1
|
Yao C, Dong J, Ren K, Sun L, Wang H, Zhang J, Wang H, Xu X, Yao B, Zhou H, Zhao L, Peng R. Accumulative Effects of Multifrequency Microwave Exposure with 1.5 GHz and 2.8 GHz on the Structures and Functions of the Immune System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4988. [PMID: 36981897 PMCID: PMC10049199 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microwave ablation can produce immune activation due to thermal effects. However, the nonthermal effects of microwaves on the immune system are still largely unexplored. In this study, we sequentially exposed rats to 1.5 GHz microwave for 6 min and 2.8 GHz microwave for 6 min at an average power density of 5, 10, and 30 mW/cm2. The structure of the thymus, spleen, and mesenteric lymph node were observed, and we showed that multifrequency microwave exposure caused tissue injuries, such as congestion and nuclear fragmentation in lymphocytes. Ultrastructural injuries, including mitochondrial swelling, mitochondrial cristae rupture, and mitochondrial cavitation, were observed, especially in the 30 mW/cm2 microwave-exposed group. Generally, multifrequency microwaves decreased white blood cells, as well as lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils, in peripheral blood, from 7 d to 28 d after exposure. Microwaves with an average density of 30 mW/cm2 produced much more significant inhibitory effects on immune cells. Moreover, multifrequency microwaves at 10 and 30 mW/cm2, but not 5 mW/cm2, reduced the serum levels of several cytokines, such as interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), IL-1β, interferon γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), at 7 d and 14 d after exposure. We also found similar alterations in immunoglobulins (Igs), IgG, and IgM in serum. However, no obvious changes in complement proteins were detected. In conclusion, multifrequency microwave exposure of 1.5 GHz and 2.8 GHz caused both structural injuries of immune tissues and functional impairment in immune cells. Therefore, it will be necessary to develop an effective strategy to protect people from multifrequency microwave-induced immune suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Zhao
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (R.P.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Microwave radiation induces neuronal autophagy through miR-30a-5p/AMPKα2 signal pathway. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231072. [PMID: 35322852 PMCID: PMC9069443 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential health hazards of microwaves have attracted much more attention. Our previous study found that 2856 MHz microwave radiation damaged synaptic plasticity and activated autophagy in neurons. However, the mechanisms underlying microwave-induced autophagy were still unclear. In the present study, we established neuronal damage models by exposing rat hippocampal neurons and rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell-derived neuron-like cells to 30 mW/cm2 microwaves, which resulted in miR-30a-5p (‘miR-30a’ for short) down-regulation and autophagy activation in vivo and in vitro. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted, and Beclin1, Prkaa2, Irs1, Pik3r2, Rras2, Ddit4, Gabarapl2 and autophagy-related gene 12 (Atg12) were identified as potential downstream genes of miR-30a involved in regulating autophagy. Based on our previous findings that microwave radiation could lead to abnormal energy metabolism in neurons, Prkaa2, encoding adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) α2 (AMPKα2, an important catalytic subunit of energy sensor AMPK), was selected for further analysis. Dual-luciferase reporter assay results showed that Prkaa2 was a downstream gene of miR-30a. Moreover, microwave radiation increased the expression of AMPKα2 and the phosphorylation of AMPKα (Thr172) both in vivo and in vitro. The transfection of PC12 cells with miR-30a mimics increased miR-30a levels, reduced AMPKα2 expression, suppressed AMPKα (Thr172) phosphorylation, and inhibited autophagy occurrence in neuron-like cells. Importantly, miR-30a overexpression abolished microwave-activated autophagy and inhibited microwave-induced AMPKα2 up-regulation and AMPKα (Thr172) phosphorylation. In conclusion, microwave radiation promoted the occurrence of autophagy in neurons through the miR-30a/AMPKα2 signal pathway.