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Panwar A, Rentsendorj A, Jhun M, Cohen RM, Cordner R, Gull N, Pechnick RN, Duvall G, Mardiros A, Golchian D, Schubloom H, Jin LW, Van Dam D, Vermeiren Y, De Reu H, De Deyn PP, Raskatov JA, Black KL, Irvin DK, Williams BA, Wheeler CJ. Antigen-specific age-related memory CD8 T cells induce and track Alzheimer's-like neurodegeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2401420121. [PMID: 38995966 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2401420121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral (Aβ) plaque and (pTau) tangle deposition are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet are insufficient to confer complete AD-like neurodegeneration experimentally. Factors acting upstream of Aβ/pTau in AD remain unknown, but their identification could enable earlier diagnosis and more effective treatments. T cell abnormalities are emerging AD hallmarks, and CD8 T cells were recently found to mediate neurodegeneration downstream of tangle deposition in hereditary neurodegeneration models. The precise impact of T cells downstream of Aβ/pTau, however, appears to vary depending on the animal model. Our prior work suggested that antigen-specific memory CD8 T ("hiT") cells act upstream of Aβ/pTau after brain injury. Here, we examine whether hiT cells influence sporadic AD-like pathophysiology upstream of Aβ/pTau. Examining neuropathology, gene expression, and behavior in our hiT mouse model we show that CD8 T cells induce plaque and tangle-like deposition, modulate AD-related genes, and ultimately result in progressive neurodegeneration with both gross and fine features of sporadic human AD. T cells required Perforin to initiate this pathophysiology, and IFNγ for most gene expression changes and progression to more widespread neurodegenerative disease. Analogous antigen-specific memory CD8 T cells were significantly elevated in the brains of human AD patients, and their loss from blood corresponded to sporadic AD and related cognitive decline better than plasma pTau-217, a promising AD biomarker candidate. We identify an age-related factor acting upstream of Aβ/pTau to initiate AD-like pathophysiology, the mechanisms promoting its pathogenicity, and its relevance to human sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Panwar
- Department Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Altan Rentsendorj
- Department Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Michelle Jhun
- Department Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Robert M Cohen
- Department Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Neuroscience Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (GDBBS), Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ryan Cordner
- Department Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Department Biomedical & Translational Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Nicole Gull
- Department Biomedical & Translational Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Robert N Pechnick
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766
| | - Gretchen Duvall
- Department Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Armen Mardiros
- Department Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - David Golchian
- Department Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Hannah Schubloom
- Department Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (M.I.N.D.) Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Debby Van Dam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute Born-Bunge, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen AB 9700, Netherlands
| | - Yannick Vermeiren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute Born-Bunge, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Chair Group of Nutritional Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen AA 6700, The Netherlands
| | - Hans De Reu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Peter Paul De Deyn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute Born-Bunge, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen AB 9700, Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic of Hospital Network Antwerp, Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp BE-2660, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Jevgenij A Raskatov
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Keith L Black
- Department Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Dwain K Irvin
- Department Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- NovAccess Global and StemVax LLC, Cleveland, OH 44023
| | - Brian A Williams
- Transcriptome Function and Technology Program, Department of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Christopher J Wheeler
- Department Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
- NovAccess Global and StemVax LLC, Cleveland, OH 44023
- Society for Brain Mapping & Therapeutics, World Brain Mapping Foundation, Pacific Palisades, CA 90272
- T-Neuro Pharma, Inc., Albuquerque, NM 87123
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2
