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Schopfer LM, Onder S, Lockridge O. Evaluation of mass spectrometry MS/MS spectra for the presence of isopeptide crosslinked peptides. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254450. [PMID: 34242352 PMCID: PMC8270460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Isopeptide crosslinked proteins can be the product of transglutaminase or of exposure to organophosphorus toxicants (OP). Transglutaminase links glutamine to lysine with loss of ammonia. OP toxicants induce a link between glutamic acid and lysine with loss of water. Our goal was to establish criteria to distinguish real from false isopeptide crosslinks reported by software searches of mass spectrometry data. We used fragmentation spectra of tryptic peptides from MAP-rich tubulin Sus scrofa as a test system for detection of naturally-occurring isopeptide crosslinks. Data were analyzed with Protein Prospector. Criteria for the assignments included the presence of at least 1 crosslink specific product ion, fragment ions from both peptides, Protein Prospector scores ≥20, and best fit of the MS/MS data to the crosslinked peptide as opposed to a linear peptide. Out of 301,364 spectra, 15 potential transglutaminase-type crosslinked peptide candidates were identified. Manual evaluation of these MS/MS spectra reduced the number to 1 valid crosslink between Q112 of NFH and K368 of Tau. Immunopurification with anti-isopeptide 81D1C2 confirmed that MAP-rich tubulin contained only one isopeptide. Support for this isopeptide bond was obtained by showing that transglutaminase was capable of incorporating dansyl-aminohexyl -QQIV into K368. A model of the KIETHK-QLEAHNR isopeptide was synthesized with the aid of transglutaminase. MS/MS spectra of the model validated our interpretation of the native isopeptide. An OP-induced isopeptide bond between K163 of tubulin alpha-1A and E158 of tubulin beta-4B was induced by treating MAP-rich tubulin with 100 μM chlorpyrifos oxon. This crosslink was supported by the criteria described above and by the presence of diethoxyphospho-lysine 163 in the tubulin alpha-1A peptide. The information obtained in this work is valuable for future studies that aim to understand why exposure to OP is associated with increased risk of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M. Schopfer
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Seda Onder
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Oksana Lockridge
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tripathy D, Migazzi A, Costa F, Roncador A, Gatto P, Fusco F, Boeri L, Albani D, Juárez-Hernández JL, Musio C, Colombo L, Salmona M, Wilhelmus MMM, Drukarch B, Pennuto M, Basso M. Increased transcription of transglutaminase 1 mediates neuronal death in in vitro models of neuronal stress and Aβ1-42-mediated toxicity. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 140:104849. [PMID: 32222473 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. At the pre-symptomatic phase of the disease, the processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) produces toxic peptides, called amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ 1-42). The downstream effects of Aβ 1-42 production are not completely uncovered. Here, we report the involvement of transglutaminase 1 (TG1) in in vitro AD models of neuronal toxicity. TG1 was increased at late stages of the disease in the hippocampus of a mouse model of AD and in primary cortical neurons undergoing stress. Silencing of TGM1 gene was sufficient to prevent Aβ-mediated neuronal death. Conversely, its overexpression enhanced cell death. TGM1 upregulation was mediated at the transcriptional level by an activator protein 1 (AP1) binding site that when mutated halted TGM1 promoter activation. These results indicate that TG1 acts downstream of Aβ-toxicity, and that its stress-dependent increase makes it suitable for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasmita Tripathy
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, TN, Italy
| | - Alice Migazzi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, TN, Italy
| | - Federica Costa
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, TN, Italy
| | - Alessandro Roncador
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, TN, Italy
| | - Pamela Gatto
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, TN, Italy
| | - Federica Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Genetics of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Boeri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Genetics of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - J Leon Juárez-Hernández
- Institute of Biophysics, Trento Unit, National Research Council (IBF-CNR), Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), LabSSAH, Via alla Cascata 56/C, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Carlo Musio
- Institute of Biophysics, Trento Unit, National Research Council (IBF-CNR), Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), LabSSAH, Via alla Cascata 56/C, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Laura Colombo
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Salmona
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - M M Micha Wilhelmus
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Pennuto
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute Lab of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Italy; Department of Biomedical sciences, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Manuela Basso
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, TN, Italy.
