mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti S Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Iman W Achkar
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shilpa Kuttikrishnan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sabah Akhtar
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdul Q Khan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kodapully S Siveen
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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Plumbagin protects liver against fulminant hepatic failure and chronic liver fibrosis via inhibiting inflammation and collagen production. Oncotarget 2018; 7:82864-82875. [PMID: 27756878 PMCID: PMC5347738 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plumbagin is a quinonoid constituent extracted from Plumbago genus, and it exhibits diverse pharmacological effects. This study thoroughly investigated the effects of plumbagin on thioacetamide-induced acute and chronic liver injury. Results shown that plumbagin increased survival rate, reduced liver congestion and inflammation, and decreased macrophages and neutrophils in the fulminant hepatic failure model, and remarkably diminished liver fibrosis and inflammation in the chronic liver injury model. Furthermore, plumbagin significantly suppress the HSCs/myofibroblasts activation by reduced expression of markers α-SMA and COL-1/3, and reduced macrophage in liver. In the in vitro study, plumbagin induced apoptosis and suppressed the proliferation of LX-2 cells (human HSCs). Plumbagin treatment increased AMPK phosphorylation and attenuated NF-κB, STAT3, and Akt/mTOR signals in LX-2 cells, while SMAD2 phosphorylation was not changed. Noticeably, plumbagin promoted AMPK binding to p300 which is a cofactor of SMAD complex, this may further competitively decreases the p300/SMAD complex initiated transcription of COL-1/3 and α-SMA. Additionally, plumbagin hampered inflammation related NF-κB signal in RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, these findings indicate that plumbagin may be a powerful drug candidate to protect the liver from acute and chronic damage by inhibiting inflammation and collagen production.
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Jain S, Bose A, Bastia B, Sharma H, Sachdeva R, Jain AK, Pal R. Oxidized Hemoglobin Is Antigenic and Immunogenic in Lupus. Front Immunol 2017; 8:732. [PMID: 28694810 PMCID: PMC5483465 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolysis-associated anemia is characteristic of diseases such as atherosclerosis, lupus, malaria, and leishmaniasis; the toxic effects of free hemoglobin (Hb) have been extensively described. This study was based on the premise that release of this sequestered, inflammatory molecule can result in deleterious immunological consequences, particularly in the context of pre-existing lupus. IgG anti-Hb responses were detected in the sera of lupus patients. Lupus-prone mice exhibited heightened plasma Hb levels, and ferric (Fe3+) Hb triggered preferential release of lupus-associated cytokines from splenocytes derived from aging lupus-prone mice. Anti-Hb B cell precursor frequencies were heightened in such mice, which also expressed increased titers of anti-Hb antibodies in serum and in kidney eluates. Fe3+ Hb preferentially increased the functional maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from lupus-prone mice, effects abrogated upon the inhibition of Stat3. Hb interacted with lupus-associated autoantigens extruded during apoptosis and coincubation of Hb and apoptotic blebs had additional maturation-inducing effects on lupus BMDCs. Immunization with Hb in lupus-prone mice induced antigen spreading to lupus-associated moieties; Hb-interacting autoantigens were preferentially targeted and increased complement deposition and glomerulosclerosis were observed. Hb therefore demonstrates both antigenicity and immunogenicity and triggers specific immuno-pathological effects in a lupus milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Jain
- Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Bose
- Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Banajit Bastia
- Division of Electron Microscopy, National Institute of Pathology-ICMR, New Delhi, India
| | - Hritika Sharma
- Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ruchi Sachdeva
- Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Arun K Jain
- Division of Electron Microscopy, National Institute of Pathology-ICMR, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Pal
- Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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18