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Panwar A, Rentsendorj A, Jhun M, Cohen RM, Cordner R, Gull N, Pechnick RN, Duvall G, Mardiros A, Golchian D, Schubloom H, Jin LW, Van Dam D, Vermeiren Y, De Reu H, De Deyn PP, Raskatov JA, Black KL, Irvin DK, Williams BA, Wheeler CJ. Antigen-specific age-related memory CD8 T cells induce and track Alzheimer's-like neurodegeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.22.576704. [PMID: 38328072 PMCID: PMC10849535 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.22.576704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral (Aβ) plaque and (pTau) tangle deposition are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet are insufficient to confer complete AD-like neurodegeneration experimentally. Factors acting upstream of Aβ/pTau in AD remain unknown, but their identification could enable earlier diagnosis and more effective treatments. T cell abnormalities are emerging AD hallmarks, and CD8 T cells were recently found to mediate neurodegeneration downstream of tangle deposition in hereditary neurodegeneration models. The precise impact of T cells downstream of Aβ/fibrillar pTau, however, appears to vary depending on the animal model used. Our prior work suggested that antigen-specific memory CD8 T (" hi T") cells act upstream of Aβ/pTau after brain injury. Here we examine whether hi T cells influence sporadic AD-like pathophysiology upstream of Aβ/pTau. Examining neuropathology, gene expression, and behavior in our hi T mouse model we show that CD8 T cells induce plaque and tangle-like deposition, modulate AD-related genes, and ultimately result in progressive neurodegeneration with both gross and fine features of sporadic human AD. T cells required Perforin to initiate this pathophysiology, and IFNγ for most gene expression changes and progression to more widespread neurodegenerative disease. Analogous antigen-specific memory CD8 T cells were significantly elevated in the brains of human AD patients, and their loss from blood corresponded to sporadic AD and related cognitive decline better than plasma pTau-217, a promising AD biomarker candidate. Our work is the first to identify an age-related factor acting upstream of Aβ/pTau to initiate AD-like pathophysiology, the mechanisms promoting its pathogenicity, and its relevance to human sporadic AD. Significance Statement This study changes our view of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) initiation and progression. Mutations promoting cerebral beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition guarantee rare genetic forms of AD. Thus, the prevailing hypothesis has been that Aβ is central to initiation and progression of all AD, despite contrary animal and patient evidence. We show that age-related T cells generate neurodegeneration with compelling features of AD in mice, with distinct T cell functions required for pathological initiation and neurodegenerative progression. Knowledge from these mice was applied to successfully predict previously unknown features of human AD and generate novel tools for its clinical management.
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Conedera FM, Runnels JM, Stein JV, Alt C, Enzmann V, Lin CP. Assessing the role of T cells in response to retinal injury to uncover new therapeutic targets for the treatment of retinal degeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:206. [PMID: 37689689 PMCID: PMC10492418 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02867-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal degeneration is a disease affecting the eye, which is an immune-privileged site because of its anatomical and physiological properties. Alterations in retinal homeostasis-because of injury, disease, or aging-initiate inflammatory cascades, where peripheral leukocytes (PL) infiltrate the parenchyma, leading to retinal degeneration. So far, research on PL's role in retinal degeneration was limited to observing a few cell types at specific times or sectioning the tissue. This restricted our understanding of immune cell interactions and response duration. METHODS In vivo microscopy in preclinical mouse models can overcome these limitations enabling the spatio-temporal characterization of PL dynamics. Through in vivo imaging, we assessed structural and fluorescence changes in response to a focal injury at a defined location over time. We also utilized minimally invasive techniques, pharmacological interventions, and knockout (KO) mice to determine the role of PL in local inflammation. Furthermore, we investigated PL abundance and localization during retinal degeneration in human eyes by histological analysis to assess to which extent our preclinical study translates to human retinal degeneration. RESULTS We demonstrate that PL, especially T cells, play a detrimental role during retinal injury response. In mice, we observed the recruitment of helper and cytotoxic T cells in the parenchyma post-injury, and T cells also resided in the macula and peripheral retina in pathological conditions in humans. Additionally, we found that the pharmacological PL reduction and genetic depletion of T-cells reduced injured areas in murine retinas and rescued the blood-retina barrier (BRB) integrity. Both conditions promoted morphological changes of Cx3cr1+ cells, including microglial cells, toward an amoeboid phenotype during injury response. Interestingly, selective depletion of CD8+ T cells accelerated recovery of the BRB compared to broader depletions. After anti-CD8 treatment, the retinal function improved, concomitant to a beneficial immune response. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide novel insights into the adaptive immune response to retinal injury in mice and human retinal degeneration. Such information is fundamental to understanding retinal disorders and developing therapeutics to modulate immune responses to retinal degeneration safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica M Conedera
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Judith M Runnels
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jens V Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Clemens Alt
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Volker Enzmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Charles P Lin
