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Zhang W, Zhu F, Zhu J, Liu K. Phospholipase D, a Novel Therapeutic Target Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmune Diseases. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2024; 2024:6681911. [PMID: 38487684 PMCID: PMC10940030 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6681911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) is an enzyme that consists of six isoforms (PLD1-PLD6) and has been discovered in different organisms including bacteria, viruses, plants, and mammals. PLD is involved in regulating a wide range of nerve cells' physiological processes, such as cytoskeleton modulation, proliferation/growth, vesicle trafficking, morphogenesis, and development. Simultaneously, PLD, which also plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and neuroimmune diseases. In this review, family members, characterizations, structure, functions and related signaling pathways, and therapeutic values of PLD was summarized, then five representative diseases including Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), etc. were selected as examples to tell the involvement of PLD in these neurological diseases. Notably, recent advances in the development of tools for studying PLD therapy envisaged novel therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, the limitations of PLD based therapy were also analyzed and discussed. The content of this review provided a thorough and reasonable basis for further studies to exploit the potential of PLD in the treatment of neurodegenerative and neuroimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Feiqi Zhu
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kangding Liu
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Lee JC, Shirey RJ, Turner LD, Park H, Lairson LL, Janda KD. Discovery of PLD4 modulators by high-throughput screening and kinetic analysis. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2024; 7:101349. [PMID: 38560090 PMCID: PMC10977906 DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D3 (PLD3) and D4 (PLD4) are endolysosomal exonucleases of ssDNA and ssRNA that regulate innate immunity. Polymorphisms of these enzymes are correlated with numerous human diseases, including Alzheimer's, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic sclerosis. Pharmacological modulation of these immunoregulatory proteins may yield novel immunotherapies and adjuvants. A previous study reported a high-throughput screen (N = 17,952) that discovered a PLD3-selective activator and inhibitor, as well as a nonselective inhibitor, but failed to identify selective modulators of PLD4. However, modulators selective for PLD4 are therapeutically pertinent, since recent reports have shown that regulating this protein has direct implications in cancer and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, the high expression of PLD4 in dendritic and myeloid cells, in comparison to the broader expression of PLD3, presents the opportunity for a cell-targeted immunotherapy. Here, we describe screening of an expended diversity library (N = 45,760) with an improved platform and report the discovery of one inhibitor and three activators selective for PLD4. Furthermore, kinetic modeling and structural analysis suggest mechanistic differences in the modulation of these hits. These findings further establish the utility of this screening platform and provide a set of chemical scaffolds to guide future small-molecule development for this novel immunoregulator target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinny Claire Lee
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryan J. Shirey
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lewis D. Turner
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hyeri Park
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Luke L. Lairson
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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3
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Liu BW, Sun N, Lin H, Zhou XJ, Ma HY, Wang X, Cao XC, Yu Y. The p53/ZEB1-PLD3 feedback loop regulates cell proliferation in breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:751. [PMID: 37978168 PMCID: PMC10656518 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer globally, endangering women's physical and mental health. Phospholipase D3 (PLD3) belongs to the phosphodiesterase family (PLD). PLD3 is related to insulin-mediated phosphorylation of the AKT pathway, suggesting that it may play a role in the occurrence and development of malignant tumors. This study may further explore the molecular mechanism of PLD3 inhibiting breast cancer cell proliferation. In this study, we demonstrated that PLD3 and miR-6796 are co-expressed in breast cancer. PLD3 can bind with CDK1 and inhibit its expression, leading to mitotic arrest and inhibiting breast cancer proliferation. Wild-type p53 regulates PLD3 and miR-6796 expression by competitively binding to the PLD3 promoter with ZEB1. DNMT3B, as the target gene of miR-6796, is recruited into the PLD3 promoter by combining with ZEB1 to regulate the DNA methylation of the PLD3 promoter and ultimately affect PLD3 and miR-6796 expression. In conclusion, we revealed the role and molecular mechanism of PLD3 and its embedded miR-6796 in breast cancer proliferation, providing clues and a theoretical foundation for future research and development of therapeutic targets and prognostic markers for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Liu
- The First Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Ning Sun
- The First Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Hui Lin
- The First Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 317099, China
| | - Xue-Jie Zhou
- The First Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Hai-Yan Ma
- The First Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xin Wang
- The First Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xu-Chen Cao
- The First Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
| | - Yue Yu