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Kundap UP, Bhuvanendran S, Kumari Y, Othman I, Shaikh MF. Plant Derived Phytocompound, Embelin in CNS Disorders: A Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:76. [PMID: 28289385 PMCID: PMC5326771 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A Central nervous system (CNS) disease is the one which affects either the spinal cord or brain and causing neurological or psychiatric complications. During the nineteenth century, modern medicines have occupied the therapy for many ailments and are widely used these days. Herbal medicines have often maintained popularity for historical and cultural reasons and also considered safer as they originate from natural sources. Embelin is a plant-based benzoquinone which is the major active constituent of the fruits of Embelia ribes Burm. It is an Indo-Malaysian species, extensively used in various traditional medicine systems for treating various diseases. Several natural products including quinone derivatives, which are considered to possess better safety and efficacy profile, are known for their CNS related activity. The bright orange hydroxybenzoquinone embelin-rich fruits of E. ribes have become popular in ethnomedicine. The present systematic review summarizes the effects of embelin on central nervous system and related diseases. A PRISMA model for systematic review was utilized for search. Various electronic databases such as Pubmed, Springer, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were searched between January 2000 and February 2016. Based on the search criteria for the literature, 13 qualified articles were selected and discussed in this review. The results of the report showed that there is a lack of translational research and not a single study was found in human. This report gives embelin a further way to be explored in clinical trials for its safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday P Kundap
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Saatheeyavaane Bhuvanendran
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yatinesh Kumari
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia Selangor, Malaysia
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Gao Y, Li J, Xu X, Wang S, Yang Y, Zhou J, Zhang L, Zheng F, Li X, Wang B. Embelin attenuates adipogenesis and lipogenesis through activating canonical Wnt signaling and inhibits high-fat diet-induced obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:729-738. [PMID: 28163317 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that Embelin, a natural plant extract might have the potential to prevent body weight gain in rats. However, the mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. METHODS Effects of Embelin on adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis were studied in murine ST2 stromal cells and C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal cells. The mechanisms through which Embelin regulates adipogenic differentiation and lipogenesis were explored. The in vivo anti-obesity effects of Embelin in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity mice and possible transcriptional impact were investigated. RESULTS Embelin treatment suppressed ST2 and C3H10T1/2 cells to proliferate, and differentiate into mature adipocytes, along with the inhibition of adipogenic factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α, adipocyte protein 2 and adipsin. Embelin treatment also decreased the expression levels of lipogenic factors sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 and stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase 1. Embelin promoted the translocation of β-catenin from the cytoplasm into the nucleus in C3H10T1/2. The nuclear protein levels of β-catenin and TCF-4 were increased following Embelin treatment. Furthermore, Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) expression was downregulated by Embelin, and overexpression of Dkk1 in C3H10T1/2 reversed the inhibition of adipogenesis and lipogenesis by Embelin. In vivo studies showed that Embelin treatment reduced the gain of body weight and fat, decreased the serum level of triglycerides, free fatty acid and total cholesterol, and improved glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice. Moreover, Embelin blocked induction of adipogenic and lipogenic factors and Dkk1 in adipose tissue in HFD-fed mice. CONCLUSIONS The present work provides evidences that Embelin is effective in inhibiting adipogenesis and lipogenesis in vitro and the mechanisms may involve canonical Wnt signaling. Embelin has the potential to prevent body weight gain and fat accumulation, and to improve obesity-related glucose tolerance impairment and insulin resistance in the HFD-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gao
- Key Lab of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Lab of Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - J Li
- Key Lab of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Lab of Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - X Xu
- Key Lab of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Lab of Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - S Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Tianjin Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Y Yang
- Key Lab of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Lab of Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - J Zhou
- Key Lab of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Lab of Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Tianjin Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - F Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - X Li
- Department of Microbiology, Tianjin Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - B Wang