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Viles JH. Imaging Amyloid-β Membrane Interactions: Ion-Channel Pores and Lipid-Bilayer Permeability in Alzheimer's Disease. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 135:e202215785. [PMID: 38515735 PMCID: PMC10952214 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202215785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of the amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) is central to the development of Alzheimer's disease. The mechanism by which Aβ triggers a cascade of events that leads to dementia is a topic of intense investigation. Aβ self-associates into a series of complex assemblies with different structural and biophysical properties. It is the interaction of these oligomeric, protofibril and fibrillar assemblies with lipid membranes, or with membrane receptors, that results in membrane permeability and loss of cellular homeostasis, a key event in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Aβ can have an array of impacts on lipid membranes, reports have included: a carpeting effect; a detergent effect; and Aβ ion-channel pore formation. Recent advances imaging these interactions are providing a clearer picture of Aβ induced membrane disruption. Understanding the relationship between different Aβ structures and membrane permeability will inform therapeutics targeting Aβ cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H. Viles
- Department of Biochemistry, SBBS, Queen MaryUniversity of LondonUK
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5
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Viles JH. Imaging Amyloid-β Membrane Interactions: Ion-Channel Pores and Lipid-Bilayer Permeability in Alzheimer's Disease. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215785. [PMID: 36876912 PMCID: PMC10953358 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of the amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) is central to the development of Alzheimer's disease. The mechanism by which Aβ triggers a cascade of events that leads to dementia is a topic of intense investigation. Aβ self-associates into a series of complex assemblies with different structural and biophysical properties. It is the interaction of these oligomeric, protofibril and fibrillar assemblies with lipid membranes, or with membrane receptors, that results in membrane permeability and loss of cellular homeostasis, a key event in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Aβ can have an array of impacts on lipid membranes, reports have included: a carpeting effect; a detergent effect; and Aβ ion-channel pore formation. Recent advances imaging these interactions are providing a clearer picture of Aβ induced membrane disruption. Understanding the relationship between different Aβ structures and membrane permeability will inform therapeutics targeting Aβ cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H. Viles
- Department of Biochemistry, SBBS, Queen MaryUniversity of LondonUK
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6
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Sousa JA, Bernardes C, Bernardo-Castro S, Lino M, Albino I, Ferreira L, Brás J, Guerreiro R, Tábuas-Pereira M, Baldeiras I, Santana I, Sargento-Freitas J. Reconsidering the role of blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease: From delivery to target. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1102809. [PMID: 36875694 PMCID: PMC9978015 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1102809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of a selective blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neurovascular coupling are two unique central nervous system vasculature features that result in an intimate relationship between neurons, glia, and blood vessels. This leads to a significant pathophysiological overlap between neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease whose pathogenesis is still to be unveiled but has mostly been explored under the light of the amyloid-cascade hypothesis. Either as a trigger, bystander, or consequence of neurodegeneration, vascular dysfunction is an early component of the pathological conundrum of AD. The anatomical and functional substrate of this neurovascular degeneration is the BBB, a dynamic and semi-permeable interface between blood and the central nervous system that has consistently been shown to be defective. Several molecular and genetic changes have been demonstrated to mediate vascular dysfunction and BBB disruption in AD. The isoform ε4 of Apolipoprotein E is at the same time the strongest genetic risk factor for AD and a known promoter of BBB dysfunction. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1), P-glycoprotein, and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) are examples of BBB transporters implicated in its pathogenesis due to their role in the trafficking of amyloid-β. This disease is currently devoid of strategies that change the natural course of this burdening illness. This unsuccess may partly be explained by our misunderstanding of the disease pathogenesis and our inability to develop drugs that are effectively delivered to the brain. BBB may represent a therapeutic opportunity as a target itself or as a therapeutic vehicle. In this review, we aim to explore the role of BBB in the pathogenesis of AD including the genetic background and detail how it can be targeted in future therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- João André Sousa
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Bernardes
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara Bernardo-Castro
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Lino
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Albino
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lino Ferreira
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Brás
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Miguel Tábuas-Pereira