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Biberoglu K, Tacal O, Schopfer LM, Lockridge O. Chlorpyrifos Oxon-Induced Isopeptide Bond Formation in Human Butyrylcholinesterase. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030533. [PMID: 31991818 PMCID: PMC7037448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly recognized action of organophosphates (OP) is the ability to crosslink proteins through an isopeptide bond. The first step in the mechanism is covalent addition of the OP to the side chain of lysine. This activates OP-lysine for reaction with a nearby glutamic or aspartic acid to make a gamma glutamyl epsilon lysine bond. Crosslinked proteins are high molecular weight aggregates. Our goal was to identify the residues in the human butyrylcholinesterase (HuBChE) tetramer that were crosslinked following treatment with 1.5 mM chlorpyrifos oxon. High molecular weight bands were visualized on an SDS gel. Proteins in the gel bands were digested with trypsin, separated by liquid chromatography and analyzed in an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. MSMS files were searched for crosslinked peptides using the Batch-Tag program in Protein Prospector. MSMS spectra were manually evaluated for the presence of ions that supported the crosslinks. The crosslink between Lys544 in VLEMTGNIDEAEWEWK544AGFHR and Glu542 in VLEMTGNIDEAEWE542WK satisfied our criteria including that of spatial proximity. Distances between Lys544 and Glu542 were 7.4 and 9.5 Å, calculated from the cryo-EM (electron microscopy) structure of the HuBChE tetramer. Paraoxon ethyl, diazoxon, and dichlorvos had less pronounced effects as visualized on SDS gels. Our proof-of-principle study provides evidence that OP have the ability to crosslink proteins. If OP-induced protein crosslinking occurs in the brain, OP exposure could be responsible for some cases of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevser Biberoglu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey; (K.B.); (O.T.)
| | - Ozden Tacal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey; (K.B.); (O.T.)
| | - Lawrence M. Schopfer
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 1-402-559-6305
| | - Oksana Lockridge
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA;
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Cystamine and cysteamine as inhibitors of transglutaminase activity in vivo. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180691. [PMID: 30054429 PMCID: PMC6123069 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystamine is commonly used as a transglutaminase inhibitor. This disulphide undergoes reduction in vivo to the aminothiol compound, cysteamine. Thus, the mechanism by which cystamine inhibits transglutaminase activity in vivo could be due to either cystamine or cysteamine, which depends on the local redox environment. Cystamine inactivates transglutaminases by promoting the oxidation of two vicinal cysteine residues on the enzyme to an allosteric disulphide, whereas cysteamine acts as a competitive inhibitor for transamidation reactions catalyzed by this enzyme. The latter mechanism is likely to result in the formation of a unique biomarker, N-(γ-glutamyl)cysteamine that could serve to indicate how cyst(e)amine acts to inhibit transglutaminases inside cells and the body.
