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Li Y, Shen X, Yang X, Lian F, Li Y, Li J, Huang Y, Shen W, Liu H. CHDH, a key mitochondrial enzyme, plays a diagnostic role in metabolic disorders diseases and tumor progression. Front Genet 2023; 14:1240650. [PMID: 37600654 PMCID: PMC10433736 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1240650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human choline dehydrogenase (CHDH) is a transmembrane protein located in mitochondria. CHDH has been shown to be one of the important catalytic enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of choline to betaine and is involved in mitochondrial autophagy after mitochondrial damage. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on CHDH and found a close association with the pathogenesis of various diseases, including tumor prognosis. Here we summarized the genomic localization, protein structure and basic functions of CHDH and discuss the progress of CHDH research in metabolic disorders and other diseases. Moreover, we described the regulatory role of CHDH on the progression of different types of malignant tumors. In addition, major pathogenic mechanisms of CHDH in multiple diseases may be associated with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). We look forward to providing new strategies and basis for clinical diagnosis and prognosis prediction of diseases by diagnosing SNP loci of CHDH genes. Our work evaluates the feasibility of CHDH as a molecular marker relevant to the diagnosis of some metabolic disorders diseases and tumors, which may provide new targets for the treatment of related diseases and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Li
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xinzhuang Shen
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiaowen Yang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Fuming Lian
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jinmeng Li
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yongming Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Wenzhi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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Pålsson E, Melchior L, Lindwall Sundel K, Karanti A, Joas E, Nordenskjöld A, Agestam M, Runeson B, Landén M. Cohort profile: the Swedish National Quality Register for bipolar disorder(BipoläR). BMJ Open 2022; 12:e064385. [PMID: 36600380 PMCID: PMC9743376 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Swedish National Quality Register for bipolar affective disorder, BipoläR, was established in 2004 to provide nationwide indicators for quality assessment and development in the clinical care of individuals with bipolar spectrum disorder. An ancillary aim was to provide data for bipolar disorder research. PARTICIPANTS Inclusion criteria for registration in BipoläR is a diagnosis of bipolar spectrum disorder (ICD codes: F25.0, F30.1-F30.2, F30.8-F31.9, F34.0) and treatment at an outpatient clinic in Sweden. BipoläR collects data from baseline and annual follow-up visits throughout Sweden. Data is collected using questionnaires administered by healthcare staff. The questions cover sociodemographic, diagnostic, treatment, outcomes and patient reported outcome variables. The register currently includes 39 583 individual patients with a total of 75 423 baseline and follow-up records. FINDINGS TO DATE Data from BipoläR has been used in several peer-reviewed publications. Studies have provided knowledge on effectiveness, side effects and use of pharmacological and psychological treatment in bipolar disorder. In addition, findings on the diagnosis of bipolar disorder, risk factors for attempted and completed suicide and health economics have been reported. The Swedish Bipolar Collection project has contributed to a large number of published studies and provides important information on the genetic architecture of bipolar disorder, the impact of genetic variation on disease characteristics and treatment outcome. FUTURE PLANS Data collection is ongoing with no fixed end date. Currently, approximately 5000 new registrations are added each year. Cohort data are available via a formalised request procedure from Centre of Registers Västra Götaland (e-mail: registercentrum@vgregion.se). Data requests for research purposes require an entity responsible for the research and an ethical approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Pålsson
- Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Lydia Melchior
- Bipolarmottagning, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Alina Karanti
- Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Erik Joas
- Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Axel Nordenskjöld
- University Health Care Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Orebro Universitet, Orebro, Sweden
| | | | - Bo Runeson
- Psychiatry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Landén
- Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Truong TT, Bortolasci CC, Kidnapillai S, Spolding B, Panizzutti B, Liu ZS, Watmuff B, Kim JH, Dean OM, Richardson M, Berk M, Walder K. Common effects of bipolar disorder medications on expression quantitative trait loci genes. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 150:105-112. [PMID: 35366598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism(s) underpinning the clinical efficacy of the current drugs for bipolar disorder (BD) are largely unknown. This study evaluated the transcriptional perturbations potentially playing roles in the therapeutic efficacy of four commonly prescribed psychotropic drugs used to treat BD. NT2-N cells were treated with lamotrigine, lithium, quetiapine, valproate or vehicle control for 24 h. Genome-wide mRNA expression was quantified by RNA-sequencing. Incorporating drug-induced gene expression profiles with BD-associated transcriptional changes from post-mortem brains, we identified potential therapeutic-relevant genes associated with both drug treatments and BD pathophysiology and focused on expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) genes with genome-wide association with BD. Each eQTL gene was ranked based on its potential role in the therapeutic effect across multiple drugs. The expression of highest-ranked eQTL genes were measured by RT-qPCR to confirm their transcriptional changes observed in RNA-seq. We found 775 genes for which at least 2 drugs reversed expression levels relative to the differential expression in post-mortem brains. Pathway analysis identified enriched biological processes highlighting mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum function. Differential expression of SRPK2 and CHDH was confirmed by RT-qPCR following multiple-dose treatments. We pinpointed potential genes involved in the beneficial effects of drugs used for BD and their main associated biological pathways. CHDH, which encodes a mitochondrial protein, had a significant dose-responsive downregulation following treatment with increasing doses of quetiapine and lamotrigine, which in combination with the enriched mitochondrial pathways suggests potential therapeutic roles and demand more studies on mitochondrial involvement in BD to identify novel treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Tt Truong
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Chiara C Bortolasci
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Srisaiyini Kidnapillai
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Briana Spolding
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Bruna Panizzutti
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Zoe Sj Liu
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Brad Watmuff
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
| | - Olivia M Dean
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
| | - Mark Richardson
- Bioinformatics Core Research Facility (BCRF), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
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Nayak R, Rosh I, Kustanovich I, Stern S. Mood Stabilizers in Psychiatric Disorders and Mechanisms Learnt from In Vitro Model Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9315. [PMID: 34502224 PMCID: PMC8431659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia are psychiatric disorders that manifest unusual mental, behavioral, and emotional patterns leading to suffering and disability. These disorders span heterogeneous conditions with variable heredity and elusive pathophysiology. Mood stabilizers such as lithium and valproic acid (VPA) have been shown to be effective in BD and, to some extent in schizophrenia. This review highlights the efficacy of lithium and VPA treatment in several randomized, controlled human trials conducted in patients suffering from BD and schizophrenia. Furthermore, we also address the importance of using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as a disease model for mirroring the disease's phenotypes. In BD, iPSC-derived neurons enabled finding an endophenotype of hyperexcitability with increased hyperpolarizations. Some of the disease phenotypes were significantly alleviated by lithium treatment. VPA studies have also reported rescuing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and reducing activity. Another significant contribution of iPSC models can be attributed to studying the molecular etiologies of schizophrenia such as abnormal differentiation of patient-derived neural stem cells, decreased neuronal connectivity and neurite number, impaired synaptic function, and altered gene expression patterns. Overall, despite significant advances using these novel models, much more work remains to fully understand the mechanisms by which these disorders affect the patients' brains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shani Stern
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; (R.N.); (I.R.); (I.K.)
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Xie X, Meng H, Wu H, Hou F, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Xue Q, Zhang J, Gong J, Li L, Song R. Integrative analyses indicate an association between ITIH3 polymorphisms with autism spectrum disorder. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5223. [PMID: 32251353 PMCID: PMC7089985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is challenge to pinpoint the functional variants among numerous genetic variants. Investigating the spatial dynamics of the human brain transcriptome for genes and exploring the expression quantitative trait loci data may provide the potential direction to identify the functional variants among autism spectrum disorders (ASD) patients. In order to explore the association of ITIH3 with ASD, the present study included three components: identifying the spatial-temporal expression of ITIH3 in the developing human brain using the expression data from the Allen Institute for Brain Science; examining the cis-acting regulatory effect of SNPs on the ITIH3 expression using UK Brain Expression Consortium database; validating the effect of identified SNPs using a case-control study with samples of 602 cases and 604 controls. The public expression data showed that ITIH3 may have a role in the development of human brain and suggested a cis-eQTL effect for rs2535629 and rs3617 on ITIH3 in the hippocampus. Genetic analysis of the above two SNPs suggested that the over-dominant model of rs2535629 was significantly associated with decreased risk of ASD. Convergent lines of evidence supported ITIH3 rs25352629 as a susceptibility variant for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Xie
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Heng Meng
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fang Hou
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518019, China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518019, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qi Xue
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Jianhua Gong
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518019, China
| | - Li Li
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518019, China.