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhi WJ, Qiao SM, Zou Y, Peng RY, Yan HT, Ma LZ, Dong J, Zhao L, Yao BW, Zhao XL, Feng XX, Hu XJ, Wang LF. Low p-SYN1 (Ser-553) Expression Leads to Abnormal Neurotransmitter Release of GABA Induced by Up-Regulated Cdk5 after Microwave Exposure: Insights on Protection and Treatment of Microwave-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 44:206-221. [PMID: 35723394 PMCID: PMC8929049 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With the wide application of microwave technology, concerns about its health impact have arisen. The signal transmission mode of the central nervous system and neurons make it particularly sensitive to electromagnetic exposure. It has been reported that abnormal release of amino acid neurotransmitters is mediated by alteration of p-SYN1 after microwave exposure, which results in cognitive dysfunction. As the phosphorylation of SYN1 is regulated by different kinases, in this study we explored the regulatory mechanisms of SYN1 fluctuations following microwave exposure and its subsequent effect on GABA release, aiming to provide clues on the mechanism of cognitive impairment caused by microwave exposure. In vivo studies with Timm and H&E staining were adopted and the results showed abnormality in synapse formation and neuronal structure, explaining the previously-described deficiency in cognitive ability caused by microwave exposure. The observed alterations in SYN1 level, combined with the results of earlier studies, indicate that SYN1 and its phosphorylation status (ser-553 and ser62/67) may play a role in the abnormal release of neurotransmitters. Thus, the role of Cdk5, the upstream kinase regulating the formation of p-SYN1 (ser-553), as well as that of MEK, the regulator of p-SYN1 (ser-62/67), were investigated both in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that Cdk5 was a negative regulator of p-SYN1 (ser-553) and that its up-regulation caused a decrease in GABA release by reducing p-SYN1 (ser-553). While further exploration still needed to elaborate the role of p-SYN1 (ser-62/67) for neurotransmitter release, MEK inhibition had was no impact on p-Erk or p-SYN1 (ser-62/67) after microwave exposure. In conclusion, the decrease of p-SYN1 (ser-553) may result in abnormalities in vesicular anchoring and GABA release, which is caused by increased Cdk5 regulated through Calpain-p25 pathway after 30 mW/cm2 microwave exposure. This study provided a potential new strategy for the prevention and treatment of microwave-induced cognitive dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jia Zhi
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (W.-J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.-Y.P.); (L.-Z.M.); (J.D.); (L.Z.); (B.-W.Y.); (X.-L.Z.)
| | - Si-Mo Qiao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (S.-M.Q.); (H.-T.Y.)
| | - Yong Zou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (W.-J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.-Y.P.); (L.-Z.M.); (J.D.); (L.Z.); (B.-W.Y.); (X.-L.Z.)
| | - Rui-Yun Peng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (W.-J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.-Y.P.); (L.-Z.M.); (J.D.); (L.Z.); (B.-W.Y.); (X.-L.Z.)
| | - Hai-Tao Yan
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (S.-M.Q.); (H.-T.Y.)
| | - Li-Zhen Ma
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (W.-J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.-Y.P.); (L.-Z.M.); (J.D.); (L.Z.); (B.-W.Y.); (X.-L.Z.)
| | - Ji Dong
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (W.-J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.-Y.P.); (L.-Z.M.); (J.D.); (L.Z.); (B.-W.Y.); (X.-L.Z.)
| | - Li Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (W.-J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.-Y.P.); (L.-Z.M.); (J.D.); (L.Z.); (B.-W.Y.); (X.-L.Z.)
| | - Bin-Wei Yao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (W.-J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.-Y.P.); (L.-Z.M.); (J.D.); (L.Z.); (B.-W.Y.); (X.-L.Z.)
| | - Xue-Long Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (W.-J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.-Y.P.); (L.-Z.M.); (J.D.); (L.Z.); (B.-W.Y.); (X.-L.Z.)
| | - Xin-Xing Feng
- Endocrine and Cardiovascular Center, Cardiovascular Institute and Fuwai Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China;
| | - Xiang-Jun Hu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (W.-J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.-Y.P.); (L.-Z.M.); (J.D.); (L.Z.); (B.-W.Y.); (X.-L.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.-J.H.); (L.-F.W.)