- The First Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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Wang Y, Sun Y, Wang Y, Jia S, Qiao Y, Zhou Z, Shao W, Zhang X, Guo J, Zhang B, Niu X, Wang Y, Peng D. Identification of novel diagnostic panel for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: findings based on urine proteomics and machine learning. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:191. [PMID: 37925455 PMCID: PMC10625308 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease is a prevalent disease with a heavy global burden. Proteomics is the systematic study of proteins and peptides to provide comprehensive descriptions. Aiming to obtain a more accurate and convenient clinical diagnosis, researchers are working for better biomarkers. Urine is more convenient which could reflect the change of disease at an earlier stage. Thus, we conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate novel diagnostic panels. METHODS We firstly enrolled participants from China-Japan Friendship Hospital from April 2022 to November 2022, collected urine samples, and conducted an LC-MS/MS analysis. In parallel, clinical data were collected, and clinical examinations were performed. After statistical and bioinformatics analyses, significant risk factors and differential urinary proteins were determined. We attempt to investigate diagnostic panels based on machine learning including LASSO and SVM. RESULTS Fifty-seven AD patients, 43 MCI patients, and 62 CN subjects were enrolled. A total of 3366 proteins were identified, and 608 urine proteins were finally included in the analysis. There were 33 significantly differential proteins between the AD and CN groups and 15 significantly differential proteins between the MCI and CN groups. AD diagnostic panel included DDC, CTSC, EHD4, GSTA3, SLC44A4, GNS, GSTA1, ANXA4, PLD3, CTSH, HP, RPS3, CPVL, age, and APOE ε4 with an AUC of 0.9989 in the training test and 0.8824 in the test set while MCI diagnostic panel included TUBB, SUCLG2, PROCR, TCP1, ACE, FLOT2, EHD4, PROZ, C9, SERPINA3, age, and APOE ε4 with an AUC of 0.9985 in the training test and 0.8143 in the test set. Besides, diagnostic proteins were weakly correlated with cognitive functions. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the procedure is convenient, non-invasive, and useful for diagnosis, which could assist physicians in differentiating AD and MCI from CN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Wang
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shuhong Jia
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yanan Qiao
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wen Shao
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiangfei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaoqian Niu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Dantao Peng
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China.
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Shirey RJ, Turner LD, Lairson LL, Janda KD. Modulators of immunoregulatory exonucleases PLD3 and PLD4 identified by high-throughput screen. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 49:128293. [PMID: 34332037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PLD3 and PLD4 have recently been revealed to be endosomal exonucleases that regulate the innate immune response by digesting the ligands of nucleic acid sensors. These enzymes can suppress RNA and DNA innate immune sensors like toll-like receptor 9, and PLD4-deficent mice exhibit inflammatory disease. Targeting these immunoregulatory enzymes presents an opportunity to indirectly regulate innate immune nucleic acid sensors that could yield immunotherapies, adjuvants, and nucleic acid drug stabilizers. To aid in delineating the therapeutic potential of these targets, we have developed a high-throughput fluorescence enzymatic assay to identify modulators of PLD3 and PLD4. Screening of a diversity library (N = 17952) yielded preferential inhibitors of PLD3 and PLD4 in addition to a PLD3 selective activator. The modulation models of these compounds were delineated by kinetic analysis. This work presents an inexpensive and simple method to identify modulators of these immunoregulatory exonucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Shirey
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Lewis D Turner
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Luke L Lairson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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PLD3 is a neuronal lysosomal phospholipase D associated with β-amyloid plaques and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009406. [PMID: 33830999 PMCID: PMC8031396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D3 (PLD3) is a protein of unclear function that structurally resembles other members of the phospholipase D superfamily. A coding variant in this gene confers increased risk for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), although the magnitude of this effect has been controversial. Because of the potential significance of this obscure protein, we undertook a study to observe its distribution in normal human brain and AD-affected brain, determine whether PLD3 is relevant to memory and cognition in sporadic AD, and to evaluate its molecular function. In human neuropathological samples, PLD3 was primarily found within neurons and colocalized with lysosome markers (LAMP2, progranulin, and cathepsins D and B). This colocalization was also present in AD brain with prominent enrichment on lysosomal accumulations within dystrophic neurites surrounding β-amyloid plaques. This pattern of protein distribution was conserved in mouse brain in wild type and the 5xFAD mouse model of cerebral β-amyloidosis. We discovered PLD3 has phospholipase D activity in lysosomes. A coding variant in PLD3 reported to confer AD risk significantly reduced enzymatic activity compared to wild-type PLD3. PLD3 mRNA levels in the human pre-frontal cortex inversely correlated with β-amyloid pathology severity and rate of cognitive decline in 531 participants enrolled in the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project. PLD3 levels across genetically diverse BXD mouse strains and strains crossed with 5xFAD mice correlated strongly with learning and memory performance in a fear conditioning task. In summary, this study identified a new functional mammalian phospholipase D isoform which is lysosomal and closely associated with both β-amyloid pathology and cognition.