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Baldeiras
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santana
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Sargento-Freitas
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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7
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Seyed Hosseini Fin N, Georgevsky D, Sukkar MB, Golzan SM. RAGE and its ligand amyloid beta promote retinal ganglion cell loss following ischemia-reperfusion injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1156084. [PMID: 37124398 PMCID: PMC10130520 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1156084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glaucoma is a progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with age. Accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aß) proteins in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and subsequent retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss is an established pathological hallmark of the disease. The mechanism through which Aß provokes RGC loss remains unclear. The receptor for the advanced glycation end product (RAGE), and its ligand Aß, have been shown to mediate neuronal loss via internalizing Aß within the neurons. In this study, we investigated whether the RAGE-Aß axis plays a role in RGC loss in experimental glaucoma. Methods Retinal ischemia was induced by an acute elevation of intraocular pressure in RAGE-/- and wild-type (WT) control mice. In a subset of animals, oligomeric Aß was injected directly into the vitreous of both strains. RGC loss was assessed using histology and biochemical assays. Baseline and terminal positive scotopic threshold (pSTR) were also recorded. Results Retinal ischemia resulted in 1.9-fold higher RGC loss in WT mice compared to RAGE-/- mice (36 ± 3% p < 0.0001 vs. 19 ± 2%, p = 0.004). Intravitreal injection of oligomeric Aß resulted in 2.3-fold greater RGC loss in WT mice compared to RAGE-/- mice, 7-days post-injection (55 ± 4% p = 0.008 vs. 24 ± 2%, p = 0.02). We also found a significant decline in the positive scotopic threshold response (pSTR) amplitude of WT mice compared to RAGE-/- (36 ± 3% vs. 16 ± 6%). Discussion RAGE-/- mice are protected against RGC loss following retinal ischemia. Intravitreal injection of oligomeric Aß accelerated RGC loss in WT mice but not RAGE-/-. A co-localization of RAGE and Aß, suggests that RAGE-Aß binding may contribute to RGC loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Seyed Hosseini Fin
- Vision Science Group, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dana Georgevsky
- Vision Science Group, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria B. Sukkar
- Pharmacy Discipline, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S. Mojtaba Golzan
- Vision Science Group, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: S. Mojtaba Golzan,
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Poejo J, Orantos-Aguilera Y, Martin-Romero FJ, Mata AM, Gutierrez-Merino C. Internalized Amyloid-β (1-42) Peptide Inhibits the Store-Operated Calcium Entry in HT-22 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012678. [PMID: 36293540 PMCID: PMC9604325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation in calcium signaling pathways plays a major role in the initiation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Accumulative experimental evidence obtained with cellular and animal models, as well as with AD brain samples, points out the high cytotoxicity of soluble small oligomeric forms of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) in AD. In recent works, we have proposed that Aβ-calmodulin (CaM) complexation may play a major role in neuronal Ca2+ signaling, mediated by CaM-binding proteins (CaMBPs). STIM1, a recognized CaMBP, plays a key role in store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), and it has been shown that the SOCE function is diminished in AD, resulting in the instability of dendric spines and enhanced amyloidogenesis. In this work, we show that 2 and 5 h of incubation with 2 μM Aβ(1-42) oligomers of the immortalized mouse hippocampal cell line HT-22 leads to the internalization of 62 ± 11 nM and 135 ± 15 nM of Aβ(1-42), respectively. Internalized Aβ(1-42) oligomers colocalize with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and co-immunoprecipitated with STIM1, unveiling that this protein is a novel target of Aβ. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements between STIM1 tagged with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) and Aβ(1-42)-HiLyte™-Fluor555 show that STIM1 can bind nanomolar concentrations of Aβ(1-42) oligomers at a site located close to the CaM-binding site in STIM1. Internalized Aβ(1-42) produced dysregulation of the SOCE in the HT-22 cells before a sustained alteration of cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis can be detected, and is elicited by only 2 h of incubation with 2 μM Aβ(1-42) oligomers. We conclude that Aβ(1-42)-induced SOCE dysregulation in HT-22 cells is caused by the inhibitory modulation of STIM1, and the partial activation of ER Ca2+-leak channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Poejo
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares (IBPM), Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Yolanda Orantos-Aguilera
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares (IBPM), Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Martin-Romero
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares (IBPM), Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ana Maria Mata
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares (IBPM), Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Carlos Gutierrez-Merino