| | - Li-Feng Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (W.-J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.-Y.P.); (L.-Z.M.); (J.D.); (L.Z.); (B.-W.Y.); (X.-L.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.-J.H.); (L.-F.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xie W, Xu R, Fan C, Yang C, Chen H, Cao Y. 900 MHz Radiofrequency Field Induces Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response in Mouse Bone Marrow Stem Cells. Front Public Health 2021; 9:724239. [PMID: 34513791 PMCID: PMC8428517 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.724239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To examine whether exposure of mouse bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields used in mobile communication devices can induce mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). Methods: BMSCs were exposed to continuous wave 900 MHz radiofrequency fields (RF) at 120 μW/cm2 power intensity for 4 h/d for 5 consecutive days. Cells in sham group (SH) were cultured in RF exposure system, but without RF radiation. The positive control cells were irradiated with 6 Gy X-ray at a dose rate of 1.103 Gy/min (XR). To inhibit the upstream molecular JNK2 of UPRmt, cells in siRNA + RF, and siRNA + XR group were also pretreated with 100 nM siRNA-JNK2 for 48 h before RF/XR exposure. Thirty minutes, 4 h, and 24 h post-RF/XR exposure, cells were collected, the level of ROS was measured with flow cytometry, the expression levels of UPRmt-related proteins were detected using western blot analysis. Results: Compared with Sham group, the level of ROS in RF and XR group was significantly increased 30 min and 4 h post-RF/XR exposure (P < 0.05), however, the RF/XR-induced increase of ROS level reversed 24 h post-RF/XR exposure. Compared with Sham group, the expression levels of HSP10/HSP60/ClpP proteins in cells of RF and XR group increased significantly 30 min and 4 h post-RF/XR exposure (P < 0.05), however, the RF/XR-induced increase of HSP10/HSP60/ClpP protein levels reversed 24 h post-RF exposure. After interfering with siRNA-JNK2, the RF/XR exposures could not induce the increase of HSP10/HSP60/ClpP protein levels any more. Conclusions: The exposure of 900 MHz RF at 120 μW/cm2 power flux density could increase ROS level and activate a transient UPRmt in BMSC cells. Mitochondrial homeostasis in term of protein folding ability is restored 24 h post-RF exposure. Exposure to RF in our experimental condition did not cause permanent and severe mitochondrial dysfunctions. However, the detailed underlying molecular mechanism of RF-induced UPRmt remains to be further studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xie
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou, China
| | - Caiyun Fan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunyu Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tan S, Wang H, Xu X, Zhao L, Zhang J, Dong J, Yao B, Wang H, Hao Y, Zhou H, Gao Y, Peng R. Acute effects of 2.856 GHz and 1.5 GHz microwaves on spatial memory abilities and CREB-related pathways. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12348. [PMID: 34117282 PMCID: PMC8196025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of 2.856 GHz and 1.5 GHz microwaves on spatial memory and cAMP response element binding (CREB)-related pathways. A total of 120 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: a control group (C); 2.856 GHz microwave exposure group (S group); 1.5 GHz microwave exposure group (L group); and 2.856 and 1.5 GHz cumulative exposure group (SL group). Decreases in spatial memory abilities, changes in EEG, structural injuries, and the downregulation of phosphorylated-Ak strain transforming (p-AKT), phosphorylated-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (p-CaMKII), phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase (p-ERK) and p-CREB was observed 6 h after microwave exposure. Significant differences in the expression of p-CaMKII were found between the S and L groups. The power amplitudes of the EEG waves (θ, δ), levels of structural injuries and the expression of p-AKT, p-CaMK II, p-CREB, and p-ERK1/2 were significantly different in the S and L groups compared to the SL group. Interaction effects between the 2.856 and 1.5 GHz microwaves were found in the EEG and p-CREB changes. Our findings indicated that 2.856 GHz and 1.5 GHz microwave exposure induced a decline in spatial memory, which might be related to p-AKT, p-CaMK II, p-CREB and p-ERK1/2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhi Tan
- PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinping Xu
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Dong
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Binwei Yao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Hao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yabing Gao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiyun Peng