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Santa P, Garreau A, Serpas L, Ferriere A, Blanco P, Soni C, Sisirak V. The Role of Nucleases and Nucleic Acid Editing Enzymes in the Regulation of Self-Nucleic Acid Sensing. Front Immunol 2021; 12:629922. [PMID: 33717156 PMCID: PMC7952454 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.629922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of microbial nucleic acids by the innate immune system is mediated by numerous intracellular nucleic acids sensors. Upon the detection of nucleic acids these sensors induce the production of inflammatory cytokines, and thus play a crucial role in the activation of anti-microbial immunity. In addition to microbial genetic material, nucleic acid sensors can also recognize self-nucleic acids exposed extracellularly during turn-over of cells, inefficient efferocytosis, or intracellularly upon mislocalization. Safeguard mechanisms have evolved to dispose of such self-nucleic acids to impede the development of autoinflammatory and autoimmune responses. These safeguard mechanisms involve nucleases that are either specific to DNA (DNases) or RNA (RNases) as well as nucleic acid editing enzymes, whose biochemical properties, expression profiles, functions and mechanisms of action will be detailed in this review. Fully elucidating the role of these enzymes in degrading and/or processing of self-nucleic acids to thwart their immunostimulatory potential is of utmost importance to develop novel therapeutic strategies for patients affected by inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Santa
- CNRS-UMR 5164, ImmunoConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Garreau
- CNRS-UMR 5164, ImmunoConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lee Serpas
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Patrick Blanco
- CNRS-UMR 5164, ImmunoConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- Immunology and Immunogenetic Department, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Chetna Soni
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vanja Sisirak
- CNRS-UMR 5164, ImmunoConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
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Cappel C, Gonzalez AC, Damme M. Quantification and characterization of the 5' exonuclease activity of the lysosomal nuclease PLD3 by a novel cell-based assay. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100152. [PMID: 33288674 PMCID: PMC7857491 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D3 (PLD3) and phospholipase D4 (PLD4), the most recently described lysosomal nucleases, are associated with Alzheimer’s disease, spinocerebellar ataxia, and systemic lupus erythematosus. They exhibit 5′ exonuclease activity on single-stranded DNA, hydrolyzing it at the acidic pH associated with the lysosome. However, their full cellular function is inadequately understood. To examine these enzymes, we developed a robust and automatable cell-based assay based on fluorophore- and fluorescence-quencher-coupled oligonucleotides for the quantitative determination of acidic 5′ exonuclease activity. We validated the assay under knockout and PLD-overexpression conditions and then applied it to characterize PLD3 and PLD4 biochemically. Our experiments revealed PLD3 as the principal acid 5′ exonuclease in HeLa cells, where it showed a markedly higher specific activity compared with PLD4. We further used our newly developed assay to determine the substrate specificity and inhibitory profile of PLD3 and found that proteolytic processing of PLD3 is dispensable for its hydrolytic activity. We followed the expression, proteolytic processing, and intracellular distribution of genetic PLD3 variants previously associated with Alzheimer’s disease and investigated each variant's effect on the 5′ nuclease activity of PLD3, finding that some variants lead to reduced activity, but others not. The development of a PLD3/4-specific biochemical assay will be instrumental in understanding better both nucleases and their incompletely understood roles in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Cappel
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Markus Damme
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Cataloguing and Selection of mRNAs Localized to Dendrites in Neurons and Regulated by RNA-Binding Proteins in RNA Granules. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020167. [PMID: 31978946 PMCID: PMC7072219 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal translational regulation plays a key role in determining cell fate and function. Specifically, in neurons, local translation in dendrites is essential for synaptic plasticity and long-term memory formation. To achieve local translation, RNA-binding proteins in RNA granules regulate target mRNA stability, localization, and translation. To date, mRNAs localized to dendrites have been identified by comprehensive analyses. In addition, mRNAs associated with and regulated by RNA-binding proteins have been identified using various methods in many studies. However, the results obtained from these numerous studies have not been compiled together. In this review, we have catalogued mRNAs that are localized to dendrites and are associated with and regulated by the RNA-binding proteins fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), RNA granule protein 105 (RNG105, also known as Caprin1), Ras-GAP SH3 domain binding protein (G3BP), cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 1 (CPEB1), and staufen double-stranded RNA binding proteins 1 and 2 (Stau1 and Stau2) in RNA granules. This review provides comprehensive information on dendritic mRNAs, the neuronal functions of mRNA-encoded proteins, the association of dendritic mRNAs with RNA-binding proteins in RNA granules, and the effects of RNA-binding proteins on mRNA regulation. These findings provide insights into the mechanistic basis of protein-synthesis-dependent synaptic plasticity and memory formation and contribute to future efforts to understand the physiological implications of local regulation of dendritic mRNAs in neurons.