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares (IBPM), Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Correspondence:
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9
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Tampio J, Markowicz-Piasecka M, Huttunen KM. Hemocompatible L-Type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1)-Utilizing prodrugs of perforin inhibitors can accumulate into the pancreas and alleviate inflammation-induced apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 345:109560. [PMID: 34153225 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytolytic pore-forming protein, perforin, has been associated with autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) once released from CD8+ T cells. Curiously, perforinopathy has also been implicated in numerous brain diseases. Therefore, inhibitors of perforin have been in demand with targeted delivery in mind. l-Type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is known to be expressed in both the above-mentioned target tissues, in the pancreas as well as in the brain. Thus, in the present study, the distribution of two LAT1-utilizing prodrugs of investigational perforin inhibitors into the pancreas was explored after intraperitoneal (i.p., 30 μmol/kg) bolus injection to mice. The effects of prodrug 1 were also studied in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced in vitro (50 μg/mL) and in vivo (250 μg/kg x 3 days) apoptosis and pancreatitis models by determining the cellular apoptotic levels with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and pancreatic caspase-3/-7 activity in mice. Furthermore, the biocompatibility of prodrug 1 was explored in human plasma and towards red blood cells. According to the results, both prodrugs were accumulated more effectively into the pancreas than their parent drugs (in addition to the brain that has been previously reported). Prodrug 1 (30 μmol/kg) also decreased the pancreatic caspase-3/-7 activity (52%) and with 2.5 μM concentration, the number of early and late apoptotic cells (32-53%). Since prodrug 1 was also found to be hemocompatible and not affecting human plasma hemostasis or inducing hemolysis of erythrocytes at the concentration <50 μM, it can be considered biocompatible in systemic circulation and ready to be studied in the future as a dual-acting drug candidate (in the pancreas and brain) in diseases like T1DM with neurodegenerative comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Tampio
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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10
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Goldwaser EL, Acharya NK, Wu H, Godsey GA, Sarkar A, DeMarshall CA, Kosciuk MC, Nagele RG. Evidence that Brain-Reactive Autoantibodies Contribute to Chronic Neuronal Internalization of Exogenous Amyloid-β1-42 and Key Cell Surface Proteins During Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 74:345-361. [PMID: 32039847 PMCID: PMC7175946 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability is a recognized early feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the present study, we examined consequences of increased BBB permeability on the development of AD-related pathology by tracking selected leaked plasma components and their interactions with neurons in vivo and in vitro. Histological sections of cortical regions of postmortem AD brains were immunostained to determine the distribution of amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ42), cathepsin D, IgG, GluR2/3, and alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). Results revealed that chronic IgG binding to pyramidal neurons coincided with internalization of Aβ42, IgG, GluR2/3, and α7nAChR as well as lysosomal compartment expansion in these cells in regions of AD pathology. To test possible mechanistic interrelationships of these phenomena, we exposed differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to exogenous, soluble Aβ42 peptide and serum from AD and control subjects. The rate and extent of Aβ42 internalization in these cells was enhanced by serum containing neuron-binding IgG autoantibodies. This was confirmed by treating cells with individual antibodies specific for α7nAChR, purified IgG from AD or non-AD sera, and sera devoid of IgG, in the presence of 100 nM Aβ42. Initial co-localization of IgG, α7nAChR, and Aβ42 was temporally and spatially linked to early endosomes (Rab11) and later to lysosomes (LAMP-1). Aβ42 internalization was attenuated by treatment with monovalent F(ab) antibody fragments generated from purified IgG from AD serum and then rescued by coupling F(ab) fragments with divalent human anti-Fab. Overall, results suggest that cross-linking of neuron-binding autoantibodies targeting cell surface proteins can accelerate intraneuronal Aβ42 deposition in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Goldwaser
- University of Maryland Medical Center and Sheppard Pratt Health System, Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Nimish K Acharya
- Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA.,Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - George A Godsey
- Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Abhirup Sarkar
- Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Cassandra A DeMarshall
- Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Mary C Kosciuk
- Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA.,Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Robert G Nagele
- Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA.,Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
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11