- Key Lab of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Lab of Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,2011 Collaborative Innovation Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Wang D, Wang H, Fu S, Cheng X, Yang F, Zhang Q, Li Y, Xue Z, Zhang L, Huang W, Yang L, Na D, Da Y, Kong Y, Zhang R. Parthenolide ameliorates Concanavalin A-induced acute hepatitis in mice and modulates the macrophages to an anti-inflammatory state. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 38:132-8. [PMID: 27270078 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parthenolide, the principal sesquiterpene lactone present in medicinal plants such as feverfew, has anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. In the present study, we investigated the protective role of parthenolide against acute hepatitis in mice. Mice acute hepatitis were induced by Concanavalin A and treated by parthenolide in vivo. Results shown that parthenolide remarkably reduced the congestion and necroinflammation of the mice livers with Concanavalin A-induced acute hepatitis. Meanwhile, parthenolide treatment recover the liver function which indicated by decreased the serum alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activities and promoted the expression of Ki67 in the livers of these mice. In addition, parthenolide administration suppressed the Concanavalin A-induced immune reaction, as indicated by the number of F4/80, CD49b and CD4 cells present in the liver. Furthermore, parthenolide also significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17A, IL-1β and IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in vitro. Moreover, parthenolide exposure decreased the phosphorylation of STAT3 and p38, and promoted the phosphorylation of p53 in RAW264.7 cells in vitro. In conclusion, parthenolide represents a drug candidate to protect the liver against Concanavalin A-induced acute hepatitis. The possible molecular mechanism involves the anti-inflammatory effects of parthenolide may by suppressing the STAT3/p38 signals and enhanced the p53 signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Blood Transfusion, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huafeng Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
| | - Shuyu Fu
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xixi Cheng
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengrui Yang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Li
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyi Xue
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjing Huang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Union Stem Cells and Gene Engineering Co., Tianjin, China
| | - Luhong Yang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
| | - Dongchen Na
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
| | - Yurong Da
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key lab of Glycobiology and Glycoengn, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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Demetris AJ, Bellamy COC, Gandhi CR, Prost S, Nakanuma Y, Stolz DB. Functional Immune Anatomy of the Liver-As an Allograft. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:1653-80. [PMID: 26848550 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The liver is an immunoregulatory organ in which a tolerogenic microenvironment mitigates the relative "strength" of local immune responses. Paradoxically, necro-inflammatory diseases create the need for most liver transplants. Treatment of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and acute T cell-mediated rejection have redirected focus on long-term allograft structural integrity. Understanding of insults should enable decades of morbidity-free survival after liver replacement because of these tolerogenic properties. Studies of long-term survivors show low-grade chronic inflammatory, fibrotic, and microvascular lesions, likely related to some combination of environment insults (i.e. abnormal physiology), donor-specific antibodies, and T cell-mediated immunity. The resultant conundrum is familiar in transplantation: adequate immunosuppression produces chronic toxicities, while lightened immunosuppression leads to sensitization, immunological injury, and structural deterioration. The "balance" is more favorable for liver than other solid organ allografts. This occurs because of unique hepatic immune physiology and provides unintended benefits for allografts by modulating various afferent and efferent limbs of allogenic immune responses. This review is intended to provide a better understanding of liver immune microanatomy and physiology and thereby (a) the potential structural consequences of low-level, including allo-antibody-mediated injury; and (b) how liver allografts modulate immune reactions. Special attention is given to the microvasculature and hepatic mononuclear phagocytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Demetris
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - C O C Bellamy
- Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - C R Gandhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - S Prost
- Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Y Nakanuma
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - D B Stolz