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10
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Tan MS, Zhu JX, Cao XP, Yu JT, Tan L. Rare Variants in PLD3 Increase Risk for Alzheimer's Disease in Han Chinese. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:55-59. [PMID: 29865074 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing studies had reported that a rare coding variant p.V232M in PLD3 was associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and a two-fold increased AD risk in European cohorts. To test whether coding region variants of PLD3 were associated with AD in a large Han Chinese cohort, we performed sequencing to analyze all exons of PLD3, and demonstrated that rare variants p.I163M and c.1020-8G>A conferred considerable risk of late-onset AD (LOAD) in our cohort. Meanwhile, the previously reported p.V232M variant was identified in our AD group. These findings indicate that rare variants of PLD3 may play an important role in LOAD in northern Han Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Shan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, China
| | - Jun-Xia Zhu
- Clinical Skills Training Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, China
| | - Xi-Peng Cao
- Clinical Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, China.,Clinical Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, China
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11
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Demirev AV, Song HL, Cho MH, Cho K, Peak JJ, Yoo HJ, Kim DH, Yoon SY. V232M substitution restricts a distinct O-glycosylation of PLD3 and its neuroprotective function. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 129:182-194. [PMID: 31121321 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between Val232Met variant of phospholipase D3 (PLD3) and late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still obscure. While it may not affect directly the amyloid precursor protein function, PLD3 could be regulating multiple cellular compartments. Here, we investigated the function of wild-type human PLD3 (PLD3WT) and the Val232Met variant (PLD3VM) in the presence of β-amyloid (Aβ) in a Drosophila melanogaster model of AD. We expressed PLD3WT in CNS of the Aβ-model flies and monitored its effect on the ER stress, cell apoptosis and recovery the Aβ-induced cognitive impairment. The expression reduced ER stress and neuronal apoptosis, which resulted in normalized antioxidative phospholipids levels and brain protection. A specific O-glycosylation at pT271 in PLD3 is essential for its normal trafficking and cellular localization. The V232 M substitution impairs this O-glycosylation, leading to enlarged lysosomes and plausibly aberrant protein recycling. PLD3VM was less neuroprotective, and while, PLD3WT expression enhances the lysosomal functions, V232 M attenuated PLD3's trafficking to the lysosomes. Thus, the V232 M mutation may affect AD pathogenesis. Further understanding of the mechanistic role of PLD3 in AD could lead to developing novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ha-Lim Song
- Department of Brain Science, Asan Medical Center, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; ADEL Institute of Science and Technology (AIST), ADEL, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyang Cho
- Department of Brain Science, Asan Medical Center, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangmin Cho
- ADEL Institute of Science and Technology (AIST), ADEL, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Jin Peak
- Department of Brain Science, Asan Medical Center, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Yoo
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Hou Kim
- Department of Brain Science, Asan Medical Center, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Yong Yoon
- Department of Brain Science, Asan Medical Center, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; ADEL Institute of Science and Technology (AIST), ADEL, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Zhang DF, Xu M, Bi R, Yao YG. Genetic Analyses of Alzheimer's Disease in China: Achievements and Perspectives. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:890-901. [PMID: 30698408 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2010, the Chinese have become one of the most aged populations in the world, leading to a severe burden of neurodegenerative disorders. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and has a high genetic heritability. In the past two decades, numerous genetic analyses, from linkage analyses and candidate gene studies to genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and next-generation sequencing studies, have identified dozens of AD susceptibility or causal genes. These studies have provided a comprehensive genetic view and contributed to the understanding of the pathological and molecular mechanisms of the disease. However, most of the recognized AD genetic risk factors have been reported in studies based on European populations or populations of European ancestry, and data about the genetics of AD from other populations has been very limited. As China has the largest AD population in the world and because of the remarkable genetic differences between the East and the West, deciphering the genetic basis and molecular mechanism in Chinese patients with AD may add key points to the full characterization of AD. In this review, we present an overview of the current state of AD genetic research in China, with an emphasis on genome-level studies. We also describe the challenges and opportunities for future advances, especially for in-depth collaborations, brain bank construction, and primate animal modeling. There is an urgent need to promote public awareness and increase our collaborations and data sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Rui Bi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Kunming Institute of Zoology−Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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13