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lai YF, Wang HY, Peng RY. Establishment of injury models in studies of biological effects induced by microwave radiation. Mil Med Res 2021; 8:12. [PMID: 33597038 PMCID: PMC7890848 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-021-00303-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microwave radiation has been widely used in various fields, such as communication, industry, medical treatment, and military applications. Microwave radiation may cause injuries to both the structures and functions of various organs, such as the brain, heart, reproductive organs, and endocrine organs, which endanger human health. Therefore, it is both theoretically and clinically important to conduct studies on the biological effects induced by microwave radiation. The successful establishment of injury models is of great importance to the reliability and reproducibility of these studies. In this article, we review the microwave exposure conditions, subjects used to establish injury models, the methods used for the assessment of the injuries, and the indicators implemented to evaluate the success of injury model establishment in studies on biological effects induced by microwave radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fei Lai
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hao-Yu Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Rui-Yun Peng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao L, Sun Y, Yu C, Chen J, Xu X, Zhang X, Wang H, Zhang J, Wang H, Dong J, Yao B, Zhou H, Liu S, Peng R. Astragaloside protects rat brain from microwave-induced functional injuries via restoring acetylcholine and normalizing electroencephalogram. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:40787-40794. [PMID: 32677014 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies from our group and others have reported that 30 mW/cm2 microwave could damage the structures of rat hippocampus, as well as impair the neuronal functions. The neuroprotective effects of astragaloside, purified from Astragalus membranaceus, have been demonstrated in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we found that 30 mW/cm2 microwave impaired spatial learning and memory ability in rats, while astragaloside could significantly alleviate the injuries. The pathological analysis also showed that astragaloside protected neurons from microwave-induced damages, such as mitochondrial swelling and cavitation, rough endoplasmic reticulum swelling and dilation, synaptic gap disappearing, and vesicle aggregation. Moreover, microwave-induced structural damage of synapse resulted in downregulation of acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter for information transmission, while astragaloside could protect the structure of synapse, as well as restore the acetylcholine level in rat hippocampus. Furthermore, astragaloside also accelerated the recovery of brain electroencephalogram (EEG) after microwave exposure, indicating that astragaloside could promote the normalization of neuronal functions. In conclusion, astragaloside protected the morphological structures and restored acetylcholine level in rat hippocampus, which could improve brain functions via normalizing brain EEG. Therefore, astragaloside might be a promising candidate to treat microwave-induced injuries of central nervous system (CNS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunbo Sun
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Chen
- Xinyang Central Hospital, Xinyang, Henan, 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinping Xu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Dong
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Binwei Yao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuchen Liu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruiyun Peng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Poque E, Arnaud-Cormos D, Patrignoni L, Ruigrok HJ, Poulletier De Gannes F, Hurtier A, Renom R, Garenne A, Lagroye I, Lévêque P, Percherancier Y. Effects of radiofrequency fields on RAS and ERK kinases activity in live cells using the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer technique. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:836-843. [PMID: 32052678 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1730016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The present study was conducted to re-evaluate the effect of low-level 1800 MHz RF signals on RAS/MAPK activation in live cells.Material and methods: Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer technique (BRET), we assessed the effect of Continuous wave (CW) and Global System for Mobile (GSM)-modulated 1800 MHz signals (up to 2 W/kg) on ERK and RAS kinases' activity in live HuH7 cells.Results: We found that radiofrequency field (RF) exposure for 24 h altered neither basal level of RAS and ERK activation nor the potency of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) to activate RAS and ERK kinases. However, we found that exposure to GSM-modulated 1800 MHz signals at 2 W/kg decreased the PMA maximal efficacy to activate both RAS and ERK kinases' activity. Exposure with CW 1800 MHz signal at 2 W/kg only decreased maximal efficacy of PMA to activate ERK but not RAS. No effects of RF exposure at 0.5 W/kg was observed on maximal efficacy of PMA to activate either RAS or ERK whatever the signal used.Conclusions: Our results indicate that RF exposure decreases the efficiency of the cascade of events, which, from the binding of PMA to its receptor(s), leads to the activation of RAS and ERK kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Poque
- IMS Laboratory, CNRS, UMR 5218, Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Annabelle Hurtier
- IMS Laboratory, CNRS, UMR 5218, Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Rémy Renom
- IMS Laboratory, CNRS, UMR 5218, Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - André Garenne
- Bordeaux University, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UMR 5293, Talence, France
| | - Isabelle Lagroye