- Center for Biologic Imaging, Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Lu H, Wang J, Wang Y, Qiao L, Zhou Y. Embelin and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 928:397-418. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Guerreiro-Cacais AO, Laaksonen H, Flytzani S, N'diaye M, Olsson T, Jagodic M. Translational utility of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: recent developments. J Inflamm Res 2015; 8:211-25. [PMID: 26622189 PMCID: PMC4654535 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s76707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune condition with firmly established genetic and environmental components. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed a large number of genetic polymorphisms in the vicinity of, and within, genes that associate to disease. However, the significance of these single-nucleotide polymorphisms in disease and possible mechanisms of action remain, with a few exceptions, to be established. While the animal model for MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), has been instrumental in understanding immunity in general and mechanisms of MS disease in particular, much of the translational information gathered from the model in terms of treatment development (glatiramer acetate and natalizumab) has been extensively summarized. In this review, we would thus like to cover the work done in EAE from a GWAS perspective, highlighting the research that has addressed the role of different GWAS genes and their pathways in EAE pathogenesis. Understanding the contribution of these pathways to disease might allow for the stratification of disease subphenotypes in patients and in turn open the possibility for new and individualized treatment approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Ortlieb Guerreiro-Cacais
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannes Laaksonen
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sevasti Flytzani
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie N'diaye
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Arctigenin Suppress Th17 Cells and Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Through AMPK and PPAR-γ/ROR-γt Signaling. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5356-66. [PMID: 26440666 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Arctigenin is a herb compound extract from Arctium lappa and is reported to exhibit pharmacological properties, including neuronal protection and antidiabetic, antitumor, and antioxidant properties. However, the effects of arctigenin on autoimmune inflammatory diseases of the CNS, multiple sclerosis (MS), and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are still unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that arctigenin-treated mice are resistant to EAE; the clinical scores of arctigenin-treated mice are significantly reduced. Histochemical assays of spinal cord sections also showed that arctigenin reduces inflammation and demyelination in mice with EAE. Furthermore, the Th1 and Th17 cells in peripheral immune organs are inhibited by arctigenin in vivo. In addition, the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ and transcription factor T-bet, as well as the Th17 cytokines IL-17A, IL-17F, and transcription factor ROR-γt are significantly suppressed upon arctigenin treatment in vitro and in vivo. Interestedly, Th17 cells are obviously inhibited in CNS of mice with EAE, while Th1 cells do not significantly change. Besides, arctigenin significantly restrains the differentiation of Th17 cells. We further demonstrate that arctigenin activates AMPK and inhibits phosphorylated p38, in addition, upregulates PPAR-γ, and finally suppresses ROR-γt. These findings suggest that arctigenin may have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties via inhibiting Th17 cells, indicating that it could be a potential therapeutic drug for multiple sclerosis or other autoimmune inflammatory diseases.
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25
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Targeting Mortalin by Embelin Causes Activation of Tumor Suppressor p53 and Deactivation of Metastatic Signaling in Human Breast Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138192. [PMID: 26376435 PMCID: PMC4574062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Embelin, a natural quinone found in the fruits of Embelia ribes, is commonly used in Ayurvedic home medicine for a variety of therapeutic potentials including anti-inflammation, anti-fever, anti-bacteria and anti-cancer. Molecular mechanisms of these activities and cellular targets have not been clarified to-date. We demonstrate that the embelin inhibits mortalin-p53 interactions, and activates p53 protein in tumor cells. We provide bioinformatics, molecular docking and experimental evidence to the binding affinity of embelin with mortalin and p53. Binding of embelin with mortalin/p53 abrogates their complex resulted in nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation function of p53 causing growth arrest in cancer cells. Furthermore, analyses of growth factors and metastatic signaling using antibody membrane array revealed their downregulation in embelin-treated cells. We also found that the embelin causes transcriptional attenuation of mortalin and several other proteins involved in metastatic signaling in cancer cells. Based on these molecular dynamics and experimental data, it is concluded that the anticancer activity of embelin involves targeting of mortalin, activation of p53 and inactivation of metastatic signaling.