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Zhang DF, Fan Y, Xu M, Wang G, Wang D, Li J, Kong LL, Zhou H, Luo R, Bi R, Wu Y, Li GD, Li M, Luo XJ, Jiang HY, Tan L, Zhong C, Fang Y, Zhang C, Sheng N, Jiang T, Yao YG. Complement C7 is a novel risk gene for Alzheimer's disease in Han Chinese. Natl Sci Rev 2018; 6:257-274. [PMID: 31032141 PMCID: PMC6477931 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwy127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease, and has a high level of genetic heritability and population heterogeneity. In this study, we performed the whole-exome sequencing of Han Chinese patients with familial and/or early-onset Alzheimer's disease, followed by independent validation, imaging analysis and function characterization. We identified an exome-wide significant rare missense variant rs3792646 (p.K420Q) in the C7 gene in the discovery stage (P = 1.09 × 10−6, odds ratio = 7.853) and confirmed the association in different cohorts and a combined sample (1615 cases and 2832 controls, Pcombined = 2.99 × 10−7, odds ratio = 1.930). The risk allele was associated with decreased hippocampal volume and poorer working memory performance in early adulthood, thus resulting in an earlier age of disease onset. Overexpression of the mutant p.K420Q disturbed cell viability, immune activation and β-amyloid processing. Electrophysiological analyses showed that the mutant p.K420Q impairs the inhibitory effect of wild type C7 on the excitatory synaptic transmission in pyramidal neurons. These findings suggested that C7 is a novel risk gene for Alzheimer's disease in Han Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Guihong Wang
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jin Li
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li-Li Kong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Hejiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Rongcan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Rui Bi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Guo-Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | | | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiong-Jian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Hong-Yan Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Liwen Tan
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Chunjiu Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yiru Fang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Nengyin Sheng
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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14
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Genetic association of the cytochrome c oxidase-related genes with Alzheimer's disease in Han Chinese. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:2264-2276. [PMID: 30054583 PMCID: PMC6135758 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been widely reported in AD due to its important role in cellular metabolism and energy production. Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase, COX) of mitochondrial electron transport chain, is particularly vulnerable in AD. Defects of COX in AD have been well documented, but there is little evidence to support the genetic association of the COX-related genes with AD. In this study, we investigated the genetic association between 17 nuclear-encoded COX-related genes and AD in 1572 Han Chinese. The whole exons of these genes were also screened in 107 unrelated AD patients with a high probability of hereditarily transmitted AD. Variants in COX6B1, NDUFA4, SURF1, and COX10 were identified to be associated with AD. An integrative analysis with data of eQTL, expression and pathology revealed that most of the COX-related genes were significantly downregulated in AD patients and mouse models, and the AD-associated variants in COX6B1, SURF1, and COX10 were linked to altered mRNA levels in brain tissues. Furthermore, mRNA levels of Ndufa4, Cox5a, Cox10, Cox6b2, Cox7a2, and Lrpprc were significantly correlated with Aβ plaque burden in hippocampus of AD mice. Convergent functional genomics analysis revealed strong supportive evidence for the roles of COX6B1, COX10, NDUFA4, and SURF1 in AD. As the result of our comprehensive analysis of the COX-related genes at the genetic, expression, and pathology levels, we have been able to provide a systematic view for understanding the relationships of the COX-related genes in the pathology of AD.
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15
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Blanco-Luquin I, Altuna M, Sánchez-Ruiz de Gordoa J, Urdánoz-Casado A, Roldán M, Cámara M, Zelaya V, Erro ME, Echavarri C, Mendioroz M. PLD3 epigenetic changes in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:116. [PMID: 30208929 PMCID: PMC6134774 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whole-exome sequencing has revealed a rare missense variant in PLD3 gene (rs145999145) to be associated with late onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Nevertheless, the association remains controversial and little is known about the role of PLD3 in AD. Interestingly, PLD3 encodes a phospholipase that may be involved in amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing. Our aim was to gain insight into the epigenetic mechanisms regulating PLD3 gene expression in the human hippocampus affected by AD. Results We assessed PLD3 mRNA expression by qPCR and protein levels by Western blot in frozen hippocampal samples from a cohort of neuropathologically confirmed pure AD cases and controls. Next, we profiled DNA methylation at cytosine-phosphate-guanine dinucleotide (CpG) site resolution by pyrosequencing and further validated results by bisulfite cloning sequencing in two promoter regions of the PLD3 gene. A 1.67-fold decrease in PLD3 mRNA levels (p value < 0.001) was observed in the hippocampus of AD cases compared to controls, and a slight decrease was also found by Western blot at protein level. Moreover, PLD3 mRNA levels inversely correlated with the average area of β-amyloid burden (tau-b = − 0,331; p value < 0.01) in the hippocampus. A differentially methylated region was identified within the alternative promoter of PLD3 gene showing higher DNA methylation levels in the AD hippocampus compared to controls (21.7 ± 4.7% vs. 18.3 ± 4.8%; p value < 0.05). Conclusions PLD3 gene is downregulated in the human hippocampus in AD cases compared to controls. Altered epigenetic mechanisms, such as differential DNA methylation within an alternative promoter of PLD3 gene, may be involved in the pathological processes of AD. Moreover, PLD3 mRNA expression inversely correlates with hippocampal β-amyloid burden, which adds evidence to the hypothesis that PLD3 protein may contribute to AD development by modifying APP processing. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-018-0547-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Blanco-Luquin
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Miren Altuna
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Ruiz de Gordoa
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Amaya Urdánoz-Casado
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Miren Roldán
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - María Cámara
- Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Victoria Zelaya
- Department of Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - María Elena Erro
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Carmen Echavarri