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Tian Y, Liang R, Kumar A, Szwedziak P, Viles JH. 3D-visualization of amyloid-β oligomer interactions with lipid membranes by cryo-electron tomography. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6896-6907. [PMID: 34123318 PMCID: PMC8153238 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06426b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) assemblies have been shown to bind to lipid bilayers. This can disrupt membrane integrity and cause a loss of cellular homeostasis, that triggers a cascade of events leading to Alzheimer's disease. However, molecular mechanisms of Aβ cytotoxicity and how the different assembly forms interact with the membrane remain enigmatic. Here we use cryo-electron tomography (cryoET) to obtain three-dimensional nano-scale images of various Aβ assembly types and their interaction with liposomes. Aβ oligomers and curvilinear protofibrils bind extensively to the lipid vesicles, inserting and carpeting the upper-leaflet of the bilayer. Aβ oligomers concentrate at the interface of vesicles and form a network of Aβ-linked liposomes, while crucially, monomeric and fibrillar Aβ have relatively little impact on the membrane. Changes to lipid membrane composition highlight a significant role for GM1-ganglioside in promoting Aβ-membrane interactions. The different effects of Aβ assembly forms observed align with the highlighted cytotoxicity reported for Aβ oligomers. The wide-scale incorporation of Aβ oligomers and curvilinear protofibrils into the lipid bilayer suggests a mechanism by which membrane integrity is lost. Cryo-electron tomography 3D imaging of amyloid-β oligomers carpeting the surface of lipid bilayers in near native conditions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tian
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
| | - Ruina Liang
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
| | - Amit Kumar
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
| | - Piotr Szwedziak
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw 02-097 Warsaw Poland .,ReMedy-International Research Agenda Unit, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| | - John H Viles
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
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12
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Targeting of Perforin Inhibitor into the Brain Parenchyma Via a Prodrug Approach Can Decrease Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation and Improve Cell Survival. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4563-4577. [PMID: 32754897 PMCID: PMC7515946 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cytolytic protein perforin has a crucial role in infections and tumor surveillance. Recently, it has also been associated with many brain diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. Therefore, inhibitors of perforin have attracted interest as novel drug candidates. We have previously reported that converting a perforin inhibitor into an L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1)-utilizing prodrug can improve the compound’s brain drug delivery not only across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) but also into the brain parenchymal cells: neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. The present study evaluated whether the increased uptake into mouse primary cortical astrocytes and subsequently improvements in the cellular bioavailability of this brain-targeted perforin inhibitor prodrug could enhance its pharmacological effects, such as inhibition of production of caspase-3/-7, lipid peroxidation products and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation mouse model. It was demonstrated that increased brain and cellular drug delivery could improve the ability of perforin inhibitors to elicit their pharmacological effects in the brain at nano- to picomolar levels. Furthermore, the prodrug displayed multifunctional properties since it also inhibited the activity of several key enzymes related to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), such as the β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and most probably also cyclooxygenases (COX) at micromolar concentrations. Therefore, this prodrug is a potential drug candidate for preventing Aβ-accumulation and ACh-depletion in addition to combatting neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neural apoptosis within the brain. Graphical abstract ![]()
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13
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Mi XS, Feng Q, Lo ACY, Chang RCC, Chung SK, So KF. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides related RAGE and Aβ levels in the retina of mice with acute ocular hypertension and promote maintenance of blood retinal barrier. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:2344-2352. [PMID: 32594059 PMCID: PMC7749484 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.284998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study verified the protective effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) on retinal neurons and blood vessels in acute ocular hypertension (AOH) mice. To investigate the effect of LBP on the reactivity of retinal glial cells, an AOH mouse model was established in one eye by maintaining ocular hypertension of 90 mmHg for 60 minutes. Either LBP solution (1 mg/kg) or phosphate-buffered saline was administrated to the mice by gavage daily, starting 7 days before the AOH insult and continuing until the mice were sacrificed for specimen collection on day 4 post-insult. After AOH insult, increased numbers of astrocytes and microglia were observed, together with decreased expression of the following glial cell biomarkers in the retinal ganglion cells of AOH mice: glial fibrillary acidic protein, glutamine synthetase, aquaporin-4, S-100 proteins, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1, amyloid precursor protein and receptor of advanced glycosylation end-products. After intervention with LBP, the above changes were significantly reduced. Remarkably, morphological remodeling of blood vessel-associated retinal astrocytes, marked by glial fibrillary acidic protein, was also observed. These results, taken together, suggest that LBP regulated the production of amyloid-β and expression of receptor of advanced glycosylation end-products, as well as mediating the activity of retinal glial cells, which may lead to the promotion of better maintenance of the blood-retinal barrier and improved neuronal survival in AOH insult. This study was approved by the Committee for the Use of Live Animals in Teaching and Research (approval No. CULTRA-#1664-08).