- IMS Laboratory, CNRS, UMR 5218, Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France.,Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, EPHE, Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tian Y, Xia Z, Li M, Zhang G, Cui H, Li B, Zhou H, Dong J. The relationship between microwave radiation injury and abnormal lipid metabolism. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 225:104802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.104802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
10
|
Yang X, Cheng K, Jia GZ. Microwave heating and non-thermal effects of sodium chloride aqueous solution. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1662505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- College of Physical and Electronics Engineering, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Cheng
- College of Optoelectronic Technology, Chengdu University of Information technology, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-zhu Jia
- College of Physical and Electronics Engineering, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vail G, Roepke TA. Membrane-initiated estrogen signaling via Gq-coupled GPCR in the central nervous system. Steroids 2019; 142:77-83. [PMID: 29378226 PMCID: PMC6064680 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The last few decades have revealed increasing complexity and depth to our knowledge of receptor-mediated estrogen signaling. Nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs) ERα and ERβ remain the fundamental dogma, but recent research targeting membrane-bound ERs urges for a more expanded view on ER signaling. ERα and ERβ are also involved in membrane-delineated signaling alongside membrane-specific G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1), ER-X, and the Gq-coupled membrane ER (Gq-mER). Membrane ERs are responsible for eliciting rapid responses to estrogen signaling, and their importance has been increasingly indicated in central nervous system (CNS) regulation of such functions as reproduction, energy homeostasis, and stress. While the Gq-mER signaling pathway is well characterized, the receptor structure and gene remains uncharacterized, although it is not similar to the nuclear ERα/β. This review will describe the current knowledge of this putative membrane ER and its selective ligand, STX, from its initial characterization in hypothalamic melanocortin circuitry to recent research exploring its role in the CNS outside of the hypothalamus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gwyndolin Vail
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Troy A Roepke
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fiory F, Mirra P, Nigro C, Pignalosa FC, Zatterale F, Ulianich L, Prevete N, Formisano P, Beguinot F, Miele C. Role of the HIF-1α/Nur77 axis in the regulation of the tyrosine hydroxylase expression by insulin in PC12 cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:11861-11870. [PMID: 30536670 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), catalyzing the conversion of tyrosine into l-DOPA, is the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis. Defects in insulin action contribute to alterations of TH expression and/or activity in the brain and insulin increases TH levels in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-treated neuronal cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of TH by insulin have not been elucidated yet. Using PC12 cells, we show for the first time that insulin increases TH expression in a biphasic manner, with a transient peak at 2 hr and a delayed response at 16 hr, which persists for up to 24 hr. The use of a dominant negative hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) and its pharmacological inhibitor chetomin, together with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments for the specific binding to TH promoter, demonstrate the direct role of HIF-1α in the early phase. Moreover, ChIP experiments and transfection of a dominant negative of the nerve growth factor IB (Nur77) indicate the involvement of Nur77 in the late phase insulin response, which is mediated by HIF-1α. In conclusion, the present study shows that insulin regulates TH expression through HIF-1α and Nur77 in PC12 cells, supporting the critical role of insulin signaling in maintaining an appropriate dopaminergic tone by regulating TH expression in the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fiory
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples and URT "Genomic of Diabetes" of Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Council of Research (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Mirra
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples and URT "Genomic of Diabetes" of Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Council of Research (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Cecilia Nigro
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples and URT "Genomic of Diabetes" of Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Council of Research (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Chiara Pignalosa
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples and URT "Genomic of Diabetes" of Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Council of Research (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Zatterale
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples and URT "Genomic of Diabetes" of Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Council of Research (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Ulianich