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.,Hospital Psicogeriátrico Josefina Arregui, 31800, Alsasua, Navarra, Spain
| | - Maite Mendioroz
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. .,Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), C/ Irunlarrea, 3, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
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16
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Gavin AL, Huang D, Huber C, Mårtensson A, Tardif V, Skog PD, Blane TR, Thinnes TC, Osborn K, Chong HS, Kargaran F, Kimm P, Zeitjian A, Sielski RL, Briggs M, Schulz SR, Zarpellon A, Cravatt B, Pang ES, Teijaro J, de la Torre JC, O'Keeffe M, Hochrein H, Damme M, Teyton L, Lawson BR, Nemazee D. PLD3 and PLD4 are single-stranded acid exonucleases that regulate endosomal nucleic-acid sensing. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:942-953. [PMID: 30111894 PMCID: PMC6105523 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The sensing of microbial genetic material by leukocytes often elicits beneficial pro-inflammatory cytokines, but dysregulated responses can cause severe pathogenesis. Genome-wide association studies have linked the gene encoding phospholipase D3 (PLD3) to Alzheimer's disease and have linked PLD4 to rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis. PLD3 and PLD4 are endolysosomal proteins whose functions are obscure. Here, PLD4-deficient mice were found to have an inflammatory disease, marked by elevated levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and splenomegaly. These phenotypes were traced to altered responsiveness of PLD4-deficient dendritic cells to ligands of the single-stranded DNA sensor TLR9. Macrophages from PLD3-deficient mice also had exaggerated TLR9 responses. Although PLD4 and PLD3 were presumed to be phospholipases, we found that they are 5' exonucleases, probably identical to spleen phosphodiesterase, that break down TLR9 ligands. Mice deficient in both PLD3 and PLD4 developed lethal liver inflammation in early life, which indicates that both enzymes are needed to regulate inflammatory cytokine responses via the degradation of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Gavin
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Deli Huang
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christoph Huber
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- , Bottmingen, Switzerland
| | - Annica Mårtensson
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sophiris Bio, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Virginie Tardif
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrick D Skog
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tanya R Blane
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Therese C Thinnes
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kent Osborn
- The University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hayley S Chong
- The University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Phoebe Kimm
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Armen Zeitjian
- The University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Megan Briggs
- The University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sebastian R Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alessandro Zarpellon
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Cravatt
- The Department of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ee Shan Pang
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Teijaro
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Meredith O'Keeffe
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Markus Damme
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Luc Teyton
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian R Lawson
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David Nemazee
- The Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the main form of dementia in the elderly, is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by rapidly progressive cognitive dysfunction and behavior impairment. AD exhibits a considerable heritability and great advances have been made in approaches to searching the genetic etiology of AD. In AD genetic studies, methods have developed from classic linkage-based and candidate-gene-based association studies to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and next generation sequencing (NGS). The identification of new susceptibility genes has provided deeper insights to understand the mechanisms underlying AD. In addition to searching novel genes associated with AD in large samples, the NGS technologies can also be used to shed light on the 'black matter' discovery even in smaller samples. The shift in AD genetics between traditional studies and individual sequencing will allow biomaterials of each patient as the central unit of genetic studies. This review will cover genetic findings in AD and consequences of AD genetic findings. Firstly, we will discuss the discovery of mutations in APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, APOE, and ADAM10. Then we will summarize and evaluate the information obtained from GWAS of AD. Finally, we will outline the efforts to identify rare variants associated with AD using NGS.
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18
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Gonzalez AC, Schweizer M, Jagdmann S, Bernreuther C, Reinheckel T, Saftig P, Damme M. Unconventional Trafficking of Mammalian Phospholipase D3 to Lysosomes. Cell Rep 2018; 22:1040-1053. [PMID: 29386126 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants in the phospholipase D3 (PLD3) gene have genetically been linked to late-onset Alzheimer's disease. We present a detailed biochemical analysis of PLD3 and reveal its endogenous localization in endosomes and lysosomes. PLD3 reaches lysosomes as a type II transmembrane protein via a (for mammalian cells) uncommon intracellular biosynthetic route that depends on the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery. PLD3 is sorted into intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes, and ESCRT-dependent sorting correlates with ubiquitination. In multivesicular endosomes, PLD3 is subjected to proteolytic cleavage, yielding a stable glycosylated luminal polypeptide and a rapidly degraded N-terminal membrane-bound fragment. This pathway closely resembles the delivery route of carboxypeptidase S to the yeast vacuole. Our experiments reveal a biosynthetic route of PLD3 involving proteolytic processing and ESCRT-dependent sorting for its delivery to lysosomes in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Center of Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jagdmann
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Markus Damme
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany.