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Bennett DA, Buchman AS, Boyle PA, Barnes LL, Wilson RS, Schneider JA. Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:S161-S189. [PMID: 29865057 PMCID: PMC6380522 DOI: 10.3233/jad-179939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 642] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project are both ongoing longitudinal clinical-pathologic cohort studies of aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVES To summarize progress over the past five years and its implications for understanding neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS Participants in both studies are older adults who enroll without dementia and agree to detailed longitudinal clinical evaluations and organ donation. The last review summarized findings through the end of 2011. Here we summarize progress and study findings over the past five years and discuss new directions for how these studies can inform on aging and AD in the future. RESULTS We summarize 1) findings on the relation of neurobiology to clinical AD; 2) neurobiologic pathways linking risk factors to clinical AD; 3) non-cognitive AD phenotypes including motor function and decision making; 4) the development of a novel drug discovery platform. CONCLUSION Complexity at multiple levels needs to be understood and overcome to develop effective treatments and preventions for cognitive decline and AD dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL., USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL., USA
| | - Aron S. Buchman
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL., USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL., USA
| | - Patricia A. Boyle
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL., USA
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL., USA
| | - Lisa L. Barnes
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL., USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL., USA
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL., USA
| | - Robert S. Wilson
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL., USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL., USA
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL., USA
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL., USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL., USA
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL., USA
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André W, Nondier I, Valensi M, Guillonneau F, Federici C, Hoffner G, Djian P. Identification of brain substrates of transglutaminase by functional proteomics supports its role in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 101:40-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Ding Y, Zhang J, Wang R. Inhibition of tissue transglutaminase attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in glial cells through AKT/mTOR signal pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:1310-1319. [PMID: 28320098 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM In view of the facts that tTG protein expression level and its enzyme activity increase in AD brains of both individuals and transgenic animals and compelling evidence of the involvement of inflammation in AD pathogenesis, tTG could be involved in the inflammation responses in the brain. In the present study, we examined the effects of the irreversible and the competitive inhibitor of tTG on the condition of lipopolysaccharide-induced mimic inflammation models in glial cells. METHODS Western blot and tTG enzyme activity assay were applied to detect tTG and isopeptide protein levels and tTG enzyme activity. The production of nitric oxide and the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 were determined by Griess Reagents and Western blot respectively to assess anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, the activation of AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was determined to evaluate the underlying mechanism of anti-inflammatory response. RESULTS Irreversible and competitive inhibitor of tTG could ameliorate LPS-induced neuroinflammation in glial cells without cytotoxicity. Moreover, AKT/mTOR pathway may be involved in the anti-inflammatory response of tTG inhibitors. Therefore, NTU283 and Cystamine may alleviate inflammatory response in glial cells, probably through, at least partially, inhibiting the activation of AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Our study provided some clues that tTG inhibitors NTU283 and Cystamine might be potential candidates for the treatments of neuroinflammation-related diseases, although more studies needed for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirong Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Gaetano Gatta N, Romano R, Fioretti E, Gentile V. Transglutaminase inhibition: possible therapeutic mechanisms to protect cells from death in neurological disorders. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2017.4.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Zhang J, Ding YR, Wang R. Inhibition of tissue transglutaminase promotes Aβ-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1534-1542. [PMID: 27665848 PMCID: PMC5260835 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) catalyzes proteins, including β-amyloid (Aβ), to cross-link as a γ-glutamyl-ε-lysine structure isopeptide, which is highly resistant to proteolysis. Thus, tTG plays an important role in protein accumulation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we examined the effect of an irreversible tTG inhibitor, NTU283, on Aβ mimic-induced AD pathogenesis in SH-SY5Y cells. METHODS Western blot and in-cell Western analyses were used to detect tTG and isopeptide (representing the enzyme activity of tTG) protein levels. Moreover, Hoechst and PI co-staining was performed, and caspase-3 and caspase-7 activities and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were determined to evaluate the effects of NTU283 on apoptosis. RESULTS The results confirmed that tTG activity was inhibited by NTU283 20-500 μmol/L in a concentration-dependent manner in SH-SY5Y cells. Contrary to our expectations, however, the