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples and URT "Genomic of Diabetes" of Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Council of Research (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Nella Prevete
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples and URT "Genomic of Diabetes" of Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Council of Research (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples and URT "Genomic of Diabetes" of Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Council of Research (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples and URT "Genomic of Diabetes" of Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Council of Research (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Miele
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples and URT "Genomic of Diabetes" of Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Council of Research (CNR), Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hao YH, Zhang J, Wang H, Wang HY, Dong J, Xu XP, Yao BW, Wang LF, Zhou HM, Zhao L, Peng RY. HIF-1α regulates COXIV subunits, a potential mechanism of self-protective response to microwave induced mitochondrial damages in neurons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10403. [PMID: 29991768 PMCID: PMC6039499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28427-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety and speculation about potential health hazards of microwaves exposure are spreading in the past decades. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which can be activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), played pivotal roles in protective responses against microwave in neuron-like cells. In this study, we established 30 mW/cm2 microwave exposed animal model, which could result in revisable injuries of neuronal mitochondria, including ultrastructure and functions, such as ROS generation and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity. We found that the ratio of COXIV-1/COXIV-2, two isoforms of COXIV, decreased at 1 d and increased from 3 d to 14 d. Similar expression changes of HIF-1α suggested that COXIV-1 and COXIV-2 might be regulated by HIF-1α. In neuron-like cells, 30 mW/cm2 microwave down-regulated COX activity from 30 min to 6 h, and then started to recover. And, both HIF-1α transcriptional activity and COXIV-1/COXIV-2 ratio were up-regulated at 6 h and 9 h after exposure. Moreover, HIF-1α inhibition down-regulated COXIV-1 expression, promoted ROS generation, impaired mitochondrial membrane potentials (MMP), as well as abolished microwave induced ATP production. In conclusion, microwave induced mitochondrial ROS production activated HIF-1α and regulated COXIV-1 expression to restore mitochondria functions. Therefore, HIF-1α might be a potential target to impair microwave induced injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hui Hao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Yu Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
| | - Ji Dong
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Ping Xu
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
| | - Bin-Wei Yao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
| | - Li-Feng Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Mei Zhou
- Department of Radiation Protection and Health Physics, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China.
| | - Rui-Yun Peng
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Abstract
NADPH oxidase is the main source of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS plays an important role in a variety of tumor types. The ROS mediated by NADPH oxidase increases the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIF-α) through multiple signaling pathways in tumor, and HIF-α could be regulated and controlled by downstream multiple targeted genes such as vascular endothelial growth factor, glucose transporter to promote tumor angiogenesis, cell energy metabolism reprogram and tumor metastasis. Meanwhile, HIF-α can also regulate the expression of NADPH oxidase by ROS, thus further promoting development of tumor. In this review, we summarized the functions of NADPH in tumorigenesis and discussed their potential implications in cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
15
|
Role of multifaceted regulators in cancer glucose metabolism and their clinical significance. Oncotarget 2017; 7:31572-85. [PMID: 26934324 PMCID: PMC5058779 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glucose metabolism, "aerobic glycolysis" or "Warburg effect", is a hallmark of human cancers. There is a cluster of "multifaceted regulators", which plays a pivotal role in the regulation of glucose metabolism. They can not only modulate the activities of specific enzymes, but also act as transcriptional activators to regulate the expression of metabolism related genes. Additionally, they can crosstalk with other key factors involved in glucose metabolism and work together to initiate multiple oncogenic processes. These "multifaceted regulators", especially p53, HIF-1, TIGAR and microRNA, will be focused in this review. And we will comprehensively illustrate their regulatory effects on cancer glucose metabolism, and further elaborate on their clinical significance. In-depth elucidation the role of "multifaceted regulators" in cancer glucose metabolism will provide us novel insights in cancer research field and offer promising therapeutic targets for anti-cancer therapies.