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19
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Raghavan N, Tosto G. Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease: the Importance of Polygenic and Epistatic Components. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2017; 17:78. [PMID: 28825204 PMCID: PMC5699909 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-017-0787-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We aimed to summarize the recent advances in genetic findings of Alzheimer's disease (AD), focusing on traditional single-marker and gene approaches and non-traditional ones, i.e., polygenic and epistatic components. RECENT FINDINGS Genetic studies have progressed over the last few decades from linkage to genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and most recently studies utilizing high-throughput sequencing. So far, GWASs have identified several common variants characterized by small effect sizes (besides APOE-ε4). Sequencing has facilitated the study of rare variants with larger effects. Nevertheless, missing heritability for AD remains extensive; a possible explanation might lie in the existence of polygenic and epistatic components. We review findings achieved by single-marker approaches, but also polygenic and epistatic associations. The latter two are critical, yet-underexplored mechanisms. Genes involved in complex diseases are likely regulated by mechanisms and pathways involving many other genes, an aspect potentially missed by traditional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Raghavan
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street PH 19-314, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Giuseppe Tosto
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street PH 19-314, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street PH 19-314, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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20
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Bi R, Kong LL, Xu M, Li GD, Zhang DF, Li T, Fang Y, Zhang C, Zhang B, Yao YG. The Arc Gene Confers Genetic Susceptibility to Alzheimer’s Disease in Han Chinese. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1217-1226. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Nicolas G, Charbonnier C, Campion D. From Common to Rare Variants: The Genetic Component of Alzheimer Disease. Hum Hered 2016; 81:129-141. [PMID: 28002825 DOI: 10.1159/000452256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a remarkable example of genetic heterogeneity. Extremely rare variants in the APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2 genes, or duplications of the APP gene cause autosomal dominant forms, generally with complete penetrance by the age of 65 years. Nonautosomal dominant forms are considered as a complex disorder with a high genetic component, whatever the age of onset. Although genetically heterogeneous, AD is defined by the same neuropathological criteria in all configurations. According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, the Aβ peptide, which aggregates in AD brains, is a key player. APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2 gene mutations increase the production of more aggregation-prone forms of the Aβ peptide, triggering the pathological process. Several risk factors identified in association studies hit genes involved in Aβ production/secretion, aggregation, clearance, or toxicity. Among them, the APOE ε4 allele is a rare example of a common allele with a large effect size, the ORs ranging from 4 to 11-14 for heterozygous and homozygous carriers, respectively. In addition, genome-wide association studies have identified more than two dozen loci with a weak but significant association, the OR of the at-risk allele ranging from 1.08 to 1.30. Recently, the use of massive parallel sequencing has enabled the analysis of rare variants in a genome-wide manner. Two rare variants have been nominally associated with AD risk or protection (TREM2 p.R47H, MAF approximately 0.002, OR approximately 4 and APP p.A673T, MAF approximately 0.0005, OR approximately 0.2). Association analyses at the gene level identified rare loss-of-function and missense, predicted damaging, variants (MAF <0.01) in the SORL1 and ABCA7 genes associated with a moderate relative risk (OR approximately 5 and approximately 2.8, respectively). Although the latter analyses revealed association signals with moderately rare variants by collapsing them, the power to detect genes hit by extremely rare variants is still limited. An alternative approach is to consider the de novo paradigm, stating that de novo variants may contribute to AD genetics in sporadic patients. Here, we critically review AD genetics reports with a special focus on rare variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Nicolas
- CNR-MAJ, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
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Huang T, Ji Y, Hu D, Chen B, Zhang H, Li C, Chen G, Luo X, Zheng XW, Lin X. SNHG8 is identified as a key regulator of epstein-barr virus(EBV)-associated gastric cancer by an integrative analysis of lncRNA and mRNA expression. Oncotarget 2016; 7:80990-81002. [PMID: 27835598 PMCID: PMC5348371 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a variety of cancers, including gastric cancer, which has one of the highest mortality rates of all human cancers. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been suggested to have important causal roles in gastric cancer. However, the interaction between lncRNAs and EBV has not yet been studied. To this end, we sequenced 11,311 lncRNAs and 144,826 protein-coding transcripts from four types of tissue: one non-EBV-infected gastric carcinoma (EBVnGC) and its adjacent normal tissue, and one EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) and its adjacent normal tissue. Five lncRNAs showed EBVaGC-specific expression; of those, one (SNHG8) was validated using real-time PCR in an independent cohort with 88 paired gastric cancer and adjacent tissue samples. To explore the functions of SNHG8, we identified its mRNA targets on the lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network of the Illumina Body Map, which contains the RNA sequencing data of mRNAs and lncRNAs from 16 normal human tissues. SNHG8 lncRNA was found to affect several gastric cancer-specific pathways and target genes of EBV. Our results reveal the intertwined tumorigenesis mechanisms of lncRNA and EBV and identify SNHG8 as a highly possible candidate biomarker and drug target of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Ji