| | - Ranran Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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6
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Pergola G, Di Carlo P, Jaffe AE, Papalino M, Chen Q, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Shin JH, Rampino A, Blasi G, Weinberger DR, Bertolino A. Prefrontal Coexpression of Schizophrenia Risk Genes Is Associated With Treatment Response in Patients. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86:45-55. [PMID: 31126695 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.03.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene coexpression networks are relevant to functional and clinical translation of schizophrenia risk genes. We hypothesized that schizophrenia risk genes converge into coexpression pathways that may be associated with gene regulation mechanisms and with response to treatment in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS We identified gene coexpression networks in two prefrontal cortex postmortem RNA sequencing datasets (n = 688) and replicated them in four more datasets (n = 1295). We identified and replicated (p values < .001) a single module enriched for schizophrenia risk loci (13 risk genes in 10 loci). In silico screening of potential regulators of the schizophrenia risk module via bioinformatic analyses identified two transcription factors and three microRNAs associated with the risk module. To translate postmortem information into clinical phenotypes, we identified polymorphisms predicting coexpression and combined them to obtain an index approximating module coexpression (Polygenic Coexpression Index [PCI]). RESULTS The PCI-coexpression association was successfully replicated in two independent brain transcriptome datasets (n = 131; p values < .05). Finally, we tested the association between the PCI and short-term treatment response in two independent samples of patients with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine (n = 167). The PCI was associated with treatment response in the positive symptom domain in both clinical cohorts (p values < .05). CONCLUSIONS In summary, our findings in 1983 samples of human postmortem prefrontal cortex show that coexpression of a set of genes enriched for schizophrenia risk genes is relevant to treatment response. This coexpression pathway may be coregulated by transcription factors and microRNA associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Pergola
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Pasquale Di Carlo
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marco Papalino
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Antonio Rampino
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Blasi
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico, Bari, Italy.
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van der Werf IM, Van Dijck A, Reyniers E, Helsmoortel C, Kumar AA, Kalscheuer VM, de Brouwer AP, Kleefstra T, van Bokhoven H, Mortier G, Janssens S, Vandeweyer G, Kooy RF. Mutations in two large pedigrees highlight the role of ZNF711 in X-linked intellectual disability. Gene 2016; 605:92-98. [PMID: 27993705 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) affects approximately 1-2% of the general population and is characterized by impaired cognitive abilities. ID is both clinically as well as genetically heterogeneous, up to 2000 genes are estimated to be involved in the emergence of the disease with various clinical presentations. For many genes, only a few patients have been reported and causality of some genes has been questioned upon the discovery of apparent loss-of-function mutations in healthy controls. Description of additional patients strengthens the evidence for the involvement of a gene in the disease and can clarify the clinical phenotype associated with mutations in a particular gene. Here, we present two large four-generation families with a total of 11 males affected with ID caused by mutations in ZNF711, thereby expanding the total number of families with ID and a ZNF711 mutation to four. Patients with mutations in ZNF711 all present with mild to moderate ID and poor speech accompanied by additional features in some patients, including autistic features and mild facial dysmorphisms, suggesting that ZNF711 mutations cause non-syndromic ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse M van der Werf
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anke Van Dijck
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Edwin Reyniers
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Céline Helsmoortel
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ajay Anand Kumar
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vera M Kalscheuer
- Research Group Development and Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arjan Pm de Brouwer
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Mortier
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sandra Janssens
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Vandeweyer
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - R Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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