Collapse
|
16
|
Preferential activation of HIF-2α adaptive signalling in neuronal-like cells in response to acute hypoxia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185664. [PMID: 28968430 PMCID: PMC5624621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke causes severe neuronal damage as disrupted cerebral blood flow starves neurons of oxygen and glucose. The hypoxia inducible factors (HIF-1α and HIF-2α) orchestrate oxygen homeostasis and regulate specific aspects of hypoxic adaptation. Here we show the importance of HIF-2α dependant signalling in neuronal adaptation to hypoxic insult. PC12 and NT2 cells were differentiated into neuronal-like cells using NGF and retinoic acid, and exposed to acute hypoxia (1% O2). Gene and protein expression was analysed by qPCR and immunoblotting and the neuronal-like phenotype was examined. PC12 and NT2 differentiation promoted neurite extension and expression of neuronal markers, NSE and KCC2. Induction of HIF-1α mRNA or protein was not detected in hypoxic neuronal-like cells, however marked induction of HIF-2α mRNA and protein expression was observed. Induction of HIF-1α target genes was also not detected in response to acute hypoxia, however significant induction of HIF-2α transcriptional targets was clearly evident. Furthermore, hypoxic insult dramatically reduced both neurite number and length, and attenuated expression of neuronal markers, NSE and KCC2. This correlated with an increase in expression of the neural progenitor and stem cell-like markers, CD44 and vimentin, suggesting HIF-2α molecular mechanisms could potentially promote regression of neuronal-like cells to a stem-like state and trigger neuronal recovery following ischaemic insult. Our findings suggest the HIF-2α pathway predominates over HIF-1α signalling in neuronal-like cells following acute hypoxia.
Collapse
|
17
|
Tan S, Wang H, Xu X, Zhao L, Zhang J, Dong J, Yao B, Wang H, Zhou H, Gao Y, Peng R. Study on dose-dependent, frequency-dependent, and accumulative effects of 1.5 GHz and 2.856 GHz microwave on cognitive functions in Wistar rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10781. [PMID: 28883530 PMCID: PMC5589914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have revealed the cognitive decline induced by microwave radiation. However, the systematic study on dose-dependent, frequency-dependent and accumulative effects of microwave exposure at different frequencies was lacking. Here, we studied the relationship between the effects and the power and frequency of microwave and analyzed the accumulative effects of two different frequency microwaves with the same average power density. After microwave radiation, declines in spatial learning and memory and fluctuations of brain electric activities were found in the 10 mW/cm2 single frequency exposure groups and accumulative exposure groups. Meanwhile, morphological evidences in hippocampus also supported the cognitive dysfunction. Moreover, the decrease of Nissl contents in neurons indicated protein-based metabolic disorders in neurons. By detecting the key functional proteins of cholinergic transmitter metabolism, cytokines, energy metabolism and oxidative stress in the hippocampus, we found that microwave could lead to multiple metabolic disorders. Our results showed that microwave-induced cognitive decline was largely determined by its power rather than frequency. Injury effects were also found in accumulative exposure groups. We particularly concerned about the safety dose, injury effects and accumulative effects of microwaves, which might be very valuable in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhi Tan
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Xinping Xu
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ji Dong
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Binwei Yao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- Division of Radiation Protection and Health Physics, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yabing Gao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ruiyun Peng
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Halligan DN, Murphy SJE, Taylor CT. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) couples immunity with metabolism. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:469-477. [PMID: 27717536 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Crosstalk between metabolic and immune pathways has recently become appreciated to be key to the regulation of host defence. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a transcription factor which was initially described as a ubiquitous master regulator of the transcriptional response to hypoxia. In this role, HIF regulates genes promoting adaptation to hypoxia including a number which influence the cellular metabolic strategy of a cell. It has more recently been appreciated that the regulation of HIF is not restricted to oxygen-dependent pathways, and is now known to be mediated by a number of additional metabolic and immune cues including metabolites and cytokines respectively. Furthermore, our understanding of the functional role of HIF has expanded to it now being appreciated as a major regulator of host immunity. This places HIF in an ideal position to act as a regulatory hub which links metabolic activity with immunity. In this review we synthesise recent data which identifies HIF as both a target and effector for metabolic and immune processes. Developing our understanding of the role of HIF in this context will uncover new therapeutic targets for inflammatory and infectious disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doug N Halligan