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Baozheng Chen
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hejun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiong-wei Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiandong Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Common variants in the PARL and PINK1 genes increase the risk to leprosy in Han Chinese from South China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37086. [PMID: 27876828 PMCID: PMC5120299 DOI: 10.1038/srep37086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious and neurological disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, an unculturable pathogen with massive genomic decay and dependence on host metabolism. We hypothesized that mitochondrial genes PARL and PINK1 would confer risk to leprosy. Thirteen tag SNPs of PARL and PINK1 were analyzed in 3620 individuals with or without leprosy from China. We also sequenced the entire exons of PARL, PINK1 and PARK2 in 80 patients with a family history of leprosy by using the next generation sequencing technology (NGS). We found that PARL SNP rs12631031 conferred a risk to leprosy (Padjusted = 0.019) and multibacillary leprosy (MB, Padjusted = 0.020) at the allelic level. rs12631031 and rs7653061 in PARL were associated with leprosy and MB (dominant model, Padjusted < 0.05) at the genotypic level. PINK1 SNP rs4704 was associated with leprosy at the genotypic level (Padjusted = 0.004). We confirmed that common variants in PARL and PINK1 were associated with leprosy in patients underwent NGS. Furthermore, PARL and PINK1 could physically interact with each other and were involved in the highly connected network formed by reported leprosy susceptibility genes. Together, our results showed that PARL and PINK1 genetic variants are associated with leprosy.
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Genetic variants of the MAVS, MITA and MFN2 genes are not associated with leprosy in Han Chinese from Southwest China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 45:105-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Rare Genetic Variants of the Transthyretin Gene Are Associated with Alzheimer's Disease in Han Chinese. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5192-5200. [PMID: 27562180 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia in the world. The neuropathological characteristics of AD patients are the accumulation of extracellular plaques of β-amyloid (Aβ) and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Transthyretin (TTR) may alleviate AD symptom by reducing Aβ concentration in the brain. There were reports for a decreased TTR level in both AD brain and blood. However, there is still no robust evidence to support the genetic association of the TTR gene with AD. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential association of TTR variation with AD by directly sequencing the whole exons and the promoter region of the TTR gene in 529 AD patients and 334 healthy controls from Han Chinese population. We found no association between TTR common variants and AD but observed an enrichment of TTR rare variants in AD patients relative to controls. Further in silico prediction analysis and functional assessment at the cellular level identified four potentially pathogenic rare variants in AD patients. In particular, variant c.-239C>A could potentially downregulate the TTR promoter activity; c.200+4A>G might influence the constitutive splicing of TTR mRNA; c.148G>A (p.V50M) and c.332C>T (p.A111V) would change the structure of TTR and decrease its Aβ-binding ability. Our results provided direct genetic evidence to support the active involvement of TTR in AD.
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Neprilysin Confers Genetic Susceptibility to Alzheimer's Disease in Han Chinese. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4883-92. [PMID: 26362309 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9411-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, with increasing incidence all over the world. Amyloid-β (Aβ) was considered to be the original cause to AD, and many reported pathogenic or risk genes for AD were located in the Aβ generation and degradation pathways. Neprilysin (NEP), insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), and matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) are the most important Aβ-degrading proteases. Accumulating genetic evidence suggested that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of these genes confer susceptibility to AD in Caucasian populations. In this study, we screened eight SNPs within these three Aβ-degrading protease genes in 1475 individuals of two independent Han Chinese case-control cohorts. SNP rs1816558 of NEP was found to be significantly associated with AD after adjustment for ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOEε4) and the Bonferroni correction. The remaining variants were not associated with risk of AD in Han Chinese sample set. Further data mining revealed that messenger RNA (mRNA) level of NEP substantially increased during the development of AD and was positively correlated with APP expression. The combined results indicated that NEP confers genetic susceptibility to AD in Han Chinese populations.
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