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26
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Synthesis and anti-proliferative activities of new derivatives of embelin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4865-70. [PMID: 25240254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Embelin (1), a benzoquinone isolated from Embelia ribes is known to possess variety of biological activities. Despite of several promising biological activities, preclinical efforts on embelin were hampered because of its poor aqueous solubility. In order to address the solubility issue, herein, we have synthesized a series of Mannich products of embelin by treating it with various secondary amines. The synthesized compounds were screened for antiproliferative and antimicrobial activities. In cytotoxicity screening, the benzyl-piperidine linked derivative 8m was found to possess better antiproliferative activity compared to parent natural product embelin against a panel of cell lines including HCT-116, MCF-7, MIAPaCa-2 and PC-3 with IC50 values of 30, 41, 34 and 36 μM, respectively. The mechanistic study of compound 8m revealed that it exhibits cytotoxicity via induction of apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential loss. Further, the compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity where dimethylamino- 8a and piperidine linked derivative 8b displayed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with MIC values of 8 and 16 μg/mL, respectively. Mannich derivatives did now show improved aqueous solubility, however their hydrochloride salts 8a·HCl, 8b·HCl and 8m·HCl showed significantly improved aqueous solubility without affecting biological activities of parent Mannich derivatives.
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27
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Peng M, Huang B, Zhang Q, Fu S, Wang D, Cheng X, Wu X, Xue Z, Zhang L, Zhang D, Da Y, Dai Y, Yang Q, Yao Z, Qiao L, Zhang R. Embelin inhibits pancreatic cancer progression by directly inducing cancer cell apoptosis and indirectly restricting IL-6 associated inflammatory and immune suppressive cells. Cancer Lett 2014; 354:407-16. [PMID: 25128650 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive malignancy and unresponsive to conventional chemotherapies. Here, the anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects of embelin on pancreatic cancer were investigated. Embelin significantly attenuated cells invasion, proliferation and induced apoptosis through inhibition of STAT3 and activation of p53 signaling pathways. Embelin substantially reduced the tumorigenicity of pancreatic cancer cells in vivo, which was associated with reduced inflammatory cells and immune suppressive cells, IL-17A(+) Th17, GM-CSF(+) Th, MDSCs and Treg, through inhibition of IL-6 secretion. Moreover, embelin decrease IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. In summary, embelin represents a novel therapeutic drug candidate for the clinical treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Peng
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Bingqing Huang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuyu Fu
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xixi Cheng
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyi Xue
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Da Zhang
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yurong Da
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yun Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi Yao
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, The Western Clinical School of the University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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28
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ZSTK474, a novel PI3K inhibitor, modulates human CD14+ monocyte-derived dendritic cell functions and suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:1057-68. [PMID: 24844601 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
ZSTK474 [2-(2-difluoromethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-4,6-dimorpholino-1,3,5-triazine] is a novel phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor that exhibits potent antitumor effects. Recent studies have shown that ZSTK474 is also with anti-inflammatory properties in collagen-induced arthritis. However, the effects of ZSTK474 on dendritic cells and inflammatory Th17 cell-mediated autoimmune central nervous system inflammation are not understood. In this study, we demonstrated that ZSTK474 suppressed human CD14(+) monocyte-derived dendritic cell differentiation, maturation, and endocytosis, and further inhibited the stimulatory function of mature dendritic cell on allogeneic T cell proliferation. In addition, ZSTK474 inhibited the expression of dendritic cell-derived Th1 and Th17 cells polarizing cytokines interferon-γ/interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-6/IL-23. Furthermore, our results indicated that the in vivo administration of ZSTK474, which targets the dendritic cell and inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cell, led to a reduction of clinical score, central nervous system inflammation, and demyelination of mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Therefore, ZSTK474 significantly suppressed the human CD14(+) monocyte-derived dendritic cell functions and ameliorated mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We further found that ZSTK474 inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K downstream signaling Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta in the dendritic cell. These data suggested that ZSTK474 exerted potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties via PI3K signaling and may serve as a potential therapeutic drug for multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Key messages: STK474 inhibits dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and maturation. ZSTK474 inhibits DC-derived Th1 and Th17-polarizing cytokines. ZSTK474 ameliorates EAE and suppresses DCs, Th1, and Th17 cells in EAE. ZSTK474 reduces CNS inflammation and demyelination of EAE mice. ZSTK474 could be a potential therapeutic drug for multiple sclerosis.
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