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Mi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Changsha Academician Expert Workstation, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; School of Biomedical Science, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Amy Cheuk Yin Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; School of Biomedical Science, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sookja Kim Chung
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao Special Administrative Region; School of Biomedical Science, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Changsha Academician Expert Workstation, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, Hunan Province; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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14
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Barilar JO, Knezovic A, Perhoc AB, Homolak J, Riederer P, Salkovic-Petrisic M. Shared cerebral metabolic pathology in non-transgenic animal models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:231-250. [PMID: 32030485 PMCID: PMC7035309 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the most common chronic neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by motoric dysfunction or cognitive decline in the early stage, respectively, but often by both symptoms in the advanced stage. Among underlying molecular pathologies that PD and AD patients have in common, more attention is recently paid to the central metabolic dysfunction presented as insulin resistant brain state (IRBS) and altered cerebral glucose metabolism, both also explored in animal models of these diseases. This review aims to compare IRBS and alterations in cerebral glucose metabolism in representative non-transgenic animal PD and AD models. The comparison is based on the selectivity of the neurotoxins which cause experimental PD and AD, towards the cellular membrane and intracellular molecular targets as well as towards the selective neurons/non-neuronal cells, and the particular brain regions. Mitochondrial damage and co-expression of insulin receptors, glucose transporter-2 and dopamine transporter on the membrane of particular neurons as well as astrocytes seem to be the key points which are further discussed in a context of alterations in insulin signalling in the brain and its interaction with dopaminergic transmission, particularly regarding the time frame of the experimental AD/PD pathology appearance and the correlation with cognitive and motor symptoms. Such a perspective provides evidence on IRBS being a common underlying metabolic pathology and a contributor to neurodegenerative processes in representative non-transgenic animal PD and AD models, instead of being a direct cause of a particular neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Osmanovic Barilar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Knezovic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Babic Perhoc
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jan Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Peter Riederer
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Würzburg, Füchsleinstrasse 15, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Department and Research Unit of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Melita Salkovic-Petrisic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Institute of Fundamental Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Research Centre of Excellence, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 12, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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15
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Huttunen J, Peltokangas S, Gynther M, Natunen T, Hiltunen M, Auriola S, Ruponen M, Vellonen KS, Huttunen KM. L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1/Lat1)-Utilizing Prodrugs Can Improve the Delivery of Drugs into Neurons, Astrocytes and Microglia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12860. [PMID: 31492955 PMCID: PMC6731241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1/Lat1) is responsible for carrying large, neutral l-amino acids as well as several drugs and prodrugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, the BBB is not the only barrier that hinders drugs acting effectively within the brain; the brain parenchymal cell membranes represent a secondary barrier for the drugs with intracellular target sites. In this study, expression and function of Lat1 was quantified in mouse primary neuron, astrocyte and immortalized microglia (BV2) cultures. Moreover, ability of Lat1 to carry prodrugs inside these brain cells was evaluated. The results showed that Lat1 was localized at the similar level in all studied cells (3.07 ± 0.92–3.77 ± 0.91 fmol/µg protein). The transporter was also functional in all three cell types, astrocytes having the highest transport capacity and affinity for the LAT1/Lat1-substrate, [14C]-l-leucine, followed by neurons and microglia. The designed prodrugs (1-6) were able to utilize Lat1 for their cellular uptake and it was mainly much higher than the one of their parent drugs. Interestingly, improved cellular uptake was also achieved in cells representing Alzheimer’s Disease phenotype. Therefore, improved delivery and intra-brain targeting of drugs can be attained by utilizing LAT1/Lat1 and prodrug approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Soile Peltokangas