- Conway Institute, Charles Institute & Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland; Sigmoid Pharma, Invent Centre, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Stephen J E Murphy
- Conway Institute, Charles Institute & Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- Conway Institute, Charles Institute & Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland; IRCAN, Centre A. Lacassagne, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 33 Avenue Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France; Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), 8, Quai Antoine Premier, Monaco.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The dynamic subcellular localization of ERK: mechanisms of translocation and role in various organelles. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 39:15-20. [PMID: 26827288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic subcellular localization of ERK in resting and stimulated cells plays an important role in its regulation. In resting cells, ERK localizes in the cytoplasm, and upon stimulation, it translocates to its target substrates and organelles. ERK signaling initiated from different places in resting cells has distinct outcomes. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of ERK1/2 translocation to the nucleus and mitochondria, and of ERK1c to the Golgi. We also show that ERK1/2 translocation to the nucleus is a useful anti cancer target. Unraveling the complex subcellular localization of ERK and its dynamic changes upon stimulation provides a better understanding of the regulation of ERK signaling and may result in the development of new strategies to combat ERK-related diseases.
Collapse
|
20
|
Gray NE, Zweig JA, Kawamoto C, Quinn JF, Copenhaver PF. STX, a Novel Membrane Estrogen Receptor Ligand, Protects Against Amyloid-β Toxicity. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:391-403. [PMID: 26890746 PMCID: PMC4961356 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Because STX is a selective ligand for membrane estrogen receptors, it may be able to confer the beneficial effects of estrogen without eliciting the deleterious side effects associated with activation of the nuclear estrogen receptors. This study evaluates the neuroprotective properties of STX in the context of amyloid-β (Aβ) exposure. MC65 and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines, as well as primary hippocampal neurons from wild type (WT) and Tg2576 mice, were used to investigate the ability of STX to attenuate cell death, mitochondrial dysfunction, dendritic simplification, and synaptic loss induced by Aβ. STX prevented Aβ-induced cell death in both neuroblastoma cell lines; it also normalized the decrease in ATP and mitochondrial gene expression caused by Aβ in these cells. Notably, STX also increased ATP content and mitochondrial gene expression in control neuroblastoma cells (in the absence of Aβ). Likewise in primary neurons, STX increased ATP levels and mitochondrial gene expression in both genotypes. In addition, STX treatment enhanced dendritic arborization and spine densities in WT neurons and prevented the diminished outgrowth of dendrites caused by Aβ exposure in Tg2576 neurons. These data suggest that STX can act as an effective neuroprotective agent in the context of Aβ toxicity, improving mitochondrial function as well as dendritic growth and synaptic differentiation. In addition, since STX also improved these endpoints in the absence of Aβ, this compound may have broader therapeutic value beyond Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora E. Gray
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA 97239
| | - Jonathan A. Zweig
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA 97239
| | - Colleen Kawamoto
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA 97239
| | - Joseph F. Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA 97239
- Department of Neurology and Parkinson’s Disease Research Education and Clinical Care Center (PADRECC), Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA 97239
| | - Philip F. Copenhaver
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA 97239
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hao YH, Zhao L, Peng RY. Effects of microwave radiation on brain energy metabolism and related mechanisms. Mil Med Res 2015; 2:4. [PMID: 26000171 PMCID: PMC4440565 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-015-0033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of electronic technologies, anxiety regarding the potential health hazards induced by microwave radiation (MW) has been growing in recent years. The brain is one of the most sensitive target organs for microwave radiation, where mitochondrial injury occurs earlier and more severely than in other organs. Energy metabolism disorders do play an important role during the process of microwave radiation-induced brain damage. In this paper, we will review the biological effects of microwave radiation, the features of brain energy supply and consumption and the effects of microwave radiation on mitochondrial energy metabolism and potential related mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hui Hao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Li Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Rui-Yun Peng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China
| |
Collapse
|