isopeptide bonds were increased when cells were co-treated with Aβ and NTU283. In addition, NTU283 alone did not induce apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. However, when co-applied with Aβ, NTU283 promoted rather than inhibited Aβ-induced apoptosis. Consistent with the apoptotic rate, pretreating cells with different concentrations of NTU283 and Aβ significantly increased the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-7 as well as the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. CONCLUSION Irreversible inhibition of tTG activity did not block but rather promoted Aβ-induced apoptosis, which indicated that tTG has complex functions in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi-rong Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Pellitteri R, Bonfanti R, Spatuzza M, Cambria MT, Ferrara M, Raciti G, Campisi A. Effect of Some Growth Factors on Tissue Transglutaminase Overexpression Induced by β-Amyloid in Olfactory Ensheathing Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6785-6794. [PMID: 27757835 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we assessed in a particular glial cell type, called olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), the effect of some growth factors (GFs) on tissue transglutaminase (TG2) overexpression induced by amyloid-beta (Aβ) with native full-length peptide 1-42 or by fragments, 25-35 or 35-25, as control. Previously, we demonstrated that TG2 overexpression induced by some stressors was down-regulated by GFs exposure in OECs. To monitor cell viability, an MTT test was used, while TG2 expression was examined using immunocytochemical and Western blot analysis. We also considered the involvement of the TG2-mediated apoptotic pathway. Vimentin expression was evaluated as well. Reactive oxygen species and reduced glutathione levels were utilized to test the oxidative intracellular status. Lactate dehydrogenase released into the medium, as a marker of necrotic cell death, was evaluated. We found that in OECs exposed to Aβ(1-42) or Aβ(25-35) for 24 h, TG2 expression increased, and we observed that the protein appeared prevalently localized in the cytosol. The pre-treatment with GFs, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), down-regulated the TG2 level, which was prevalently limited to the nuclear compartment. Vimentin expression and caspase cleavage showed a significant enhancement in Aβ(1-42) and Aβ(25-35) exposed cells. The pre-treatment with bFGF or GDNF was able to restore the levels of the proteins to control values, and the intracellular oxidative status modified by the exposure to Aβ(1-42) or Aβ(25-35). Our data suggest that both bFGF or GDNF could be an innovative mechanism to contrast TG2 expression, which plays a key role in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Pellitteri
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Section of Catania, via P. Gaifami 18, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberta Bonfanti
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Section of Catania, via P. Gaifami 18, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Michela Spatuzza
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Section of Catania, via P. Gaifami 18, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Cambria
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Ferrara
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Raciti
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Campisi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
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Gaetano Gatta N, Cammarota G, Gentile V. Possible roles of transglutaminases in molecular mechanisms responsible for human neurodegenerative diseases. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2016.4.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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12
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Gatta NG, Cammarota G, Iannaccone M, Serretiello E, Gentile V. Curcumin (Diferulolylmethane) Reduces Transglutaminase 2 Overexpression Induced by Retinoic Acid in Human Nervous Cell Lines. Neuroimmunomodulation 2016; 23:188-193. [PMID: 27780170 DOI: 10.1159/000448998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Curcumin, a naturally occurring compound derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa) has long been suggested to have strong therapeutic or preventive potential against human diseases because of its antioxidative, anticancerous, and anti-inflammatory effects. Curcumin is known to exert anti-inflammatory effects by interrupting NF-κB signaling at multiple levels. Many observations indicate that curcumin shows its valuable potential by inhibiting the activity of I-κB kinase. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) expression is increased in inflammatory diseases. Data in the literature suggest that this enzyme activates the proinflammatory transcriptional factor NF-κB by inducing the polymerization of its inhibitory subunit I-κBα, which in turn results in the dissociation of NF-κB and its translocation to the nucleus, where it is capable of upregulating host inflammatory genes. Interestingly, NF-κB regulatory response elements are also present in the TG2 promoter, suggesting a possible role for this pathway in the mechanism responsible for chronic inflammation. On the basis of these literature data, our objective was to analyze the effects of curcumin on TG2 expression in human nervous cell lines. METHODS Human nervous cell lines were treated with curcumin alone or in association with retinoic acid in order to induce TG2 overexpression. TG2 levels were analyzed by Western blot and real-time PCR analyses. RESULTS Curcumin was able to downregulate the expression of TG2 in human nervous cell lines, which was also the case after treatment with retinoic acid. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a possible use of curcumin in reducing TG2 overexpression in human nervous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Gaetano Gatta
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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