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Gynther
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kati-Sisko Vellonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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16
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Quan Q, Qian Y, Li X, Li M. Pioglitazone Reduces β Amyloid Levels via Inhibition of PPARγ Phosphorylation in a Neuronal Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:178. [PMID: 31379559 PMCID: PMC6650543 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) can regulate the transcription of its target gene, insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), and thus enhance the expression of the IDE protein. The protein can degrade β amyloid (Aβ), a core pathological product of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). PPARγ can also regulate the transcription of other target gene, β-amyloid cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1), and thus inhibit the expression of the BACE1 protein. BACE1 can hydrolyze amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of Aβ. In adipose tissue, PPARγ agonists can inhibit the phosphorylation of PPARγ by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), which in turn affects the expression of target genes regulated by PPARγ. PPARγ agonists may also exert inhibitory effects on the phosphorylation of PPARγ in the brain, thereby affecting the expression of the aforementioned PPARγ target genes and reducing Aβ levels. The present study confirmed this hypothesis by showing that PPARγ agonist pioglitazone attenuated the neuronal apoptosis of primary rat hippocampal neurons induced by Aβ1–42, downregulated CDK5 expression, weakened the binding of CDK5 to PPARγ, reduced PPARγ phosphorylation, increased the expression of PPARγ and IDE, decreased the expression of BACE1, reduced APP production, and downregulated intraneuronal Aβ1–42 levels. These effects were inhibited by the PPARγ antagonist GW9662. After CDK5 silencing with CDK5 shRNA, the above effect of pioglitazone was not observed, except when upregulating the expression of PPARγ in Aβ1–42 treated neurons. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that pioglitazone could inhibit the phosphorylation of PPARγ in vitro by inhibiting CDK5 expression, which in turn affected the expression of PPARγ target genes Ide and Bace1, thereby promoting Aβ degradation and reducing Aβ production. This reduced Aβ levels in the brain, thereby exerting neuroprotective effects in an AD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Quan
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yihua Qian
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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17
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Sharma N, Baek K, Phan HTT, Shimokawa N, Takagi M. Glycosyl chains and 25-hydroxycholesterol contribute to the intracellular transport of amyloid beta (Aβ-42) in Jurkat T cells. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:865-876. [PMID: 28593141 PMCID: PMC5458452 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) is a peptide responsible for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Misfolding and accumulation of endogenous Aβ can lead to neural cell apoptosis through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Added exogenous Aβ can also result in ER stress, leading to neurotoxicity and apoptosis, which is identical to that caused by the endogenous peptide. We have speculated that the endocytic transport of Aβ causes ER stress and have previously shown that the oxysterol, in particular, 7-ketocholesterol (7-keto) induces more surface interaction between Aβ-42 and Jurkat cells than cholesterol. However, the interaction was not enough to induce intracellular transfer of the peptide. In this study, we investigated the effect of another oxysterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OH) on the membrane raft-dependent transport of Aβ-42 in Jurkat cells. Interestingly, intracellular transfer of Aβ-42 was observed in the presence of 25-OH only after the inclusion of cholera toxin B subunit (CT-B), a marker used to detect the raft domain. We speculated that 25-OH can induce intracellular movement of Aβ peptides. Furthermore, CT-B together with GM1 provided negative curvature, which resulted in the intracellular transport of Aβ-42. Notably, we used a protofibrillar species of Aβ-42 in this study. We have shown that the transport was microtubule-dependent since it could not be observed in depolymerized microtubules. These results demonstrate that oxysterols and glycosyl chains are important factors affecting intracellular transport. These compounds are also associated with aging and advanced glycation are risk factors for AD. Thus, this study should further understanding of the pathology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST) Ishikawa Japan
| | - KeangOK Baek
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST) Ishikawa Japan
| | | | - Naofumi Shimokawa
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST) Ishikawa Japan
| | - Masahiro Takagi
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST) Ishikawa Japan
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